Friday, April 30, 2021

Life in the 1930's

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Introduction


Welcome to our page of the Life Styles of the 10s , The Depression Era. You will be reading about the life styles of The Upper Class, The Middle Class , and The Lower Class, In how the Depression affected them economically.


The Upper Class


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Family Life


The upper class had big and beautifully mansions with an extensive gardens that required an on-going care and maintenance for weeks. The wealthy people dressed well, ate well and lived well. There family life was one of their most grateful time. The family spend time with each other, on trips, outings or any kind of adventurous activities. The family life was uncomplicated, and really laid back and unstressful. Ladies mostly spend their time going for walks, playing bridge or going out for tea and some, had conversation of what was happening in the community. The upper Class always wanted valuable things that such they made children to go to private school. Their private school were located in the most wealthier areas. Many of this families had a numerous of servants to supply them with all of their needs. There servants had to cook, prepare the meals for the whole family. Chauffeurs had to drive the expensive cars and take the owner anywhere he wanted to. Nannys were require to take care of the children. Gardeners lived with the family either in a designated area set aside in the house or in and additional cottage.


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These were servants that worked for the upper class


Those families particularly with large mansions usually hosted elaborated parties in their ballrooms or parlors. Mostly of the time parties were held at clubs. The atmosphere of the parties was light and carefree with intelligent talk of politics or other matters of time. Many dancing occurred with the movement of the music that allow people to entertain their selves. Many small instrumental groups were available. Champagne, wine and many other delicacies drinks were serve by all the servants in the house. They work all day and night to make the rich people feel good.


The wealthy familys entertainment was mostly attracted by young adults. But their entertainment was always interrupted by the depression that they were going trough in those days. But they said that there was always money to enjoy life. Many people occur to enjoy movies, magazines, books or drama. Mainly they prefer to go to the theater and see their famous Hollywood stars. Theater and plays were pleasant break from movies that were all the rage at the time. Families were happily entertain by the stories of young, vibrant men and women falling in love, or just experiencing new adventures or taking pride in a sudden fortune during a time of desperation. Those movies were filmed about riches, romanticism or comedies. Horse racing was enjoyable during the summer months.


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The Middle Class


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Neighborhoods


The typical middle class neighborhoods barely survived the depression years. Families lived in single detached houses that had electricity, a flush toilet and a bath or shower. Many owned a car that either was parked on the road or in the garage. The difficult time brought neighbors together to lend each other support. Wage cuts became a fact of life, families found it harder to stretch the dollar. The Dirty Thirties were the most difficult and spare time to buy the common necessities of life. But people could of survive without all of this item.


The middle class possessed many things but not like the upper class. families with a secure income and a decent job afforded to pay any bill of their homes. during the depression money went a way like water. They had to buy all the things that were require to live. Many prices were low and things were considerably cheap because of deflation. But some people of the middle class owned automobile, good homes and good clothes to wear. almost all owned a radio , and also had telephone, a vacuum cleaner or an electric iron.


Automobiles were most taken by families that needed and had bought it during the 10s. Those that didnt had money, bought one during the depression because car prices were low due to deflation. cars had become very popular even though flat tires and engine troubles were common. People took their cars on picnics, trips and any kind of visits.


Family entertainment was an average of people that during the depression enjoy many different activities. Few of them would go to the movies and it only cost them 10 cents. Some families would stay at home and not go out. The food would be barbecued and hot cocoa would be served, then everyone would sit around a fire and sing songs and eat their food. Another popular form of entertainment was to go camping, many families went camping for 1- weeks and not spend much, only $500 a week. To go camping they usually use an old ,second hand war tent, swim in the creek and use a whole in the ground for toilet. They also went often to picnics, to the beach and enjoy all day on summer in the sunny afternoons. They would also play games such as Monopoly, this made them pretend that they had a lot of money and could afford all of the luxuries in the game but not in real life.


Father, mother, teenagers, and children entertainment were valuable for the middle class; fathers listened to the radio or read magazines, this was their way of relaxing after a hard day of work. The most popular thing they loved was boxing, and many boxing fights were broadcasted over the air. Those who could afford it would go to the occasionally baseball game. Some people couldnt afford to go and have fun, so they decided to make their own activity of a golf course out of old junk and started their own business. This was really cheap because they didnt have to buy a lot of stuff to start. Mother were often at home taking care of the children and listen to radio, but in some days they went to the theater to chat and trade cooking or knitting secrets. Teenagers means Young adults and they stayed in school longer for preparations for the future. Teenagers went to the movies frequently. They would also attend a mature night at the theater. Mostly all teenagers listened to music, just as they still do now. The beaches were popular with teens. Children had most fun out of any age group during the 10s because they didnt worry about anything. Mainly they didnt care about what was happening in the world as long as they got their dolls or comics. Bolo was the new rage during the depression. It was a paddle with a ball attached to it by a string and they would try to hit the ball. Most children had one bicycle or tricycle in their homes. Boys were fans of baseball and basketball. Children went out to movies and also listen to the radio. Their most popular entertainment was comics. The girls had dolls to play with and they all enjoy their way of living in the desperation that all the adults had.


Education in the 0s was kind of difficult for students. The schools were much like the school we have now. Many of the schools had sport team, and clubs to join on. School was consider a preparation for life, but for many student it was just an escape. Some will consider school important by getting an education that would help them open up the job market, while other just didnt want to face the reality of depression. The role of women in the schools changed quite a bit, and many new education techniques were added through out the year.


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The Lower Class


Poverty During the 10s


The Great Depression was a night mare for everyone who lived during those times. People who survived the dirty thirties remember the hell their lives became. For example; people where losing their shelter, food, and many children died of hunger. The Roles of a Poor Family Member


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During the Depression families in the lower class had a difficult time surviving the hard hits. Depression was so bad that the increase in divorces was high among lower class families.


The Father


During the Depression the father had a duty to support their families. Many of this men where losing their jobs because of the great depression, because of the lost of their jobs they thought that they had fail to come trough for their families. Many of them in time became criminals because they need some money to survive and so did their families, but some men were so a shame that they committed suicide.


The Mother


In the 10s women could maintain a job with out any problems, but they were being paid 1/ of the salary that men were being paid. During those times men where mad because they were losing their jobs and women were not. Men where outraged because they thought that they disserve all the jobs because of the crisis.


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The Children


During the 10s children first and most important thing was his education. Many of them were so a shame of telling their friends that their parents lost their jobs that they were determent to succeed in school, but many of them dropped out of school to help their parents.


Food and Nourishment


10s was so hard that many families where concerned of what was going to be the next meal. If you were in a relief camp you would eat few pieces of bread and soup and some potatoes. Many people got sick because their diets where missing some of the vitamins and minerals.


Housing Conditions


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Living conditions where very bad during the 10s. Many poor people lived in shacks or in boxes. Many people lived in a shack a shack is so small that people live in them as though they are animals. Many rented shacks with hopes that those shacks would have a bed, but many didnt have beds so people slept on the floor. The 10s was hard for each person but the people who got the worst was the lower class families because only the father worked and he had to find a way to support his family. People lived off canned foods and potatoes because of mal nutrition many people got sick. Many of them couldnt afford clinical needs. Therefore, they were not examine at all for a long period of time.


The Slave Camps


The relief camps where known as slave camps. One reason was because this camps where worst than the army. They made people work every single day for only 0 cents a day. But because people wanted some justice they rebelled so the government would act and do something to help them. Government paid attention and began paying people a little bit more and more clinical assistance.


Peoples Response


People spoke what their hearts desire. Many people survived the dirty thirties because they didnt let the bad situation get to them no matter how hard it was. People felt different from people who didnt let the economical crisis get to them. They felt as though they are less than anyone else. The Possessions of a Poor Family


The average person in the 10s would lose their homes if they couldnt pay. In those times people could only afford their clothes and food. During the 10s till 16 many properties where taken from people who couldnt pay. The only relief for the people was the TV, radio, and dancing halls.But many of them couldnt even afford that too, so they when to a friends house that had those things of entertainment. ʏ


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Thursday, April 29, 2021

To what extent is Oedipus responsible for his own actions?

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Oedipus is responsible for his own actions of committing parrincest and for killing Laius, which led to his own downfall from being King of Thebes. This downfall is due to his rashness, over-curiosity, and his disrespect for the god's predictions. However, he is not fully responsible for his actions, as there are other factors accountable for his downfall that he had no control over. The all-knowing gods had predicted his patricide and incest long before he committed them, and it was his parents' actions which resulted in him not knowing who his true parents are and hence in him committing those sins unknowingly.


In "Oedipus the King", Oedipus' rashness evidently plays a part in bringing about his downfall, as Teriesias only reviews the truth when Oedipus rashly insults him and accuses him of plotting with Creon. Teriesias knew that Oedipus' fall from stature would result if he reveals the truth, and hence is reluctant to tell it. However, Oedipus quickly mistakes Teriesias' attempt to save him as one of ill and as an attempt to save himself. He then rashly accuses Teriesias of first being the murderer, then of plotting with Creon to overthrow him from his stature of King. Teriesias is a priest of a god, and a very respectable person in the land, and normal reasoning would have shown that the prophet would not do those things. This rashness is also clearly seen as Oedipus contradicts himself by at first praising Teriesias for his knowledge and wisdom, then moments later insulting that same knowledge and wisdom, and then calling him names. As a result of all these accusations, Teriesias is forced to defend himself by revealing the truth. Hence it is Oedipus' rashness which help bring about his own downfall.


Oedipus is always curious about the truth, and this curiosity also is a factor in his downfall. When he lived in Corinth, and when someone told him that he wasn't the son of the people he thought were his parents, it was his curiosity that brought him to the Temple of Delphi. There he heard the prophecy about his patricide and incest, which led him to run away, and hence later to fulfill the prophecy. Many people also tries to stop him from finding out the truth; first Teriesias, then Jocasta when she realises the truth, and the shepherd. However, he ignores their advice, and stubbornly continues in his attempt to solve the mystery. Even when he finds out that he might be the murderer of Laius, he still presses forward to find the truth, not caring about what the consequences might be. This curiosity, which is at first to find the murderer of Laius, then to find out about his parentage, causes the truth to reveal, and hence set in motion Oedipus' own downfall.


Furthermore, when Oedipus hears about the all-knowing god Apollo's prediction of his fate, he immediately tries to run away from it, which consequently cause the prediction to occur. Oedipus is also very relieved when he finds out that that the man who he thinks is his father had passed away, as he thinks that it means the prophecy is no long valid. These things clearly shows that Oedipus believes that Apollo's prophecies can be thwart, that they will not always happen as he thinks that he can change them. This shows his disrespect for the gods as he believes that they are not really all-knowing. It is this disrespect which brought him to Thebes, and this disrespect which made him try and prevent the prophecy, which ironically causes him to fulfill it and bring out his own downfall.


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Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that there are other factors that are also responsible for Oedipus' downfall. Long before Oedipus had committed the sins that brought about his downfall, the all-knowing god Apollo had predicted it, and it is the revealing of this prophecy to mortal ears which brings about the events which leads to Oedipus' downfall. The prediction was also a prediction of Oedipus' fate, and hence his downfall is the result of following his fate, which he cannot escape. It is also Apollo who brought about the plague and pestilence onto the land of Thebes, which cause Oedipus to fulfill his duty as King and try to stop it. This then forces Oedipus to find out about his sins, and results in his own fall from stature as King.


Oedipus also commits the "incestuous sins" because he did not know who his true parents are. Oedipus had run away from Corinth when he heard about the prophecy about him committing those sins. However, it is the fact that he does not know who his true parents are which causes him to in fact fulfill the prophecy by killing his father and marrying his mother. Therefore, Oedipus' downfall must also be attributed to his parents, as they had caused him to mistake his true parentage by trying to get rid of him.


In conclusion, Oedipus is in fact mostly responsible for his actions of patricide and incest because of his rashness, over-curiosity and disrespect for the gods, which results in his own downfall from stature of King. Nevertheless, there are also other factors that are responsible. The god's actions and his true parent's actions, over which he has no control over, are also causes to his actions. Therefore, Oedipus is not fully responsible for the actions that led to his downfall from position as King and his position in the eyes of men.


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Diabetes

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Diabetes


Diabetes is a condition in which the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high because the body cannot use it. Glucose comes from the digestion of starchy foods such as bread, rice and potatoes and from the liver which makes glucose.


There are two different types of diabetes, type one and type two. Type one is where the body cannot produce any insulin. It is treated by insulin injections, a specially controlled low sugar diet, and regular exercise is advised. Type two is when the body can produce insulin, but not enough to balance the glucose being taken in. Sometimes the insulin being made doesn't work properly, known also as insulin resistance. There are several ways of treating this, by diet and exercise alone or by diet, exercise and tablets or you can combine all three, depending on the severity of the condition.


The main aim of treatment of both types of diabetes is to achieve blood glucose and blood pressure levels as near to normal as possible. This, together with a healthy lifestyle, will help to improve well-being and protect against long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries.


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The main symptoms of diabetes are


ʏincreased thirst


ʏIrregular urination


ʏextreme tiredness


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Type 1 diabetes develops much more quickly, usually over a few weeks, and symptoms are normally very obvious.


In both types of diabetes, the symptoms are quickly relieved once the diabetes is treated. Early treatment will also reduce the chances of developing serious health problems.


Type diabetes develops slowly and the symptoms are usually less severe. Some people may not notice any symptoms at all and their diabetes is only picked up in a routine medical check up. Some people may put the symptoms down to getting older or overwork.


People that usually get diabetes are people with a family history of diabetes, people aged between 40-75, people of Asian, African Caribbean origin, very overweight people or women who have just given birth to a very large baby! Diabetes is no threat and is not fatal if you inject insulin and go for regular check ups.


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Wednesday, April 28, 2021

Gender

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In many ways, people identify themselves, or are identified by their gender. "I am a man" or "I am a woman." Gender is undeniably the most defining characteristic of all creatures. Since the dawn of time, women and men have played distinctly different roles in society, simply because they have a different anatomy. Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres and Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior both explore ideas concerning the role of women in society. Although culturally and stylistically dissimilar, both books reveal significant insight into themes concerning the role of women as victims of a male domination, the masochistic nature of women to accept positions of in-superiority and the emergence of women as strong, independent beings.


The role of the male has always been indisputably dominant in the society of nearly every culture. China, like most societies, has its shameful history in regards to the treatment of women. Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior, which takes place dually in China and America, addresses the treatment of women in the Chinese culture. Kingston's first story of the No-Name Woman particularly addresses the foul treatment of women by men. Simply because No-name Woman was a female, she was forced to accept her fate as not only a rape victim, but also as a disgrace to her family. Her predator's "demand must have surprised, then terrified her. She obeyed him; she always did as she was told" (Kingston, 6) No-name Woman was well conditioned to behave the will of the man, and although he may have been taking advantage of her, her fear of him kept her silent. "If you tell your family, I'll beat you, I'll kill you. Be here again next week." (Kingston, 7) And when No-name Woman declared to her assailant, "'I think I'm pregnant.' He organized the raid against her." (Kingston, 7) This type of threatening and misogyny is typical of a patriarchal society the women are to blame, with no regard to the way men behave.


Even in the United States, where millions of immigrants flee to in order to escape persecution and injustice, women of the Chinese culture still faced the domination of men in their society. Maxine was well aware of the priority men took in her life from an early age. When her brother was born, an egg was rolled on his face, an honor secured only to boys. Maxine was outraged that "because I'm a girl" (Kingston, 46) she was not held at the same level as her younger brother. Maxine was constantly bombarded by misogynistic sayings as she was growing up. During meals, Maxine's uncle would stare at the table full of Maxine and her sisters, declaring "Maggots! Where are my grandsons, I want grandsons! Give me Grandsons! Maggots!" (Kingston, 11) Maxine's femininity was so intertwined with negativity that she believed in order to be "not a bad girl," she must also be "not a girl." (Kingston, 46) In Maxine's experience, all Chinese women were treated with this same amount of respect. "I read in an anthropology book that Chinese say, 'Girls are necessary too'; I have never heard the Chinese I know make this concession." (Kingston, 5) Maxine's experience portrays the cruel role that male domination played in Maxine's experience of Chinese culture.


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The significance of male domination also plays a large role in Smiley's A Thousand Acres. The women in the novel live under the fear and control of the men in their lives. The Cook girls' domination by their father is apparent early on in the novel. When Caroline disobeys her father's wishes, he replies with an act of power that forbids her from having a part in the rest of the family's inheritance. "You don't want it my girl, you're out. It's as simple as that." (Smiley, 1) Caroline is then seemingly disowned because she simply disagreed with her father. However, the Cook men's domination over women began long before the argument between Caroline and Larry. The Cook men saw women as a way of obtaining land, and in that sense, the women became nothing more than objects, which like the land needed to be controlled and maintained. Larry's father John married Edith Davis to obtain "a share in the Davis farm." (Smiley, 15) Ginny and the other girls were conditioned that they were "born to serve their elders, and that their service was to be directed rather than requested" (Smiley, 5). In this type of society, being a woman was tolerable, as long as she was "oblivious" (Smiley, 1). Ginny also faced domination by her husband. Ginny's obvious position was domestic, while Ty's was to do the more difficult farm work. Ginny was allowed to disagree with Ty's point of view, as long as she did not attempt to fight with him. (Smiley, 11) Ginny's complacency was a common characteristic of the Cook women. She learned how to keep her opinions to herself with Ty as well as her father. When Larry "asserted his point of view, (Ginny's) vanished." (Smiley, 18) When Ginny does finally stand up to her father, he is publicly humiliates her, saying "How can you treat your father like this? I flattered you when I called you a bitch!" The Cook women were programmed by their male dominated upbringing to accept this misogynistic treatment. Smiley uses the Cook women as an example to portray female mistreatment on a micro-scale and reveal the horrors behind male supremacy.


Another similar theme running between The Woman Warrior and A Thousand Acres is the woman's neglect to recognize dominance and accept her position as a lower class citizen. In the Woman Warrior, many of the hateful comments Maxine is influenced by are made by women. These women are conditioned from childhood to believe that women are below men. A female neighbor comments to Maxine's mother, "there's no profit in raising girls. Better to raise geese than girls…when you raise girls, you're raising children for strangers." (Kingston, 46) Even the word for "I," as referring to women in Chinese means "slave." (Kingston, 47) Most girls were sold as slaves in China, at different prices depending on age. (Kingston, 8) Maxine's mother goes on to explain that in China, a girl like Maxine would have been much cheaper, but "I was in the United States paying two hundred dollars for you." Maxine's own mother puts a value on her life. Although brave Orchid was a well educated, accomplished women, the opinion of women in Chinese culture was so engrained in her nature that she too believed women were worth less than boys. Maxine's parents were embarrassed to take her and her sister out together, for fear of the ridicule from the other villagers. (Kingston, 46) Her parents would also comment that "when fishing for treasures in the flood, be careful not to pull in girls." (Kingston, 5) The women of the Chinese culture were taught to detest themselves, as well as other women. Maxine refuses to allow this type of self-hatred continue in her family and vows to "never hit or scold (her) children." (Kingston, 46)


Similarly, in A Thousand Acres, the Cook daughters are ignorant and complacent toward their treatment on the farm. As long as the Cook girls are obedient and do not oppose or second guess the men, they are considered good wives. Rose comments that "When we're good girls and accept our circumstances, we're glad about it…when we are bad girls, it drives us crazy" (Smiley, 106). The girls initially accept that this is their position and do nothing to change it. Rose, who recognizes this complacency before Ginny exclaims, "You're so slow to judge, it's like stupidity. It drives me crazy" (Smiley, 16). Although Rose may be more aware of her domination, she remains bound to her condition. "I thought it was okay, that it must be okay if he said it was, since he was the rule maker. He didn't rape me, Ginny. He seduced me" (Smiley, 06). By reconciling with herself that her encounters with Larry were not rape, Rose made herself believe that this behavior was acceptable. This self-created domination is what made it so difficult for the Cook girls to escape their life on the farm. If they were able to believe they were worthy of their treatment, then it made it all the easier for the men to treat them that way.


Another similarity between both books is that the repressed women are able to rise above the demeaning behavior of their oppressors. The 'Woman Warrior' in Kingston's memoir is symbolic of a character that transcends gender and is accepted by not only her village and country, but family as an equal to a male. By asserting her martial superiority, Fah Moulan proves herself as a woman and a warrior. While fighting the Baron and listening to his misogynistic claims that "girls are maggots in the rice" (Kingston, 4), Fah Moulan rips her shirt off to show her breasts and "I slashed him across the face and on the second stroke cut off his head" (Kingston, 44). Fah Moulan, unlike men has the superior ability of not only destroying life, but also returning it. "I bled and thought about the people to be killed; I bled and thought about the people to be born" (Kingston, ). The warrior woman was greeted by her family as a boy would be, with chickens and excellent food to eat (Kingston, 4). Kingston strives to make herself in the image of Fah Moulan. "I could not figure out what was my village. And it was important that I do something big and fine" (Kingston, 45-46). Maxine felt the need to prove to her parents that she is similar to the woman warrior, that she too is valuable. "When I visit my family now, I wrap my American success around me like a private shawl; I am worthy of eating the food" (Kingston, 5). Maxine even goes on to claim that "the swordswoman and I are not so dissimilar" and "what we have in common are the words at our backs" (Kinston, 5). By comparing herself to the honored warrior woman and finding a common ground in their strength to overcome and stand up to injustice, Kingston is able to produce strength in her readers.


Like the Warrior Woman and Maxine, Ginny is able to defeat her dominators and emerge as a stronger, self-governing woman. Ginny Realizes she cannot live under the dominance of Ty any longer. As she runs out the door to leave him he yells, "I gave my life to this place" (Smiley, 57). Ty's exclamation is not one that begs for Ginny to stay, but simply a pathetic declaration that his true love in life had been the farm, not Ginny. This statement further asserts the idea that Ginny was dominated by Ty, since her position in his eyes was less important than the land. Later Ginny explains to Ty how she once "saw it all your way…the proud progress from Grandpa Davis to Grandpa Cook to Daddy" (Smiley, 70). By admitting that she had been dominated and allowed herself to be, Ginny is finally able to free herself from the grasp of the men in her life. She tells Ty, "I wasn't like this, I was a ninny" (Smiley, 71). Ginny's realization allowed her to escape the cycle of domination that plagued the Cook women for decades.


Male domination is irrefutably a commonality in the lives of many women. For many women, the only way to deal with this authority is to accept that it is a part of life that will not go away, as the women in The Warrior Woman have been conditioned to do. For these women, being controlled is simply a consequence of being born into the culture. But only through the realization and acceptance that such a condition exist can women begin to break free of their bindings by men. Jane Smiley and Maxine Hong Kingston both strive to emancipate women readers from their conditions by helping them recognize their positions.


Please note that this sample paper on Gender is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gender, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Gender will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Tuesday, April 27, 2021

O'Connor's The Misfit

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On countless occasions we have seen that the key to a well-written story is the presentation of a nicely conceived character who is not necessarily the protagonist. The dialogues and actions in which this person is involved and the way he is first described by the author, are essential to the development of the story. In Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man Is Hard to Find, The Misfita criminal escaped from a federal prisonis the perfect example of this type of character. It is quite clear that for us to have a good understanding of this narrative we must investigate deeply into this man's role. The Misfit's way of talking about life, his cold blooded actions, and the authority he shows upon the other two vandals, are traits that certainly make him a very interesting and profound character.


Being as intelligent as he seems to be by the earliest description O'Connor gave us, The Misfit talks in a peculiar way about what caused him to become a murderer. When referring to the time he got sent to jail he says "somewheres along the line I done something wrong (…) I was buried alive" (06); there is an obvious manifestation in this last statement that he feels betrayed and rejected by the society, because he actually didn't kill his father. The things he says about his parents are in contradiction with the fact that he is a killer "God never made a finer woman than my mother and my daddy's heart was pure gold" (05). How could it be that a man can speak in such a beautiful way about his mother and father, and at the same time be capable of killing a human being?


A second aspect that can be talked about in order to support the idea of The Misfit being remarkable is his cold blooded actions. As O'Connor herself tell us in her essay "… a prophet gone wrong is almost always more interesting than your grandmother" (5), in reference to The Misfit. The moment he kills the Grandmother at the very end, shooting at her chest three times, proves his cold-bloodedness because right after committing the homicide he starts cleaning his glasses. However, we can recall an earlier instant in which he asks both of the present women to excuse him for being in front of them with no shirt. This variety of behavior makes him interesting.


One more quality that is special about him is his authority over all other characters in this story. If we consider from the moment when The Misfit is first presented to the reader until the end, we can easily see that he is the one in charge of the entire situation. Krawiec writes in his essay that "While he was having the other members of the family killed, the Misfit engages in a highly religious dialogue with the grandmother where he explains his feelings on Christianity"; in other words, he manages the other two guys in the execution of Bailey, his wife, and the children, while he is just talking to the Grandmother he has everybody on his hands.


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To conclude, The Misfit's characteristics such as his way of talking, his cold blooded actions, and the authority he exerts on the rest of the characters in the story, make him a highly interesting character. O'Connor is an incredibly excellent writer, but if it were not by her conception of The Misfit, she couldn't have written a story as good as this one in so few pages. What she actually intended to do in my opinion was criticize the society that we live in, and The Misfit was one of the tools that she used to get this message transmitted.


Works Cited


Krawiec, Marc. "What is 'Gothic'?" Gothic Essays. 5 March 00. http//www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~mkrawiec/essay.html


O'Connor, Flannery. "A Good Man Is Hard to Find." Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet et al. 6th ed. New York Longman, 00, 7-08.


O'Connor, Flannery. "A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable." Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet et al. 6th ed. New York Longman, 00, 4-7.


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Atlantic slave trade

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Atlantic Slave Trade


Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade The changes in African life during the slave trade era form an important element in the economic and technological development of Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade had a negative effect on both the economy and technology, it is important to understand that slavery was not a new concept to Africa. In fact, internal slavery existed in Africa for many years. Slaves included war captives, the kidnapped, adulterers, and other criminals and outcasts. However, the number of persons held in slavery in Africa, was very small, since no economic or social system had developed for exploiting them (Manning 7). The new system-Atlantic slave trade-became quite different from the early African slavery. The influence of the Atlantic slave trade brought radical changes to the economy of Africa. At the time of the Atlantic slave trade, Africa was an area that had far-flung interests based on agriculture, industry, and commerce (Curtin 54). Complex stratified societies based on settled village agriculture were developed throughout the continent. â€Essentially agricultural, the peoples of Africa displayed a remarkable degree of specialization within this ancient economic pursuit,” writes John Hope Franklin, the author of From Slavery to Freedom A History of African Americans (p. 18). In addition to agriculture, artistry was a significant area of economic community. Even less complex communities included some with various skills. Furthermore, the use of metals played an important role. Iron was developed very early in the economy of Africa; Africa exported iron for many years, and blacksmiths and other ironworkers were found in many parts of the continent. Africans also worked in silver, gold, copper, and bronze. Lastly, internal slave trade played a role in the economy. Slaves represented a small part of the total value of African exports (Klein 56). The tendency of communities to specialize in some phase of economic activity made it necessary that they maintain commercial contact with other communities and countries in order to secure the things that they did not produce (Hope 16). Some villages, for example, specialized in fishing, others concentrated on metallurgy, while others made weapons, utensils, and so on. Traders traveled from place to place to barter and to purchase. Upon returning they were laden with goods that they sold within their own community (Hope 17). As the Atlantic route expanded, accounting for nearly two thirds of all Africans leaving the continent, it created systems for the gruesome work of collecting and exporting slaves and brought the expansion of a system of slavery in Africa itself. The rising prices for slaves, steadily driven by increasing American demand, powerfully influenced local African developments where slave trade was well established. For example, in some cases such as Kingdom of the Kongo to the south of the Zaire or Congo River, slave trade was quickly organized from a region that had only limited slavery and became a steady exporter of slaves (Klein 58). Large-scale warfare, in which obtaining slaves for the Atlantic trade was a major theme, became more common. The effects of slave trade soon led to civil wars, kidnappings, and disruptions, which brought about the decline of the existing kingdoms on the one had and the rise of new but smaller ones on the other. Entire trading networks became intimately tied to the supply of slaves to the Atlantic economy. Certain regions found slave trade so attractive that they have up their interests in gold mining and trading goods, and turned to the profitable business of capturing and exporting of slaves. Agriculture also suffered as a result of the expansion of the slave trade. Various viable agricultural lands in the interior of many of the exporting regions in Africa were abandoned for the sake of a more profitable business As the result of slavery, the concept of a family, an important aspect of African life, changed. Most damaging effect of this transformation involved children. Because most of the captive slaves taken were male, women had to take on new tasks to sustain the economy, thus devoting less time to their families (Module ). The men who remained began to take on second and third wives, mostly to produce more children, a ready source for the slave market. As greed and insatiability for money grew, many women often had their children kidnapped and enslaved. Raising children became a business. As the result of the damaging changes brought to Africa by the Atlantic slave trade, the overall development of the economy and technology suffered. Without slave exports, Africa would have had fewer imported goods because many slaves were exchanged for various forms of money. In fact, the export of slaves was very profitable and it did bring wealth to the African sellers. However, very little of this wealth was invested in expanding African production and improving the economical and technological developments (Klein 67). As mentioned above, as the prices for slave grew, entire trading networks became tied to the supply of slaves. As a result, Africa did little to increase its economical and technological development beyond slave trade. By the end of the nineteenth century nearly five or six million persons were held in slavery on the African continent (Manning 6). Although internal slavery existed on the continent prior to the Atlantic slave trade, African slavery had little if any effect on the economy. As explained throughout the paper, the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade brought radical changes to the economy of Africa. These changes played a major role in the development of the economy and technology of the continent.


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Monday, April 26, 2021

Selena Quintanilla Perez

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Although Selena is no longer with us, she is one of my favorite singers. When I listen to her music, I get a sense of connection with my Latin heritage. Selena Quintanilla Perez was a Mexican American woman who started her career in singing at the age of six. Abraham Quintanilla, her father, started a group called Selena y Los Dinos. Selena, her brother Abraham III, and her older sister provided music entertainment at the family's local restaurant by singing.


After overcoming her shyness, Selena blossomed into a kinetic stage personality as she began incorporating urban dance moves and r&b influenced vocals into a show whose musical program consisted of polka-rooted rancheras offset by pop and funk. Selena also overcame the perception that women could not compete in the male-dominated Tejano arena. Selena became an inspiration to many female fans of Tejanos who were looking for a role model. She had two main goals to crossover into the Anglo market and to open her own line of clothing boutiques. Selena finally achieved her goal of crossing over with the help of Jos Behar, the EMI Latin president, and Nancy Brennan, the Vice president of EMI Records, in 14 with the release of Amor Prohibido. She also opened her own boutique shop. Unfortunately, a woman by the name of, Yolanda Saliva, who handled the finances for the boutique shop killed Selena. Today, though Selena can not experience her fame and fortune her legacy lives on.


Techno Cumbia one of my favorite songs that Selena produced.


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The Spanish song, which talks about the rhythm of her cumbia which is going to make you want to dance, has a rap beat to it. The word cumbia is a type of Mexican dancing. I enjoy dancing cumbias and with the beat of the song it makes me want to dance when ever I listen to the song. Some of the lyrics are


Este es el ritmo de mi cumbia


Que te va a mover


La Techno-Cumbia que te traigo


Te Dara el placer


Para que muevas tu cuerpo, de


La cabeza a los pies


Y ahora que estamos de fiesta,


Repitan todos despues


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H.G. Wells

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The father of modern science fiction, Herbert George Wells, lives a life of poverty and wealth, writing stories (or Bildungsromans) like Tono-Bungay, and relates life questions and experiences to various themes and motifs throughout most of his works. Born into a working class family, Wells struggles to alleviate his family through difficult times after the collapse of his father's business ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 1, 418). Wells' first breakthrough came from a conjunction between himself and his mentor; T. H. Huxley based on the theory of evolution. As Wells' developed as an esteemed writer, he published which is now regarded as one of his most insightful works, Tono-Bungay, a novel which served as a relation between his character and expository fiction ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 5). Throughout Wells' substantial array of fiction and non-fiction works, the themes and ideas he considers and explores range from life on other planets to man playing God. Wells acquires an interest in literature at the age of seven, after becoming bedridden with a broken leg ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 5).


Born in Bromley, a suburb of London, England on September 1, 1866 Herbert George Wells came into the home of Joseph and Sarah Wells as their third son. Wells' father, Joseph Wells, owned a china shop while his mother worked as a lady's maid (Bloom, ed., 167). The first struggle Wells encountered occurred between his two older brothers, Frank and Fred, "My childish relations with my brothers varied between vindictive resentment and…aggression,...I made a terrific fuss if my toys or games were touched…I bit and scratched my brothers and I kicked their shins, because I was a sturdy little boy who had to defend himself." the grown-up Wells recalls (Nardo, 8). While Wells grew, his parents as well as his siblings all ingrained in him British customs, ideas, and values of the Victorian Era, such as the class structure of British society which determined people's worth as humans by how much money they have, job classification, and family lineage (Nardo, 11). This idea explained his family's poverty, yet Wells wondered why his family accepted this concept of social structure, despite their poverty. Wells found it strange that his parents never desired a better way of life as he did. At the age of fourteen, Wells left school to attend to family financial troubles, and for two years held a job as an apprentice to a draper. ("H. G. Wells Background", 1). Though Wells acquired little education, at seventeen, he became an assistant teacher at the Midhurst Grammar School. A year later, Wells gained a scholarship to learn biology at the Normal School of Science in South Kensington London, England, where he found a mentor, T. H. Huxley, who brought Wells' attention to the theory of evolution. (Bloom, ed., 167). Wells graduated in 180 with a B. Sc. ("H. G. Wells Background", 1-). Some years later, Wells marries his cousin, Isabel Mary Wells, but that marriage soon turned sour. Distraught, Wells elopes with a former pupil, Amy Catherine Robbins in 185 (Bloom, ed., 167). The presentation of the ideas of evolution to Wells by Huxley leads Wells to develop works based on a subject very controversial in the Victorian Era.


Wells' introduction to Huxley had a profound effect on his induction to the literary field, "I believed then he was the greatest man I was ever likely to meet,... And I believe that all the more firmly today. The year I spent in Huxley's class was, beyond all question, the most educational year of my life." (Nardo, 1-0). Wells' first novels were motivated by Huxley's ideas of evolution. Since evolution occurs through thousands upon millions of years, Wells ponders what the future could hold for the human race. Wells envisions humans as having huge brains and shrunken bodies, floating in tubs of liquid nutrients under a great crystal dome, and even people adapting to absorb chemicals and sunlight as plants do. With these new and strange ideas running through Wells' mind, he wrote The Man of the Year Million. The minor success of Wells' first story let him know that he had a knack for storytelling. Wells took this as a sign of good fortune and a way to escape his distressing childhood (Nardo, 1). In the midst of the 180's, Wells wrote one of his most successful fiction works called, The Time Machine. Incorporating the ideas of how man might evolve, Wells creates a satire of the English class structure with the Elois, representing the lower class, and the Morlocks, representing upper, mentally and physically superior class ("H. G. Wells", 1). The Morlocks symbolize the evolution of the impoverished, uneducated industrial workers of Great Britain, while the Elois signify the descendants of the rich, well-educated upper classes. (Nardo, ). This social structure in The Time Machine concerns the evolution of man, assists in Wells' criticizing life and society for its intricate difficulties (Magill, ed., 80). Though Wells forte seemed to encompass the science fiction genre, his most insightful novel, Tono-Bungay, demonstrates to the literary society that he can write something more akin to Charles Dickens.


In 10 Wells publishes Tono-Bungay, a novel that holds many parallels with Wells' own life. The plot revolves around a young man named George Ponderevo who ascends from the lower classes of Britain and discovers a healthier life (Nardo, 58). The novel begins by describing George's life, coming from an impoverished family, to obtaining a scholarship to London University. George leaves school in order to assist his uncle, Edward Ponderevo, a chemist. Edward and George develop a medicine which they patent called Tono-Bungay. Edward becomes rich and soon after gets into financial troubles. Edward then goes to trial for fraud and forgery, but before anything can escalate further, George hurries Edward off in a hot air balloon to Southern France, where, before long, he dies. George then goes to back to school where he creates a substantial reputation for himself. The novel ends with George working as an engineer for a shipbuilding company, overseeing the construction of destroyers ("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 540-1). The themes presented in this novel are typical of both Wells and the Victorian style.


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Like many of Wells' other novels, the theme of Tono-Bungay revolves around an individual (George Ponderevo) who battles to establish himself in a world more comfortable for the unquestioning, unadventurous, follower rather than the rebel ("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 546). George battles poverty through his discovery of Tono-Bungay, a medicine that makes him rich beyond his dreams. Since the novel plays out Wells' life, the characters experience the same things Wells experienced. Bernard Bergonzi states


Wells suggests further that the author has no emotional


or logical right to objectivity. Certainly he has no moral


right. For Wells, the author's personal involvement in his


novel is a moral obligation. Once he identifies within the


events of his own life the sources of the social, moral, or


political problems he is to treat, he must realize that they


also exist in his readers. Logically, if the characters, episodes, themes are drawn from life, they must be fixed in structures


which resemble life as closely as it is possible for the written


word to do so. To do otherwise is not to confer life on the work,


but death. Life is loose, formless, unpatterned, filled with irrelevancies, discursive, and lacking completeness.


("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 546).


Bergonzi writes that Wells can not object to these happenings (that take place


In the story) and that for a story to become successful it must reflect reality (unpredictability) to identify with the reader. Another theme depicted in the novel stems from Wells' anthology of science fiction works that concern the advancement of medicine, as seen through "Tono-Bungay", the mysterious, bogus herb that heals the sick. As with The Time Machine, Wells criticizes English society with the financial rise and fall of Edward Ponderevo, as shown with George Ponderevo's amazement with how society allows his uncle, Edward, to wield so much power because of his vast riches ("Tono-Bungay", 1). Like with many authors, Wells' themes venture deep into the human psyche.


The many themes and motifs throughout the works of H. G. Wells emerge from many of life's age old questions, while others transpire from Wells' imagination and with warnings of things to come. An example of life's age-old questions materializes in The War of the Worlds, which bears the question Are there other life forms besides men in the universe? The answer is, yes. Martians, as Wells calls them, come from Mars and intend on conquering Earth. Just as the Martians finish reducing the human race to but a few, the Martians reveal a vulnerability, bacteria. The common cold seems to kill the remaining Martians left on Earth and humanity triumphs ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 1, 4-4). In The Invisible Man, Wells explores the dangers of scientific experimentation. Dr. Griffin makes himself invisible and goes insane, killing anyone he wants. Wells shows the reader what could go incredibility wrong with a risky scientific experiment ("H. G. Wells Programme Outline", ). Another theme deals with man playing God in, The Island of Dr. Moreau. A scientist, Dr. Moreau sets about creating the ultimate human- creature hybrid. Once again, Wells begs a question Is it ok for man to play God? This question serves as a warning to man not to play with nature. Another theme circulated in the novel deals with respect. Dr. Moreau forces respect from the human- creature hybrids through fear, while Kate, the leader of the human- creature hybrids earns her respect through admiration and love for the her fellow creatures. Another example of respect becomes apparent from the beginning of the novel, the lack of respect for life. Dr. Moreau experiments on innocent animals without regard for pain he causes, which leads to his eventual downfall ("Discussion The Island of Dr. Moreau", ). Herbert George Wells leads a revolution toward writing, not only in terms of content, but in the use of his creativity.


In short, Herbert George Wells experienced a life of poverty and wealth, published the critically acclaimed book, Tono-Bungay, and journeyed deep within himself and pose questions about life on other planets and man playing God. Even as a young lad, Wells worked hard to sustain his family as well as himself. His works like The Man of the Year Million and The Time Machine make him a pioneer for the Victorian Era and make the reader use their imagination to think about the future. Tono-Bungay, shows Wells' boldness in his satirical portrayal of societies ills with his past as the plot. Through many of his books, such as War of the Worlds and The Island of Dr. Moreau, Wells invites the reader to ask questions about the direction of society, to tell the reader more about themselves, and imposes that the future lays in the hands of the people. All in all, Herbert George Wells captivates the mind with his futuristic ideas of science and makes the reader What if?


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19Th Century Social Issues

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The social issues of the renaissance to romantic era are directly reflected to, and directly influence the social issues of the nineteenth century. This is evident by studying past works of English literature from important time periods.


In early renaissance times, the social issues dealt with power struggle, and class difference influenced many plays, and poems written by Shakespeare. By expressing these social issues through his plays, he was able to communicate to the public in a passive, assertive manner without outright conveying his views. Class difference and power struggle between societies unmistakably found themselves in the nineteenth century as well. This instance, however; government parties, such as the Whigs, and the Tories struggled to achieve a commanding grasp on a political standpoint. Class difference in the nineteenth century had ruled out the classic feudal system, and was progressing towards three main social classes.


During the restoration period, works written by Pope, such as a modest proposal, dealt with the poverty stricken lower class Irish families, and a simple, but drastic solution. Although Alexander Pope provides a great example of a solution moving towards a more 'classless' society, his means of doing so were fairly obscene. Using children as a source of food, and a way for the public to earn a source of income wasn't exactly a realistic solution. Nonetheless, something had to be done, and as mentioned earlier, the nineteenth century was gradually making progress. Almost ruling out the dominant boundaries of either extremely wealthy or extremely underprivileged, the middle class emerged.


Driven mainly by factory jobs, middle class citizens worked, long hard hours in dangerous environments. The middle class had now officially become the affluent class of the modern Victorian times.


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William Wordsworth's views, expressed in his poem, "The World is Too Much with Us" explained how man has become out of touch with nature, and how society puts great emphasis on technology and materialism. This was another great social issue which greatly effected the romantic time period as well as the Victorian era. Once again, reflecting on the now dominant middle class, and the beginning of the industrial revolution, came the beginning of consumerism/materialism. With the ability to afford various products, a hunger was born unlike no other that has carried on to present day. An addiction would be the idealistic way to describe it. The more 'toys' the public acquired, the more they longed for excess. This social issue was answered, but not solved by numerous authors, and poets. The human race had begun to fall away from the beauty and simplicity of nature, and began to rely on sophisticated, material objects to satisfy our entertainment needs.


The question still remains today. Will we look towards our past and realize the world has so much more to offer, other than synthetic products?


Or will we simply progress further into our addiction of greed? It's the age of a technological revolution. Heading into the future presents it own social issues. Just as quickly as class system had changed, we find more and more unemployed families raising children in poverty. Our government desperately attempts to help these people by providing welfare, but this on its own is a social issue. The unemployed are immediately ruled out of the rest of society. As time moves on I expect to see social issues dealing with how the earth is being governed. A group that continues to burn 'dirty' fossil fuels, and a new breed. A society which protests the use of petroleum will bring a new issue to play. Perhaps it has already started with the beginning of the hybrid automobile, and the hydrogen fuel cell. Only time will tell.


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Friday, April 23, 2021

France

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FRANCE


France is the largest western European country, with an area of 0,668 square miles. The population is 60


million and the official language is French. France is very diverse in its ethnicity with groups such as Celtics,


Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese and Basque minorities. 0% of the French are Roman


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Catholics. Paris is the capital city. Other cities are Marseille (Marsay), Lyon (Leeon), Toulouse


(Tooloose), Strasbourg (Strasberg), Nice (Neece), Lille (Leel), and Bordeaux. The terrain is varied and the


temperature is like that of the Eastern United States. The main agricultural products are wheat, wines and spirits,


dairy products, sugarbeets, oilseeds, meats, poultry, fruits and vegetables.


Since prehistoric times, France has been a crossroads of trade, travel and invasion. French has been an


international language for centuries and is a common second language throughout the world. It is one of the five


official languages at the United Nations. Education is free in France. This is made possible by high sales taxes


going into the educational system.


The President of France is Jacques Chirac, who has been president since 15. Relations between the United


States and France are active and cordial. President Bush was just in France at an international economic summit.


France enjoys a free press and has more than 100 daily newspapers. Most newspapers are private and are not


linked to any poliltical party. France has produced some of the worlds most influential writers and artists. In the


last two centuries, it has given the art world Renoir (Renwa), Monet (Monay), Cezanne (Sayzan), Gaugin


(Gogan), and Picasso.


In August, Parisians traditionally leave for their annual holiday and put the city on a skeleton staff to serve


visitors. July has also become a popular vacation month, with many restaurateurs taking a holiday then. Paris is


known as the City of Lights. It has become the leading city in the world for vacation destinations, overtaking


New York City. There are 0 districts of Paris, each with its own character. There are more than 60 museums


in Paris, historical monuments, and countless restaurants, and galleries.


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Health Starts With Nutritional Foods

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Everyone hopes to have a good health, but not everyone understand the importance of nutritional foods to our health. Appropriate nutrition is a necessary condition to maintain a good health. In our daily life, the main source of nutrition comes from variety of foods we eat. Health starts with nutritional foods. It is the intention of this article to help you to have appropriate nutritional foods by introducing some basic knowledge of the relationships between nutrition and health, and nutrients foods.


Nutrients are necessary for human bodies to maintain energy to move, and generate chemical substances such as enzymes for metabolic activities. The nutrients that are essential to human bodies may be categorized into three types. The first category includes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They are the primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are the principal dietary source of energy. Fats supply energy and essential fatty acids, and they help absorb the fat-soluble vitamins. However, some kinds of fat, especially saturated fats, increase the risk for coronary heart disease by raising the blood cholesterol. ¡° Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are needed for synthesis of body proteins in muscle, organs, bone and skin, and for synthesis of enzymes, certain hormones, antibodies and a host of specialized products¡± (¡°Human amino acid requirements can the controversy be resolved¡±17). The second category includes various kinds of vitamins, such as A, B-1, B-6, C, D, E, biotin, choline, folate, and thiamin. They play a wide variety of roles in making our bodies work normally. For example, vitamin A is important to vision, vitamin C is important to the prevention of certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases, vitamin D is important to the absorption of calcium, vitamin E has antioxidant properties, etc. The third category includes various kinds of minerals, such as calcium, iron, magnesium, iodine, fluoride, sodium, and zinc. Appropriate amounts of minerals are very important to our health. For example, calcium is essential for healthy bones; iron is an essential nutrient that carries oxygen, fluoride is important to healthy teeth, etc.


Healthy foods are the best source of nutrients. All of the nutrients are available from foods. ¡° Carbohydrates are abundant in present in grains and potatoes. Unsaturated fats occur in vegetable oils, most nuts, olives, avocados, and fatty fish like salmon¡± (¡°Human amino acid requirements can the controversy be resolved¡±0). Proteins are available from most foods, among which meat, milk, eggs are considered to be excellent in both protein quantity and quality. Vitamins exist in vegetables, fruits, animal products, and fortified foods. For examples, vitamin C is abundant in citrus fruits, berries, melons, tomatoes, green peppers, and leafy green vegetable. Minerals are mostly available from meat, poultry and fish. For example, red meat is a rich source of iron that is well absorbed. Besides, there are other sources containing noticeable amounts of some nutrients. For example, fortified milk is often an excellent resource of vitamin D and calcium; tofu is probably the most preferred resource of protein and calcium for many people.


Although foods can provide the nutrients to our bodies, not all of them are healthy, and some are even harmful. In recent years, people have realized more and more the harmfulness of saturated fat, addictives, and some bad eating habits. Foods high in saturated fats tend to raise blood cholesterol. These foods include high-fat dairy products (like cheese, whole milk, cream, butter, and regular ice cream), fatty fresh and processed meats, the skin and fat of poultry, lard, palm oil, and coconut oil. Many drinks contain addictives. Many people like soda drinking, but they rarely know what additives added in the drinking. The artificial sweeteners (aspartame) are unsafe additives are used in many diet beverages. These additives are very harmful to our bodies. ¡°Some scientists also believe that aspartame can cause problems with brain function and behavior changes in people who consume it. Some people who have consumed aspartame have reported dizziness, headaches, and even seizures¡± (¡°The story on Food Additives¡±17). Bad eating habit is another enemy of health. For example, western cultures have sky-high rates of heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, etc. With today¡¯s fast lifestyle, people eat more fast food than ever before. There are many side effects related to this popular eating habit, most of which are damaging to our health and personal care. ¡°Eating fast food regularly may cause our bodies to be deficient in the vitamins and minerals we need maintain good health; also, eating fast food can be very addictive, and people accustomed to it rarely change their eating habits¡±(¡°The Negative Sides of Fast Food¡±18).


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In conclusion, understanding some basic knowledge of the relationships between nutrition and health, and nutritional foods is good for our healthy life. Otherwise, we may suffer various diseases such as cancer, tumor, headaches, and even seizures. ¡° Fortunately, people are more aware then ever of the dangerous of pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables, and of additives in our processed foods. There is intense pressure on the federal government to ban unsafe substances. But it is also our responsibility as consumers to learn how to eat safe and healthy food for long and healthy lives¡± (The Story on Food Additives¡± 17).


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Thursday, April 22, 2021

Kayaking

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The History of Whitewater Kayaking


When it comes to extreme sports, nothing can fully describe the adrenaline rush of whitewater kayaking. In whitewater kayaking, one slices through the water at high speeds, battling waves sometimes twenty times the kayaker's size. It is a sport of balance, not just in a literal sense. One must have good balance to level the boat and prevent it from capsizing, but kayaking also requires a balance of strength and grace, a strength to push one's self through the currents and a grace to maneuver out of tight situations. One must also have a balance between intelligence and stupidity, with the need for enough intelligence to know how the raging currents will affect the boat, but enough stupidity to go out into the raging waters anyway. Many people take years to perfect their skills in this difficult and demanding sport. Although it has become quite popular in recent years, whitewater kayaking has had a long and illustrious history that has brought it to its present day popularity.


The exact time at which the kayak was invented is not known; however, archaeologists have found records of kayaks dating back 4,000 years. The first kayaks were invented by the native Alaskans, the Inuits. These early kayaks were made of a driftwood or whalebone frame covered with animal skins. The most common woods used were fir, pine, spruce, and willow, while the animal skins were either seal or walrus. These kayaks lacked many of the safety precautions now found on most kayaks, such as rudders, hatches, and bulkheads. The main use of these kayaks was to hunt animals that lived in rivers, lakes, or in the ocean, and they were designed to travel quickly over long distances and handle rough ocean water. Some Alaskan peoples, such as the Aleuts, even had the ability to do modern maneuvers, such as rolling over, in their kayaks. Most early kayakers wore waterproof animal skin jackets that closed tightly around the face and hands to prevent the icy water from leaking into their clothing. Although these arctic people did not use their kayaks in whitewater, they set the groundwork for the sport, inventing the boats and gear that would be used for centuries.


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Essay opposing genetic testing

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Since the discovery of the DNA molecule in 15, scientists have been working to understand how it works and which segments influence which parts or functions of the body. The Human Genome Project, begun in October 10, hopes to identify these segments. Once the "normal" genetic sequences are identified, scientists work to find mutations that result in genetic disorders. A number of these mutations have been found and tests are being developed to help identify individuals carrying these mutations. This new technology is bringing with it a host of new legal and ethical dilemmas. These issues include potential discrimination, rights to privacy, and issues involving the parent/child relationship. At present, most genetic testing will not improve the quality of life and may result in harm.


For now, genetic testing can be used to help diagnose certain diseases, like Huntington's disease and Cystic fibrosis, but in most cases there is no cure available and little that can be done to treat these diseases. Genetic testing is also used in criminal investigations. When it helps to identify a rapist or murderer, that is a benefit to society, but when testing is forced on a large group of innocent people to try to identify the criminal among them, it violates the right to privacy of the many innocent people in the group. When genetic testing can lead to a cure, or be used to identify the guilty without invading the privacy of the innocent, then it can be used effectively. Until then, genetic testing should only be used with utmost caution.


Genetic testing can lead to discrimination. Insurance companies hope to use the results of genetic tests to categorize people based on their risk of developing a disease. This would result in some people having to pay high premiums, or being denied coverage entirely, based on information that may never come to pass and supposed risk factors that they have no control over. In business, companies could use this information to deny employment and in fact has. The American Management Association conducted a survey in 17 that found that 6 to 10 percent of the 6,000 companies in their sample used genetic testing for employment purposes. There are also over 00 cases documented by the Council for Responsible Genetics where either insurance or jobs were denied to healthy people based on the outcome of genetic tests (National Commission).


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Besides discrimination, there are also privacy issues that relate to genetic testing. There is the issue of doctor/patient confidentiality. Is a doctor obligated to inform a patient's family if a serious genetic disorder is found, so that other at risk members can be tested? Or should he respect the patient's right to privacy and keep the information confidential? This is mainly an ethical question, but it also has legal ramifications since the doctor/patient relationship is regulated by a code of conduct (Foubister). Another issue of privacy is in law enforcement. Several states currently allow or even mandate genetic testing for all people arrested for crimes, including juvenile offenders, regardless of whether or not there is a conviction in the case. Often times the blood samples themselves are stored and not just the identifying information, which means that others have access to more than just the identifying factors. There are also state statutes that allow the samples to be used in other ways, without the individual's consent (National Commission). These privacy issues must be addressed.


Parenting issues arise out of some aspects of genetic testing. Prenatal testing is a growing trend that brings with it several difficult ethical situations. There is the dilemma of whether or not to bring a baby into the world that may have serious medical problems either from the start, or sometime down the road. For those who believe that life begins at conception, the decision to end a pregnancy is equal to murder, but there have been cases where health insurers have refused to cover the medical needs of such a child, if he or she is brought into the world. For example, there was a case where an HMO told a woman whose unborn child tested positive for cystic fibrosis, that it would pay for an abortion, but if the baby was born it would not be covered under the family's medical plan (Bereano). Whether or not to test an older child for certain genetic disorders is another sometimes difficult parenting decision. Requesting a child to be tested for adult onset diseases can have a variety of often-overlooked repercussions. Children are often unprepared to face or understand the results of such tests. They may not understand the difference between a risk and a certainty. Their self-esteem can be affected at a critical time in their emotional development. It may also alter the way the child is treated by other siblings or adults who see them as being more vulnerable or fragile. These are some serious things to consider before undergoing genetic testing (Points to Consider).


Overall, genetic testing poses some serious risks. There need to be laws put into place to hinder discrimination by insurance or in employment. The doctor/patient relationship needs some new guidelines that address the broader concerns of other family members at risk, yet preserves the patient's right to privacy. The issue of how and when genetic information can be collected for law enforcement and how it is to be stored must be addressed. Better counseling of parents that respects both the parent's beliefs and the child's needs is needed. Until these issues are addressed genetic testing poses too many risks to be useful for the majority of people.


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Wednesday, April 21, 2021

Managerial Accounting and Decision Making

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Introduction


Businesses need information for evaluating performance, for establishing goals, and for developing plans to meet goals (financial and managerial accounting). Managers need timely and detailed information for evaluating performance and implementing plans (primarily managerial accounting).


They need very timely and detailed information for day-to-day decisions to achieve company goals. The value of information and who exactly uses it will be discussed so as to try and realize that the effectiveness of strategic decision-making is all based on suitable information. In this paper, we will determine whether the result of the completion of a financial report is harmful to a business planning and direction, through making strategic decisions.


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There are two distinct types of information - valuable and valueless.


Obviously an accountant requires valuable information to construct the report. Valuable information is that which may cause a change in any planned course of action (Accounting for Management Decisions, page 1). The valuable information which can be represented on a balance sheet, such as profitability levels, will affect strategic decision-making. So of course, financial reports can help formulate decisions also. The purpose of the balance sheet is simply to set out the financial position of a business at a particular moment in time. So, from this, strategic decisions regarding future performance can be formulated. A financial report will always centre on accounting. This can be defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions, by users of the information (Accounting for Management Decisions, page 18). If we just put aside the fact that there are these contingent factors that cannot necessarily be represented on a financial report, we can still see that information is vital. Mangers determine whether the decision-making is ideally short or long-term. In the short-term, a manager is looking for a profit and a healthy balance sheet. His/her strategic vision of stability and growth would come in the longer-term. All companies have these objectives, which prove that management DOES think long-term when formulating plans for future economic developments. However, there is often a separation of departments within a company into the finance, marketing and production. These three departments all have differing corporate objectives, some of which are focused on in the short-term and others in the long-term. For example, the finance department will aim to just survive initially which could be seen as a short-term objective. They would then perhaps target a debt-free balance sheet, which is more long-term. The marketing department in the short-term may well focus on increasing market share! , but in the long-term may wish to overtake a competitor. These examples prove that management needs to achieve the short-term before they can even consider the long-term goals. They then have a firm structure on which to base their strategic decisions upon. If a firm just relies upon assessing financial reports to make decisions, what would the management be leaving out?


Well, according to Emmanuel and Otley (185) a firms ultimate survival is determined by the degree in which it adapts and accommodates itself to environmental contingencies (Accounting in a Business Context, page ). When referring to the environment, this does not necessarily mean the surrounding trees and woodlands per se, but more a focus on the competitive environment within the market being produced. The degree of competition a company faces will severely affect the firms strategic decision-making. If a rival company is selling goods at a lower price because they are producing more efficiently, the chances are the rival company will experience higher demand (this is assumed through use of the demand curve theory that as prices fall, demand rises.) This will affect the other companys sales, therefore cash and very likely, profitability will fall. It could be seen as a disadvantage to be a public limited company in one way, as they are required to publish a financial statement to the public, yearly. Sales, revenue and profitability have to be stated, as well as wage costs and any other business activity. A rival company can then assess their competitors performance and learn from that. In this way, publication of financial reports can adversely affect other firms strategic decision-making. A company that can learn how a rival is performing will be likely to altar their approach in response to what theyve seen. For example, if they can see the rival is producing more efficiently and are spending less on raw materials but producing the same amount of goods, they could alter their production methods and increase their efficiency. This may affect the company who has produced the statement by way of falling demand - unless they, in turn, alter their objectives and strategically change their plans. Competition levels cannot be stated on a financial report, but they can have a large impact on a companys future success or failure. The question of whether accounting fails to represent different resources such as the environment can be answered with a firm yes. There is a suggestion that financial reports are too focused on just the large numbers and not enough on other external influences. There are other contingent factors mentioned in the introduction which are difficult to represent on a financial report, yet are perhaps vital in determining the success of business performance.


The ABC (Activity Based Costing) method can help or influence management decisions. The method of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) was developed primarily for solving problems which emerged from traditional cost management systems. Troubleshooting in the management of companies throughout the late 70's and especially the early 80's held a constant presence. The problems generated were mainly from the traditional cost accounting systems' way of functioning which provided the management with inaccurate data. Where the old cost accounting systems failed badly was in supplying the company's management with inappropriate information in order for crucial decisions to be taken in the correct and true perspective of a given company's true position in its market territory. Since this currently accessible "itemized" information could not be provided to a company's decision making sector, the information provided had an impact which of course distorted the decision which would have otherwise been taken in the light of different and more accurate information. This misinformation had an adverse impact on a multitude of managerial decisions especially in the multi-product firm sector in respect of long-term, mid-term and short-term consequences such as investments in technology, quantity and specification of product production. The accuracy of data on which management decisions are based in order to maximize efficiency and establish one's company identity in a competing market through, besides quality, a selection of sound marketable prices applied in the proper time scale to all of a company's product range, is of paramount importance. In other words activity based costing pin-points problems by focusing on the activities associated with operating the business. If a manager were told that the cutting of cost was first on the list of priorities, he or she would cut headcount, understandably believing that it might possibly be the only largest cost contributor in the entire company. But today people are not the major cost contributors, it is, in fact, the cost of the activities that people are engaged in which contribute more to the firm's costs. Activity based costing allows managers to attribute costs to activities and products much more accurately than conventional accounting methods. This method is more than an accounting tool. These tools give you a view of what you have done financially and are fundamental to shareholding disclosure and the statutory reporting. But it is just as equally important to have the ability to be able to translate this cost information into the language of operational units and the business in which it is to be applied. With activity based costing management is in a position get a strong and comprehensive, internal view of the company products or services to customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing of the company products or services and customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing. Activity based costing identifies the activities that are responsible for costs. It is sometimes call Transaction costing and its major advantage over other methods is that it can greatly enhance the tractability of overhead costs. This can result in more accurate unit cost data for managers, if placed into the correct hands. The optimum accuracy in costing can be attained by recognizing four general levels of activities within a company, each of which can be further subdivided into specific cost activity centres. These four are as follows; Unit level activities. These arise as a result of the total volume of production going through a facility. An example could be the consumption of power as a result of the number if hours required by a machine to complete all units on a production line which could be thought of as a unit-level activity. Some companies recognize one unit-level activity centre but most companies recognize two; one related to machine activity and the second related to labor activity. Batch- level activities are things such as placement of purchase orders, shipments to customers. Costs at batch level are dependent on the number of the batches produced rather than on the number of units made, or sold. The actual cost of, say, placing an order would be the same for one item or 10,000 items, so the total cost generated by a batch-level activity would be the function of the times an order would be placed rather than on the total quantity of items ordered. Product level activity, are specific and are related to the support of the production of a particular product like for instance special test routines, machine maintenance inventories. Facility-level activities are these activities relate to the production as a whole and therefore are usually combined into a single activity centre. The purpose of activity based costing is to help operations do their job by making cost information available at a level that everyone can use for day to day decision making. The biggest obstacle to incorporating activity based costing as a way of life is employee resistance. Unit managers may be afraid that activity based costing is just a way for senior management to discover detailed information about a department or to reveal inefficient practices that had previously been hidden by the traditional accounting system. The corporate culture must be such that new information is not used against a business unit. Instead, all company employees should be encouraged to dig up problems and inefficiencies so that all of those practices can be changed and decisions can be made that will benefit the company as a whole.


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