Asymmetry in the Brain and in the Intensity of Emotional Expression in the Face

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Asymmetry in the Brain and in the Intensity of Emotional Expression in the Face

Abstract

Composites created using only the left side of a face and only the right side of the face were judged by participants as one being more intense in emotional expression than the other. Roughly half the participants looked at composites expressing negative emotion, and the other half looked at composites expressing positive emotion. The left side composites were rated above chance as being more intense in emotion than the right side composites. The group observing negative emotion expression chose composites of the left side of the face at a rate significantly greater than the group observing positive emotion expression. The findings are consistent with previous research suggesting the right hemisphere of the brain is more involved in emotional processes than the left hemisphere. The results also suggest that emotional expression is assymmetrical in the face being more intense in the left side of the face and that this effect is stronger for the negative emotion condition.

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There is a basic crossing in the nervous system, particularly concerning sensory input and motor output. The right and left hemispheres of the brain have also been shown to be assymmetrical and differ in their function, which is called hemispheric specialization. There have been studies conducted in this area using patients with brain damage in different hemispheres, where movies shown to elicit emotions were viewed. Both the left brain-damaged patients and the participants without brain-damage often looked away from the screen when unpleasant material was shown, whereas right brain-damaged patients rarely did, suggesting that the right side of the brain is patricularly involved in the degree of emotional involvement or manner of coping with stress, which was reduced in these patients (A. Mammucari, C. Caltagirone, P. Ekman, W. Friesan, G. Gainotti, L Pizzamiglio and P. Zoccolotti, 187). There is also other evidence to suggest the right side of the brain is more involved in the processing and expression of emotions than the left hemisphere. It was proposed by Wolff (Wolff, 14 cited in Sackeim and Gur, 00) that the right side of the face is percieved as more similar to the whole face than the left side, however it was later discovered by Gilbert and Bakan (17, cited in Sackeim and Gur, 00) that rather than assymmetries in facial expression, these results were produced by a bias of the perciever having greater ability in the right hemisphere of the brain in facial recognition than the left hemisphere. However the possibility that facial expression is assymmetrical was not disproven.

Therefore the question arose of whether the expression of emotions in the face is assymmetrical and as there is a basic crossing in the nervous system, if the emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side of the face. It is also thought the right hemisphere could possibly be more involved in processing negative information than the left, and a second question was generated of whether this effect was stronger for negative emotional expressions as compared to positive emotional expressions. To test this, composites of faces were constructed using the left side of the face and its mirror image referred to as left-left composites (LL) and the right side of the face and its mirror image referred to as right-right composites (RR). Participants were divided into two groups, one group observing negative emotion composites of LL and RR and the other observing positive emotion composites, and were asked to choose which composite expressed emotion more intensely. It was hypothesised that the LL composites would be chosen more often that the RR composites as more emotionally expressive for both the positive and negative emotion condition. If supported, this would suggest that emotions are expressed more intensely in the left side of the face than the right. A second hypothesis was generated that the effect would be stronger for the negative emotion condition than the positive emotion condition, and if both hypotheses were supported it would suggest the right hemiphere is particularly involved in processing negative information.

Method

Participants

The participants were 484 undergraduates at the University of Western Australia. A coin was tossed by each participant which determined which group they were allocated to. One group looked at faces that expressed negative emotions which consisted of 8 students, and the other group looked at faces conveying positive emotions which consisted of 46 students.

Apparatus

Sixteen composites of faces were constructed for negative emotions and 16 composites constructed for positive emotions. They were created using black and white photographs of faces, the models of who deliberately conveyed a negative or positive emotion. These photographs from the study conducted by Ekman and Friesan (175) on recognition of emotions in faces, and the mirror image of these photographs were cut vertically through the midline of the face, and the left side and its reversal were joined to make a LL composite, and the right side of the face and its reversal were joined to make a RR composite, creating symmetrical composites using only one side of the face. Half of the faces were created from male models and the other half using female models. The faces were presented on computers and the data was entered into the computers.

Procedure

The group of participants determined by a coin toss to look at negative emotion composites of faces were presented with a slide consisting simultaneously of two faces being the LL composite and RR composite constructed from the original face and its reversal. These were positioned vertically to eliminate perciever bias. The faces remained on the screen for 10 seconds and the viewer was required to choose which face expressed the emotion more intesely. A 0 second inter-trial interval then followed and the process was repeated using different composites of faces expressing negative emotion. Eight slides of two composites were shown in total. The process was the same for those participants in the other group except positive emotion composites only were used. A forced choice format was used, requiring the participants to make a choice between the top or bottom composites and neither was not a given option. This was to reduce the number of responses so a measurable outcome was produced. The gender of the model in the photographs and the position of the faces (if LL or RR was on top) were ordered non-systematically.

Results

The data was screened for outliers to generate statistics more accurately representing the participants. For the purpose of conducting a general comparison, statistics for the entire sample size of participants were calculated as well as for both the groups who looked at negative emotion composites and positive emotion composites. The sample size of participants in the study overall was 484, with 46 of those participants in the positive image group and 8 in the negative image group. The mean number for the entire group out of 8 in which the participant chose the LL composite face was 4.74, with 4.64 being the mean number chosen for the positive image group and 4.5 being the mean for the negative image group. All groups performed above what would be considered chance.

In order to measure the dispersion in the distribution of scores, the standard deviation was calculated. For all the participants a standard deviation of 1.0 was calculated, the positive image group had a standard deviation of 1.15 and the negative image group a standard deviation of 1.00. To determine if the means were significantly different from each other, the confidence interval was calculated as shown in table 1. The confidence interval indicates a 5% probability that a given result lies within that range. TABLE and GRAPH

TABLE 1.

Statistics for the Number of Times Left-left Composites were chosen out of Eight in each Group.

Group Sample Mean Standard 5% CI 5% CI

Size Deviation Lower Bound Upper Bound

Overall 484 4.7 1.0 4.6 4.8

Negative 8 4.5 1.00 4.8 5.07

Positive 466 4.64 1.15 4.50 4.7

Discussion

The hypothesis that the left side of the face expresses emotion more intensely than the right side was supported by the results of the experiment as the number of times the LL composites were chosen was significantly greater on average at 4.7 out of 8, than the chance level of performance at 4 out of 8. This is also consistent with findings that right hemisphere is dominant in emotional processes. The lower bound of the 5% confidence interval of the overall sample mean was greater than four indicating a significant effect, implying that the left side of the face is more expressive of emotions.

The second hypothesis that the lateralization of emotion effect is stronger for the expression of negative emotions compared to positive emotions was also supported by the data collected. This was determined using a sample t-test. The mean number of times the LL composites were chosen in the negative condition was significantly greater than, t(48)= .0, p .01 (-tailed). Both the hypotheses were supported.

These findings have implications on the social adaptedness of emotional expression, as when face to face with another person, it is likely that the left side of the face is opposite the right side of the other persons face, meaning that the hemisphere inferior in emotional processes recieves information from the side of the face more expressive in emotion, which may be advantageous or disadvantageous depending on the situation (Sakeim and Gur, 178).

There were several limitations of the experiment. The models in the photographs used were asked to express certain emotions in their face however they may not have felt the actual emotions and this may have an effect on how well the research applies to a realistic situation. Only eight trials were used which seems limited considering the wide range of emotional expression possible. Black and white photographs were used which again is further from a realistic situation than desired. It is also a matter for future research to observe whether the right or left-handedness of models or participants have an effect on the results, and to apply the experiment cross-culturally.

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Diving Into the wreck

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Poetry Response Adrienne Rich Diving into the Wreck

Diving into the Wreck is full of awakening and discovery, along with angst. Rich rejects male mythology in the title poem and discusses contemporary and liberal views throughout the collection. The Lannan Video shows Rich's use of powerful, vivid language, at times offensive but always necessary as in From the Prison House. Her poetry speaks out against injustices and focuses on a writer's duty to keep these injustices in focus. Her poems are clearheaded rather than fanciful and force the reader to ponder the why, what and how questions she often poses in them.

The title poem, "Diving into the Wreck," is an amazing example of the power of word choice and placement. The first stanza uses a descriptive quality to take the reader along in the suiting up of a diver on this journey to dispel old myths. Lines 6, 7, and 10 make use of evocative adjectives such as absurd, grave, and assiduous to color the situation. Rich also creates a wonderful contrast between the diver taking this journey solo rather than like that of the leading man, Cousteau, who has a team to support him.

Stanza two shows the difference between two worlds through the introduction of the ladder. Those who have used it know its function; the others just see it as an accessory. This stanza also uses alliteration in the last line with some, sundry equipment. My favorite portion of the poem comes in stanza three when rich compares the diver to an insect crawling down the ladder. This creates the imagery of a miniscule object entering something vast, as the ocean is to the diver. Stanza four also creates wonderful imagery with the use of the changing colors of the ocean. Stanza six and seven connect well with six showing the search for something permanent and seven establishing the permanence the wreck and the myths.

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"Song" was my favorite poem in the collection. Rich's use of enjambment is exemplary. The effect added to the power of the poem and the question and answer rhetoric. The extended definition throughout the poem was well thought out and descriptive. We not only know that she is lonely but we can feel how she is lonely. The personification in this poem was enjoyable, such as "dawn's first cold breath" or "a house wrapped in sleep." This poem was so full of sensory images that you feel overpowered after first reading it but you also feel like saying, yes, I've been that kind of lonely before.

Rich's poems are both powerful and personal. Personal in the sense that this could be you she is writing about. Rape serves as the best example of this quality. Rich uses "you" as the subject, in the poem making the reader feel that they are being spoken to directly. The characterization of the cop is the strongest part of this poem; you can picture him as the vile creature that he is portrayed as. Stanza four says

And you see his blue eyes, the blue eyes of all the family

whom you used to know, grow narrow and glisten,

his hand types out the details

and he wants them all

but the hysteria in your voice pleases him best.

Rich shows us the guilty pleasure he takes in the awful act that has been forced upon you, but this stanza would be worthless without the last line of stanza three You have ton confess to him, you are guilty of the crime of having been forced. This poem amazed me with its sheer power and strength.

I initially didn't know anything about Adrienne Rich when I picked up her collection. After reading this collection and viewing the Lannan video, she has quickly become one of my favorite poets. She is contemporary and intriguing. Her understanding and use of language and words makes me jealous and I hope to be able to adopt half of her talents in my writing.

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Limits to Growth

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" The only limits to growth are the limits of the human imagination."

Mankind has never failed to overcome obstacles that nature has thrown its way. As population growth becomes an increasingly pressing issue, each nation's level of development will dictate their ability to handle its natural consequences. An African country, like Kenya for instance, is not capable of handling a population explosion for various reasons. A nation from Asia, like China, would perhaps be better equipped. A North American country, like the United States, is able to handle population problems quite easily due to their level of development. The measure of the human imagination is the only thing that can limit population growth.

Kenya is an under developed nation in the heart of Africa. It recorded the highest growth rate ever at 4. percent in 188. In the last fifty years, its population has increased sixfold. Despite efforts to reduce its growth rate, it is still relatively high at . percent. Kenya cannot support its rapidly expanding populace. It simply does not have enough resources or opportunities for the new generations. Kenya has recognized its inability to maintain its growing population and has also recognized that this growth will only hinder economic development and improved health. Already, Kenya is struggling to provide for its current number of people. Its standard of living is low, and many are in poor health due to expensive and inaccessible healthcare facilities. Education is not affordable as school fees are too expensive for most families. Few job prospects are on the market, making chances for survival dim. This lack of development has put a limit on growth for this nation. Unless outside help is sought, it is likely this nation will die off on account of resource scarcity. Kenya cannot handle the consequences of a population explosion as their government cannot provide the innovation and technology to support a booming populace. Most of the Kenyan people are uneducated and in poverty. With such poor living conditions, this country cannot risk further deterioration that will inevitably result from a high rate of growth. A developing nation may have a greater chance for survival.

China is an Asian country sporting the largest population in the world. With more than 1. billion people, one-fifth of the world's total, China has managed to implement a one-child policy that has reduced its growth rate significantly. China has undergone massive economic development in the past forty years and but still carries a relatively low standard of living due to rapid population expansion. Its "one-child" policy has been very well enforced and encouraged with benefits to participating families, and penalties for those who do not comply. This policy has also altered women's roles in society, and has given them more opportunities and respect than ever before. China is steadily developing as a nation and is self-sufficient enough to treat its own problems with creative policies and political strategies. Although they are facing a somewhat controversial future, this developing nation will assuredly find a solution to their impending problems. Currently, their growth must be limited for China to have a chance at survival. Once they have their population under control, however, there are no limits to how large this nation can become if their technological advancements and innovations continue. Their ability to deal with a population explosion is still questionable in comparison to a developed country.

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The United States of America is arguably the strongest political and economical power in the world. Its land mass similar to China, whose population is 4.5 times greater. This nation has a population growth of 0.87 percent per year due to births as well as immigration. The only problem the United States will face in the midst of a population explosion is the heavy consumption of its resources. This country, however, has enough technology and money to generate or purchase resources from other parts of the world. America will continue to support itself because of the intelligence and creativity they have implemented in their structure and government. They have taken advantage of science and the human imagination. In this case, there is no limit to growth as no limit exists to the technological and scientific discoveries of mankind.

The Cornucopian Theory states that large populations and high growth rates are no issue to be concerned with, since the earth can support greater numbers than it already does. Limits only exist if science and technology fail to advance. Growth creates jobs, produces materials, and is necessary to end world poverty. Levels of development will determine a nation's ability to handle population growth. A country's ability to maximize the human imagination and intelligence will ultimately define its proficiency in national survival and prosperity. Whether growth is high or low, a developed nation will weather the consequences more readily than a nation that is less developed or still developing.

Growth will only be restricted if mankind fails to be innovative. Lack of technological and scientific advancements in a less developed nation like Kenya will force the government to hinder growth. China, a developing nation, can only grow if creative solutions can be found to their present troubles. A developed country like the United States has no limitations in terms of population growth since they have established no limits to their ingenuity and imagination. If the global community is willing to work together, all borders can be lifted and growth will no longer be an issue.

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Biome

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The taiga is the largest biome and it is also called a coniferous forest. The taiga is located between 50 degrees latitude north and the Arctic Circle. The taiga can be found on the North American, Asian, and European continents. Many coniferous trees, evergreens with needles, grow in the taiga. The taiga is very cold in the winter and when the warm summer comes, the ice and snow melt. The taiga is near the top of the world and in there the average temperature is below freezing for six months of the year. Total yearly precipitation in the taiga is 1 - inches in other words 0 - 85 centimeters. In the taiga there are long winter nights and long summer days because of the slant of the earth on its axis.

Next, decomposition is slow in the taiga because of cold temperatures. Undecayed vegetation builds up on the forest floor making it feel like a sponge. Decomposition is slow here and the soil is thin and missing nutrients. Trees grow taller where warmer temperatures allow for faster decomposition or by streams and rivers, which carry nutrients from higher ground. There is a lack of variety in the taiga especially when compared to other biomes such as the rainforest. However, in the area of alike coniferous trees are strong trees that have adapted to the life in the frozen taiga. Very few species can survive or prosper in this environment.

Life in the taiga can be cold and dull especially with the snow, cold, and the lack of food that makes life very hard and even more in the winter. Some taiga animals migrate south, go into hibernation, or just deal with the environment. It fills up with millions of insects in the summer where they breed in the water. Birds come to the taiga to nest and lay their eggs in the spring and to eat the many insects. There are large mammals such as moose, elk, deer, and bear, and different types of squirrels. A lot of animals have thick fur to protect them from the cold winters. The bear eats lots of salmon in the summer to fatten up for hibernation as some birds depend on the cones of the trees as a source of food. The bobcat changes color (in summer it is brown with dark spots to blend in with the grass and in winter it is white like snow).

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The Manchurian Incident - Imaginative Exercise

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Dear Henry

Thank you for your letter. My reply details the circumstances leading up to and including the recent incident at Mukden, and the actions of our military in response. I have also explained our current economic and political standing on certain issues which will help you understand our perspective on these events. I also aim to assure you of my government's peaceful intentions for Manchuria.

We have experienced major difficulties in our relationship with China over the past few years. Of concern has been the influence exerted by Communists within the Nanking government, as well as internal dissension within the administration. In 18 our emissary to China, Gonsuke Hayashi, spoke with the leader of the Kuomintang, Young Marshal Chang Hseuh-Liang, regarding this situation. Hayashi stressed that Japan was willing to assist Chang in suppressing dissident elements within his ranks. This help was refused, and Hayashi made it very clear that Japan would not hesitate to intervene in Chinese affairs if Japanese subjects and interests were threatened. This echoed a statement made in 15 by General Shirakawa of our Kwantung Army. Recently, Chinese behaviour towards Japan has become increasingly hostile. A prime example of this is the assassination of a Japanese citizen, Shintaro Nakamura, on the grounds of spying.

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On the 18th of September at approximately 1000pm, a section of the South Manchurian Railway north of Mukden was blown up by Chinese soldiers as a prelude to a general assault on the Japanese police force. These soldiers also attacked Japanese citizens at the Mukden station. My government wished to avoid a military solution to the problem; indeed, I personally sent Major General Tatekawa directly to Manchuria with a message requesting a peaceful solution to the impending crisis. Unfortunately he was not able to deliver this message in time.

Under these circumstances, Lieutenant General Shigeru Honjo of the Kwantung Army, assisted by Colonels Itagaki and Ishihara and General Miyake, have decided to quell hostilities by means of the military occupation of Manchuria. This is required in order to protect the Japanese population and significant capital investment in Manchuria from the obviously aggressive intent of Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang Army. I must stress that we do not intend to colonise Manchuria, and will seek to quickly establish a Chinese administration.

Our interests in Manchuria are of vital national importance. Since the economic crash of the 10's, unemployment in Japan has been intolerably high. Our silk industry has been ravaged as a result of the dramatic decrease of imports to the United States. As Japan has few natural resources of great abundance, this downturn has been catastrophic for our economy. Manchuria, however, is rich in those resources we lack and desperately need, namely coal and steel.

Manchuria also assists us with our problem of overpopulation, which currently exceeds 700,000 people per year. At the end of the Great War our colonial acquisitions, which included Shantung Province, Siberia and northern Sakhalin, were denied us at the Washington Conference. Our government representatives at the conference cooperated with the requests of the Western powers in the face of extreme opposition from our own military. Deprived of these colonies, the options available to us for the relocation of our citizens have been severely limited. We do (pointedly) note that Britain and France, and, to a lesser extent, the United States, have not only retained their pre-war colonies, but have added significantly to them.

The refusal of Britain to renew the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, along with your own country's anti-Asiatic immigration laws, have exacerbated our problems. It has also served to promote a feeling among our people of "anti-Westernism", and their desire for the government to solve these problems by approaching the issues from a nationalistic, militaristic viewpoint. This is particularly the case with the Japanese military.

The reduction of the size of our naval fleet as a result of the Washington Conference has bred much ill feeling between the military and the government. This ill feeling, in fact, led to the assassination of Premier Hamaguchi. The reduction (to 60% of the size of the British and American fleets) came at a time when the Navy chiefs were planning to radically increase spending on our fleet.

You will agree that Japan has behaved admirably on the world stage. We have endeavoured to cater for our growing population by fostering friendly trade relationships with other nations. We have not attempted to take lands or markets by force. In the spirit of post-war peace, Japan has tried to solve her problems by the peaceful expansion of our commercial interests and relationships. It was not the intention of my government to intervene militarily in Manchuria, but circumstances have led to the Kwantung Army taking their own action.

This temporary occupation of Manchuria is vital for the stability of the region. With the threat of Communism to the north in Russia, and the rumblings of a serious Communist threat from within China itself, a Japanese presence in Manchuria will serve as a bulwark against the spread of a doctrine which would endanger not only Japan, but the colonial interests of many countries, including the United States.

Yours sincerely,

Wakatsuki Renjiro

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Cell Phones and Driving

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Should there be a ban on cell phone use for drivers? Many people believe that cell phones should only be used in emergencies. According to thee Cellular Telecommunication and Internet Association, more than 114 million people now subscribe to wireless service. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine stated, "the risk of a collision when using a cell phone is four times higher than when a cell phone is not being used."

On the other hand people should have the right to talk on cell phones. The National Rifle Association mantra has always been, "if you let them take away your right to own an Uzi, next will be your ., and then, once you're unable to defend yourself, They'll start taking away your right to free speech." California is already trying to do that now. Legislation is trying to prohibit the right to speak on a cell phone. The are many things that distracts and impairs the ability of drivers like drinking coffee, applying lipstick, and changing the radio stations.

Cell phones are heavily praised as lifesavers in emergencies. In a car emergency, the cell phone could save your life. For example a cell phone could decrease response time in a car accident, which will in return improve life saving outcomes. Cell phones can even stop an emergency from happing. Cell phones promise an more effective oppression of motor vehicle law violators such as drunk drivers. Efforts are also underway to seek changes in technology from cellular companies that would enable emergency dispatchers to automatically locate cellular callers. Cell phones can have many safety benefits like being able to call for help for your disabled vehicle, for a medical emergency, or to report hazardous road conditions.

Should there be a law to regulate cellular phone use in automobiles? All states make reckless or careless driving illegal, but is this enough to cover cell phone use? Only a few states, Florida, California, and Massachusetts, impose minor restrictions on cellular telephones in automobiles.

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Are Steroids Worth It?

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Two Austrian physiologists studying testicular extracts of a bull in 184 tested the extracts by injecting samples into themselves. They measured the strength of their fingers before and after the injection with a Mosso ergograph. When the results came back showing a significant increase in strength, the idea of steroid/prohormone use for performance was born (Hoberman 147). The only bad things about these steroids were their negative side effects. The most prominent negative effects are severe depression, shortened temper, public shame and damage to internal organs.

One negative effect of steroid use is severe depression. Depression often is seen when the drugs are stopped and may contribute to dependence on anabolic steroids (Nardo ). It can be imagined the drop in self-confidence when one goes from a strong, muscle building machine, to a totally different feeling of diminished strength and appearance. "They (steroid users) can go from feeling happy to feeling angry or depressed in only a few seconds" (Nardo ). Depression is a hard thing to experience making it a significant point against steroids.

Most have heard the horror stories of "roid rages" or intense bouts of anger and aggression. One of these is a story featuring a police officer that shot and left a storeowner paralyzed over phone usage while on steroids (nardo 5). On the field or in the gym, users have reportedly loved this rage. It may be fine in these places but "… it is undesirable, even dangerous in everyday life" (Nardo 4). This states that living with other people in the world can be potentially hazardous to the user and his or her peers. This is another negative effect of steroids.

Getting caught with steroids, in the past, has left the offenders with a load of public shame. Take Ben Johnson for example "In the 188 summer Olympics… Johnson thrilled the world and set a new world and Olympic record of .7 seconds" (Nardo 17). This is an amazing feat of speed. However his experience was short lived when the drug test results showed he was using steroids (Nardo 17). The Olympic committee disgraced him and took away his gold medal, awarding it to Carl Lewis. The risk of public shame is another effect that just makes steroids unworthy of time and/or money.

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Improper use of steroids can cause irreversible damage to critical internal organs. "Large amounts of steroids might overload the organ and lead to liver damage" (Nardo ). Without the liver, the human body cannot function properly. This is definitely one of the most dangerous negative effects. Not only can the liver be damaged, but the heart as well. "Experiments with animals have indicated that steroids can damage the heart muscle itself" (Nardo ). When the heart is entered into the equation, it becomes even more of a risk. It is not uncommon for users to "experience an enlargement of this vital organ" (Nardo ). Damage inflicted upon internal organs is a dangerous effect that large steroid use has been shown to cause.

These effects of depression, shortened temper, public shame, and internal damage are just a few of the negative effects of steroid use. The entire list includes side effects for nearly every part of the body. In short, they can severely damage a person's body. Yet, people still pay thousands for a few extra pounds. For someone considering steroids, it would be wise to conduct further research upon the subject to discover that the negative effects far outweigh the positive and can cause great harm.

Works Cited

Hoberman, John. Mortal Engines The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport. New York, NY The Free Press, 1.

Nardo, Dan. Drugs and Sports. San Diego, CA Lucent Books Inc., 10.

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