Phones by kai berryman

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The use of mobile phones

One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is actually a radio an extremely sophisticated radio. Mobile phones send radio waves to base stations and then the to the switch station and out to another base station or your fixed line phone.

Mobile phones a one of the greatest inventions that has allowed the greater motivation within the subject of telecommunications.

Cell phones provide an incredible array of functions. Mobile phone can be used to message, email and play multimedia game. Mobile phone have made it a lot safer for people in remote areas and people anywhere in general.

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Although mobile phones seem innocent and like a great invention they also have their awful drawbacks. Mobile phones are similar to the radio and television systems, in that the number of frequencies available restricts the number of users within each base station. To enable a large number of users, regions are divided up into base station each with its own set of frequencies. Also antennas must be elevated and located clear of physical obstruction to ensure wide coverage and reduce them from no working.

Electromagnetic radiation can be sent from such sources as radio or television transmissions, light globes and x-ray machines. The properties of electromagnetic radiation vary with wavelength or frequency. These wavelengths just happen to be on the same as mobile phones. This therefore can interfere with the following which also use these same waves radio communications, television, radar, microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging, toasters, cameras, lasers and X-ray machines.

Mobile phones can have stunning health risk that many users don't know of. After just two minutes of exposed to a mobile phones energy waves you can disable a defence mechanism in the body designed to prevent harmful proteins and toxins in the blood from entering the brain.

If these proteins enter the brain tissue there is a higher risk of brain and nerve diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and multiple sclerosis. A group of independent experts led by Sir William Stewart has investigated the possible health effects posed by mobile phone technology including base stations. They said The balance of evidence indicates that there is no general risk to the health of people living near base stations, on the basis that exposures are expected to be small fractions of guidelines.

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The unfortunate American Way- gun control

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The Unfortunate American Way

As the prime minister of Australia decided to abolish guns in his country he stated, "This country has decided not to go down the American path". The amount of absurd violence with handguns in this country is out of control. The United States of America, the world superpower, has more gun related deaths than almost all of the other leading countries combined. The example we are setting is non-existent, for we are showing the weakness of our country by letting this occur. America's youth is becoming influenced and poisoned by this, and if it is not stopped, our country will have complete anarchy and our democracy will be shattered. The second amendment is continuously misinterpreted. The second amendment clearly states for a well regulated militia and that the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. This does not refer to an individual to posses a handgun for personal use; it refers that it shall not by congress. The vagueness of the amendment is why we have an excessive amount of controversy. The framers wrote the amendment over two hundred years ago at a time when the United States was different, where guns were absolutely essential for survival. Now in the present society, where the United States has urbanized, industrialized, and modernized, where a handgun is not needed for food or protection from foreign enemies. Moreover, we must look at the safety of our constituents over the technicalities of a strict enforcement of the constitution. The United States must listen to John Howard and avert from going farther in the path that it is presently engaged in. Furthermore, as the leader of the world, the United States is morally obligated to rise up and take the initiative, set the example, protect our constituents, and put an end to the 700,000 violent crimes committed each year by amending the constitution and abolishing the second amendment. Our country should be saddened of what the American way really is.

Gun control is defined as "A term that refers to the attempt to reduce violence by use of firearms by regulating their ownership and use". Yes, gun control works but to a certain extent. Even though, according to a ABC News/Washington Post poll, two-thirds of Americans favor stricter gun control laws and 40% of creating new laws, it is not the solution to the horrific enigma. First gun control laws are not enforced correctly or strictly enough. Gun control will just antagonize the situation. The solution is abolishing handguns completely. Now this sounds impracticable, but in reality it is highly feasible. Even though only 8% of Americans favor banning handguns completely, it is because the American public is scared of change. They are afraid it will result in a citizens revolt, that there will be anarchy, that they will not be able to defend themselves, and that criminals will still have handguns. However, none of this will happen in fact most criminals do not get their weapons from the black market, they get their weapons from family members, friends, or stores. Our country is too strong for any of that to happen, for example the 000 election. After all the protesting, and after George W. Bush was finally announced President elect, people thought

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there would be terror in the streets. That was absolutely false, there were no tanks in the street, no army, not even police, and people were not killing or threatening each other. That was a prime example of how strong our country and constitution really is. Experts said we would have a "constitutional crisis" but there is no crisis, our country is too strong. The United States' democracy is so brilliant, we are the only country that could go through a presidential election as we did and not have civil war break out. However, our only crisis happening in today's society is the gun violence.

The U.S. is the global leader but our homicide rate involving handguns is the highest of any country in the world. In the United Kingdom, where gun control laws are uniform, their homicide rate is one of the lowest in the world. In Britain, the homicide rate is 1.4 per 100,000 people, 0.6 in Wales, and in Switzerland it is 1. per 100,000 people. In the United States the homicide rate is 15.4 per 100,000 people. In Britain, handguns killed only 0 people in 10, in Australia only 10, in Japan only 87, but in the U.S., 10,567. The problem eludes to that the framers of the constitution never saw a day when Americans would live in crowded cities rather than rural areas and that 68,00 violent crimes were committed each year using a handgun. The founding fathers never imagined a day when all Americans have the protection of a controlled police force, where guns are no longer needed to protect themselves and there is no longer a threat from any states or the government. Also, congress is pursuing to mandate safety locks on all handguns. Well this will expunge any merit to the argument that law-abiding citizens use handguns for self-defense. By the time a criminal robs someone, there will be no time to unlock a safety lock from the gun, hence the gun would be useless and cause more anger than already occurring.

From 18 to 1 18.7 million people attempted to buy a gun. According to the FBI, 1.4 million firearms are sold yearly in the U.S. and about half of all U.S. families own at least one gun. From 17 to 1 the number of handguns increased by 110 percent, and as a result from 188 to 14 gun related homicides grew almost 0 percent. Unlicensed gun owners outnumber those who are licensed ten to one. Guns are involved in two-thirds of all homicides in the U.S. Former President and Vice-President, Bill Clinton and Al Gore's administration contends that 1 children die every day from guns. With some of the weakest regulations in the world, the United States has the most guns and the highest rate of gun homicides. Moreover, Australia banned all weapons on May 10, 16 with 1 percent of city and 88 percent of urban residents in support of the ban. In a political address, the Prime Minister of Australia stated, "This represents an enormous shift in the culture on the use and ownership of guns." It is just evident that other leading countries are taking that all important initiative and setting the example instead of the United States, the supposedly most powerful nation in the world. Great Britain has strict gun control laws with very low gun homicide rates, it is the same in Canada, Australia has banned guns, and even Israel has banned assault weapons. It just seems way too apparent that all leading countries are taking the proper steps to shut down guns and all the complications they cause, except for the United States. Arthur Kellerman, an established physician claims that households with guns compared to households without guns are five times more likely to be the scene of a suicide and three times more likely to be the scene of a homicide. In 17, in 70 percent of the murders in the U.S. a gun was the weapon used. The only way to solve all these appalling problems is abolishing guns, it is simple, and it is the only method that will work.

Opponents of abolishing the second amendment say if we do this, we will be violating a fundamental right of the constitution, the right to keep and bear arms, and we will be questioning the integrity of the constitution. Well actually this statement is false. Our constituents must realize we are not questioning the integrity, merely recognizing that the second amendment is flawed and something must be done. The second amendment is far from referring to a right to keep and bear arms, as it is so often quoted and misunderstood. The second amendment reads, "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the rights of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Even the Supreme Court has referred the militia to the National Guards of today. The second amendment is confusing and vague, but it is clear if you have intelligence or have common sense. It gives the right of the people in terms of war against a free state or the government, not for Bob to possess one because he wants to or wants to shoot a hundred people in a massacre. Just as a plane enthusiast cannot own an F-16, boating enthusiasts a nuclear submarine, a gun enthusiast should not be able to own weapons. In addition, it is extraordinarily simple to realize that too many people die each year from guns that we shall look at the safety of the American constituents over a document written 00 years ago that is outdated and fuzzy. The only solution is to adopt a constitutional amendment abolishing the second amendment. If congress were to abolish guns, it is feasible to collect these weapons. First authorities would collect guns from licensed owners. Punishment would be harsh if owners refused to give up their weapons and if a citizen was found with possessing or using a weapon. The police force and proper authorities would still be allowed to possess guns. Manufacturing would be limited to the proper authorities specified by congress. Proper authorities would also have the right to confiscate any weapon they are held unlawfully by any citizen. The federal government should offer incentives to cooperative citizens and those who report anyone with a weapon. Furthermore, we cannot let the United States lose its hegemonic force; let's take the initiative, rise up and eradicate all weapons.

The second amendment of the constitution is extremely unclear and can be interpreted in many different ways. The United States v. Cruikshank is no exception. In this controversial case, Klu Klux Klan members were charged with infringing on the constitutional rights of black citizens to bear arms. The defendants were also charged with not letting these people of African descent to freely assemble. The defendants were found guilty for their intent to hinder and prevent the citizens of African descent to free exercise and enjoyment of their lawful right and privilege to peacefully assemble together with each other and with other citizens of the United States for a peaceful and lawful purpose. They were acquitted though on the charge that they were infringing on another citizens constitutional right to keep and bear arms. The highest court of the land ruled that the right specified is that of bearing arms for a lawful purpose, is not a right granted by the constitution. Chief Justice Waite goes on to say that the second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed. This is one of the amendments that has no effect other than to restrict the powers of the national government, not so citizens may keep and bear arms for their personal use. This was the first time the Supreme Court addressed the second amendment, but it was the most accurate. The second amendment declares that citizens may keep and bear arms to protect themselves from the national government. When the founding fathers wrote the constitution, they wanted to avert the U.S. government of ever becoming too powerful, and if it did the citizens could protect themselves. In today's modern society, Americans are not protecting themselves from any national government instead they are killing other Americans. The constitution is too vague and is outdated; we must take action now and stop the atrocities that are occurring in our great country today.

Perhaps the most influential, cited, and talked about Supreme Court case dealing with the second amendment is the United States v. Miller in 1. Jack Miller was charged with unlawfully, knowingly, willfully, and feloniously transporting in interstate commerce from Oklahoma to Arkansas a 1 gauge shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length. Also, the shotgun was not registered, a violation of the National Firearms Act of 14. The National Firearm Act of 14 declares that certain types of firearms and devices such as sawed-off shotguns to be registered. A lower district court declared the NFA unconstitutional under the second amendment that it infringed on a citizen's right to keep and bear arms. The Supreme Court made no decision regarding the National Firearm Act's constitutionality. However, the court did unanimously overturn the lower courts decision. The Supreme Court's final opinion declared that in the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a shotgun having a barrel of less than 18 inches in length at this time has some reasonable relationship to the preservation of efficiency of a well-regulated militia, we [the court] cannot say that the second amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument. This case clearly shows the genuine intent of the second amendment. The second amendment just allowed citizens to keep and bear arms for if they went to war and citizens were called upon to fight, they were expected to have a firearm. Now that we have a well regulated and one of the most powerful armies in the world citizens no longer need to keep and bear firearms. When the founding fathers wrote the constitution their army did not have a large enough budget to have the firearms and supplies we have now. For that reason, citizens were expected to have their own firearms. One of the most famous saying is "Desperate times calls for desperate measures", which is why we must have a constitutional amendment to abolish the second amendment.

Former Justice Lewis Powell put it best when he states, "With respect to guns it is not easy to understand why the second amendment or the notion of liberty, should be viewed as creating a right to own and carry a weapon that contributes to the shocking number of murders in the United States". Neither people nor firearms kill people; the American people kill people with firearms. We are obligated as the leader of the world to rise up and take the initiative to stop this severe problem in the U.S. today. We must stop the atrocities; we will not stand for this abomination, for we must protect our American constituents. The vagueness of the second amendment is why there is so much controversy. There is an old saying that goes like this, "you must not fight fire with fire, for you must fight it with water. Even though some people believe this will add to the problem, but in reality it will extinguish the problem. Even this action only saves one American life it was worth it. Furthermore, as the leader of the world, the United States is morally obligated to rise up and take the initiative, set the example, protect our constituents, and put an end to the 700,000 violent crimes committed each year by amending the constitution and abolishing the second amendment. Our country should be distraught of what the American way really is, and that it is just so unfortunate.

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Paths of Life

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Paths Of Life

The decision making process is an important aspect in everyday life, and different perspectives influence decisions people make. Everyday, individuals are faced with decisions that can change the course of their day, their year, or even their life. Even the smallest influence can determine what path a person wants to be on. Daily life is full of choices to make, and usually, these choices can lead to a great conclusion. Different factors influence different selections. For instance, friends or family can influence a person's decision about something. Also, a person can make a certain choice because society looks at it as being the correct judgment to make. These examples are just a few of the many that help shape the interactive environment we all live in.

One very important factor that influences decisions everyone makes is friends, and the pressure to conform to the people we are around. As Judith Ortíz Cofer expresses in the story "The One Who Watches," individuals like to act the way their friends do, especially if their friends have leadership qualities (4). In the selection, Doris follows Yolanda and is good friends with her. Yolanda is outgoing, and likes being a leader. However, different influences may conflict with the already existing ones. For example, Doris is driven away from Yolanda because of the fact that she steals. Conflict and instability can cause people to make certain decisions. Just like the story states, "Sometimes you have to run fast to catch love because it's hard to see, even when it's right in front of you." Doris decides to no longer be friends with Yolanda, because she realizes that she doesn't need the negativity of Yolanda's bad habits in her life. Through my own experience, I have realized that choosing the right friends is very important, and may influence minor and major decisions. My friends and I generally have the same morals that help keep us on the right path. We encourage one another to choose what is best for our future and ourselves.

Society plays a very important role in our decisions. Like Richard Nixon states in the selection "I Would Have Preferred To Carry Through," he thinks it's in the better interest for society to move on after his resignation (7). He addresses the nation saying, "But as President, I must put the interests of America first." In the United States, society frowns upon actions such as stealing. Because of our culture and environment, many Americans behave on much of the same principle. Ultimately, Americans make many of the same moral choices in life.

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Many people are influenced by the decisions they make because of their family. Ouida Sebestyen expresses this idea in the story "Playing God." The selection tells of a young boy, Jake, and his decision to run away from home (6). His family is going through rough times, and Jake doesn't like the fact that they are getting angry with him because of his insufficient school grades. The turmoil his family is going through forces him to want to get away from his problems, so he leaves. My parents are both hard workers and good role models, which has helped me develop a determined mindset. Because of my parents' way of raising me, I always decide to do my best in all things I partake in, such as schoolwork and sports.

Events may also play a part in why people choose to do certain things. President Nixon decided to resign because of the events of the Watergate Scandal, and many of his reasons are given in "I Would Have Preferred To Carry Through." Also, in the story "TLA," by Jane McFann, Holly was depressed and considered suicide because of the car accident that killed Jake (). In the end, she decides to live.

Life is full of decisions; some of them are difficult, and others are easy. The decisions we all make shape our lives. Whether we are deciding on what shoes to buy, or what college to go to, decisions ultimately affect our future. Decision-making is a very thoughtful process, and many factors have a tendency to sway decisions. Our choices take us through our path of life, and that path is sometimes unclear. Usually, good judgment always seems to sweep away the debris, and make the path of life easier to follow.

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Seven Movie Analysis

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FILM Chosen Se7en (15)

Director David Fincher

Screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker

One of the most revered movies of the 10s as well as being one of my favorite movies, Se7en, brilliantly captures the depravity and horror of the human psyche. Fincher sets the mode of this movie from the get go as being a quote on quote a "dark somber movie" by basically filming the movie in the dark. The cinematographer Darius Khondhji does a fantastic job by creating this very somber movie by over exaggerating the blacks and taking out any bright colors by using this silver retention chemical process. Throughout this movie, the audience is at the edge of their seats as Detectives Mills and Somerset are on a quest to find a deranged serial killer only known as "John Doe". A very nail biting scene that is a very effective suspenseful thrill ride is the raid on John Doe's apartment.

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The scene opens up with a whipping camera view downwards to the fleet of vehicles carrying the SWAT TEAM. The tone is set with the heavy onslaught of rain and the very dark huish colors of black and brown. The only bright colors in the scene come from the siren lights on top of the vehicles. The rain seems to so heavy pouring that it may even seem a bit painful as it floods the empty dinged urban city. Then the SWAT Team break out and run into the building; the sheer heavy number of SWAT Team members only add to the notion that something big is about to happen. This is when composer Howard Shore's music kicks in and creates a more chaotic feeling as the swat members run up the stairs of the old dirty apartment with their shotgun which has a flashlight at the tip of it. It's so dark that the flash light seems to literally cut away the darkness like a sword and light up the entire room. I always thought Fincher's use of flash lights were interesting in his movies; they seem to be more powerful in terms of brightness and scope in these sequences. The chaotic camera movements mimicking the first person view of a Swat member was effective in that it let the viewer feel as if they were raiding the apartment building looking for this John Doe. As the swat team approaches the floor of John Doe, there is hardly any lighting and creates a more feeling of desolation as witnessed by the lack of tenants in the building. During this time, the music plays somberly and subtly hinting at the danger come. As the SWAT Team approaches John Doe's room, the camera swings around to focus on the door number, 06. All of a sudden, the music swells up really loud creating this warning sign yet it entices and teases the viewers of what is there to come inside this room. Typically we wouldn't want to go in there, but we feel obliged to see this John Doe's abode as strange as that may seem. As the SWAT kicks in the door with a battering ram, the camera moves in very unsteadily handheld like motion as if to create this sense of adrenaline, speed and anxiety. Use of the steady cam in this sequence would have not created the same feeling of anxiety as created by the shaky nature of the camera. The sound of the doors breaking creates this feeling of uneasy. Is John Doe here? As the Swat Team and detectives walk in the room, the room is just horrid, down right disgusting. The production designer did a great job in creating this hell whole in the apartment with the walls paint peeling away, the room in a state of disarray, no sunlight, garbage everywhere, it's as if the room was covered by shit.

As the Swat Team enters the master bedroom, it is covered from wall to wall of car freshener trees that people hang in their cars. This is the first time we see actual colors of green, red, yellow, bright colors. This is highly effective in creating a visceral experience of the audience, not only do they see the apartment or hear the doors cracking, they also get a sense of how vile the room must smell considering there are literally close to a 1000 of those little tree air fresheners hanging up. Now they can in some sense feel as if they are running and walking alongside the Swat Team. A brilliant shot is when they come upon the actual room, you see four Swat members lined up looking into the camera with their guns up with their lights blinding the screen and the music swells up with its heavy tones of violins, brilliant! The camera pans slowly back and the audience is shown more of the room as it backs up into the bed. Then we see that there is a body under the cover. So one of the swat members pulls away the cover and what we see is beyond compression, beyond words to describe. Just a horrible sight of a brutalized human with a severed hand. The face is very thin, blotches of wounds every where on the body, you could literally see every bone of the body. It's as if someone never buried this man and let him rot to death in his bed. Even one of the panicked scared swat team couldn't comprehend what he was seeing, he saying, "what the fuck is this, it has to be some freakin wax sculpture." I don't think showing the body in this state is gratuitous, it sets out to show that the killer has no remorse. As the camera pans to the top of the bed, the word sloth is written and Detective Mills finds some pictures by his bedpost. It turns out that this man has been lying in this bed for the past 1 year to the exact date; it shows his progression from day 1 till present, a very shocking and unconceivable thought. As the camera slowly pans over John Doe's body, the audience is treated to his wounds and nasty skin complexion. His face is emaciated beyond all belief, no one expects a man to survive one year in his bed. As the swat team looms over the body saying, "you got what you deserved," BOOM! The body starts coughing, the camera whips around violently, everyone is shouting and it creates a very shock panic filled environment. The audience must have jumped out of their seats in pure utter shock to see that this man is still alive. John Doe starts moving his body in a very violent spastic ways while being held down in his bed by belts. Next we cut away to the emergency vans coming.

This scene was highly effective because it was like some sort of rollercoaster ride in the dark. And one of our earliest fears as children is the fear of darkness. The tone of the scene with his eerie music, bleak colors and horrible sight all added to the elements of creating a very scary beautifully edited suspense movie. It was both surprise and suspense. Suspenseful in that we are approaching John Doe's apartment and surprised that this wasted body is still alive.

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Status of women and african americans in the late 19th cnetury

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During the late Nineteenth Century our country was going through an industrial change. With this change the status and contributions of women, african americans, native americans, and immigrants were also changing. Most of the changes were positive and were encouraged by most. As families became strapped for cash women were forced to work and were given jobs of somewhat decent pay and had an essential role in the emerging of factories. Most african americans were freed of slavery during this point and they started to enjoy greater rights as citizens. Native americans were pushed onto reservations and immigrants came in from everywhere.

Women in the late nineteenth century were making a lot of progress from their days of being strictly house wives and care takers. Many laws were granted to women who were married allowing them to have legal rights to their wages and to property. Unfortunately, even with this good change many women of different ethnicity were treated unequal. Through the late 1th century white women were obtaining jobs as clerks, secretaries and even in retailing. While women of color such as african american women and immigrant women had jobs like cooking, cleaning and lots of janitorial work. Since even the work field was racist towards women, many immigrant women found themselves working in harsh exploitative jobs in domestic work, migrant agricultural labor and low-wage manufacturing. Most of these reforms, such as giving women legal rights to their wages, were sought to preserve the households in an industrial society and with this reinforced the tendency to view women as secondary wage earners regardless of their contributions to the family.

The nineteenth century was a time of radical change in the political and legal status of African Americans. Many of these men and women still worked as farmers or in some type or farm labor. In the late 1th century about half of black men and 5% of black women worked these types of jobs compared to 1/ of white men and 8% of white women. Most of these African Americans were still living in the south.

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The medicare system and education

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Essay Question D

"Supporting the Poor, Dealing with Bankruptcy, and the Difficulties with Medicare"

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Over time, the lighthearted side of many different cultures has had a growing concern for supporting the unyielding needs of the poor. Fortunately, through the centuries, society has come a long way from the times of Robin Hood and other daring heroic figures. Today, many gracious people have taken it upon themselves to donate money, food, clothes, and other non-perishable items to the less fortunate. Others have spent long, strenuous afternoons laboring away in sweltering, hectic, and unpleasant kitchens just to give the needy a nice, warm meal. During these modern times, however, not only have the courteous people of the United States given to the poor and poverty stricken; but unfortunately, the government has felt it necessary to take responsibility for the needy as well.

The majority of the United State's countless citizens that are considered to fall into the category of being poor actually are, and many of these people need help. Many of these citizens are quite often simply caught in bad situations, which have the potential to grow into difficult financial circumstances. Quite often these complicated circumstances posses the capability to cause the situation to worsen, which it turn may result in the family or individual losing what little money is left, and any personal items of value. So, if these people are not financially capable of providing for themselves, then who should? Well, it seems that many of the financially secure citizens of the country have expressed strong feelings of sorrow to the individuals or families that have had such dreadful events take place. In fact, so many people in society have felt so strongly about helping those in need, that the National government decided to take matters into its own

hands.

Now, the question is, should the United States government take on the responsibility of providing for the individuals who cannot provide for themselves? Should a certain percentage of the taxes, paid by the American people, be allotted to special funds for the needy? The answer is yes. Yes, the government should use tax money to help those in need. However, only the exact amount of money needed to help the less fortunate should be taken from taxes; no more, and no less. The money obtained from taxation should be immediately distributed into special programs, sending the necessary amount of funds directly to those who qualify for such aid. Qualifications, for those receiving government-funded assistance, should be clearly written, strongly monitored, and closely followed. Those who are eligible for aid should only be persons who do not have the means, or physical abilities needed in order to provide the essential basics for every day life. They should also understand that the support given to them is strictly aid, and is administered in order to assist, not as a means of income.

Quite often, many people have made the mistake of classifying the terms poor and poverty in the same category. However, there is a fine line that separates these two terms along with their categories. According to the tenth edition of Webster's Collegiate Dictionary the word poor basically means, "lacking material possessions, less than adequate". Poverty is defined as "the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions". The expression "poverty line" is defined as "a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor". This is actually the term used to distinguish where being "poor" ends, and where the life

of "poverty" begins. In fact, the dissimilarities between these two words are quite astounding, and the differences between being poor and living in poverty are actually quite extreme. It can mean either living in a low income-housing residency; or being so

poverty stricken that occupying a house (or shelter) is unimaginable, and personal belongings are nonexistent.

Since the number of underprivileged, elderly, and disabled Americans has grown drastically in the past decade, the need for direct governmental funding has become essential. Not only has the need for governmental funding become imperative, the need of money to support the governmental funding itself is crucial. Since 16 the number of American citizens has grown, however, in 16, 48% of the federal government's dollar was spent in direct benefit payments to individuals. Since that time not only has the population grown, but the amount of citizens requiring benefits has grown as well. Many of these people rely on sources such as social security, Medicare, or Medicaid in order to make ends meet. Unfortunately, with the growing population and increasing numbers of recipients, each of these programs is facing difficult times.

Within the past years it has been known that Social Security and Medicare are going through very hard times. In fact, it has even been suspected that both of these programs are on the verge of bankruptcy. For example, with Social Security, working individuals pay into the program until they retire. Once they have retired, they receive the amount of money the paid into the program from other funds that are being brought in by current working individuals. The problem with this system is that it has gotten to the point that the amount of money the government pays out, is actually more than they

receive. There have been few suggestions made such as raising the retirement age, federal workers join social security by paying social security taxes, increase pay roll, and by putting off the cost of living. Other suggestions such as raising the social security tax and the thought of privatizing, allowing people or government agencies to put either all or part of Social Security taxes into stock, have also been made. Although the situation has finally begun to level out, there is still much concern. Experts are afraid that soon the number of people paying Social Security taxes will be less, resulting in lack of benefits being paid out. It is also suspected that by 00 that there will be less than four workers per each Social Security receiver, which means the amount of taxes paid on Social Security will have to double in order to provide for its receivers.

The other problem deals with the Medicare, which is quite often referred to as an "entitlement program". This system was set up to aid the elderly and disabled who were eligible for Social Security. Medicare has two parts to it part A, which covers hospital bills, and part B, which covers physicians' expenses system. This system is extremely costly because it is not very efficient. Sometimes the people who receive benefits from this program do not nessicarily need it, and take full advantages of it. Another problem dealing with this system is payments of doctors and hospitals. For example, since the government pays for medical visits under this plan it has the opportunity to change methods of payments and even cut what they initially offered to pay. When this program was started in 165 it was estimated that by 10 the cost would be 1 million dollars, however in actuality, the cost was 110 billion dollars. There have been few solutions proposed such as getting rid of Medicare, and have the hospital government run, and the

doctors as government employees. The other solution made was to allow the elderly people who are on Medicare to take the money they receive from the program, and by health insurance from a private company.

Unfortunately, both Social Security and Medicare have had extreme problems since the beginning. It seems as though they were good thoughts, but just were not thought out completely. Medicaid on the other hand, is a little different. Medicaid is provided for those who are considered poor, and do not have the means to pay for any type of medical insurance. Although this program dishes out a good bit of money as well, it is not really over used. Since this program is designed for the poor people of the country, the government can tell if they qualify by looking at their income.

Essay Question F

"The Educational System"

Education, like knowledge, has always been considered a valuable tool to posses. During early times, the educated people were looked upon as the rich and highly favored. Since then education has progressed to reach the rest of the world, and has enlightened numerous amounts of people with its endless benefits. People have begun to realize that an education can make all the difference in the world. For example, society has come to the conclusion that education can, indeed, aid in decision making, communication, study skills, people skills, and many other important aspects of a person's life. Education is such a vital nessescity, and can have a lot to do with the future of a person's life. So, if education is so important to the world, and considered a must in the United States, why do we not take pride in our school systems?

It has been said that the United States of America has some of the worst educational systems in the world, that is with the exeption of third world countries. In fact, during the last twenty years, the school system in America has worsened tremendously. Why has this happened? Well, the reason behind such inexcusable flaws in the educational system is absolutely unacceptable. The government has failed to put the importance where it belongs, and that is in the schools. Cutting the national budget because of the national debt has had a huge impact on the condition of schools, teachers, material used, and the location of schools themselves. For example, take into consideration the poor children that have to attend a school that is old, disgusting, and basically falling apart. How could someone be expected to pay attention is such conditions, much less learn anything. The government has also cut the salary of teachers. From the beginning, it was a known fact that teachers were paid basically next to nothing,

and that was enough to keep many people from this field of employment. Well, naturally when the amount of money allotted to schools is cut, something will happen to the teachers as well. Not only have teachers salaries decreased, but many of the best teachers have been relocated to inconvenient schools, laid off, or even fired. This is unacceptable, considering the people who are in charge of teaching the future generation of the United States may not be doing there jobs properly due to the conditions under which they must work. Much of the material used in schools has problems too. The material is either out of date or simply not good. When students are forced to use material that is levels beneath their learning, of course not much is going to be learned. Finally, the last major problem in most public schools consists of the location. Most of the "lines" that have been drawn through neighborhoods, to designate the proper school one should attend, are very off. Some students have been forced to go to schools that are a long distance from home. This has been a considerable incconveniance for most parents to take their children to school before work. If the parent, or parents, are unable to take their children to school, then they are forced to ride the school bus. Many of the busses pick children up from the bust stops at unreasonable hours in order to make the rest of the rounds, and to arrive to school on time. Considering all of these factors, it seems to make learning very difficult. Under such conditions as these the educational system is made bad. Who can learn in a school when it is 0 degrees outside, and the air conditioner is broken? Who can learn when a teacher is being forced to teach a subject they are not qualified in? If the teacher does not know the subject, than obviously they can not teach it. Who can learn from outdated, or under level material? When students

have ridden a bus for over three hours before their long day at school has even begun, learning will be difficult. If the government would take all of these problems into account, and make a point to fix some of them, then chances are that the educational system in the United States would have the opportunity to improve. The alternative is to fix the problems, and improve the over all school system, or else they will undoubtedly worsen.

Not in all cases, but in some the government has had too much of a role in the school system. For example, in some cases, the government has tried to control the size of the school, the location of the school, the material being learned, and in what types of classes the students are placed. This cannot be rightfully done, and expected to work. If the people making the rules for schools, pertaining to size, location, and material being learned, have not first handedly experienced the schools state of being and atmosphere, then how can they expect it to work? The truth is the government needs to have more of a role providing for the schools, and less of a role running the schools. The operation of the schools themselves should be left up to the principle, and other experienced figure heads in the surrounding community. Some people have even gone as far as to apply for vouchers. These vouchers, which are not commonly used, take government tax money paid into schools, and return to the individual that has applied, in order to allow the parent to send the student to the school of choice.

Home schooling is a choice that has been commonly made by most Americans. Home schooling occurs when one of the parents teaches the children in the home. Generally, the students learn more in this type of atmosphere simply because it is more

familiar and more comfortable. Learning in the home along with other siblings, and being taught by a parent would be much more comforting than learning in a cold, new, strange enviroment. Because of the one on one aspect that home schooling deals with, the record, as far as grades go, have been excellent. Getting into college is just as easy if not easier than that of a regular high school student. It has also been proven that the SAT scores of home schooled children have been higher. Now, home schooling may not be the answer for everyone. Some students feed off of a social environment, and require this as part of their personality. For students such as these, home schooling may not be a good choice. Also in regular schools, there may be other opportunities such as meeting new and different friends; which is not an option that could occur everyday in being home schooled. The Home Schooling Association has grown, however, and they now have sports teams, clubs, and regular meetings. Home schooling can either be a good or a bad option, depending on the student.

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Comparing Cars

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When arriving at the Casper residence in Centerville, Utah, a stranger may find it odd to have a home with four vehicles a 18 Ford Tempo, a 000 Daewoo Lanos, a 00 Dodge Grand Caravan, and a 00 Toyota Prius. However, upon discovery of four licensed drivers and very different cars, well, they are much more understanding. A wide variety of cars you might ask, very much so indeed. Although many would consider them all quite similar, you will easily find that through their style and appearance, the great performance and satisfaction of the automobile, and their prestige of ownership, they are very exciting cars. In itself, it can also be very easy to identify a car for each driver in the family Richard, Ann, Angionette, and even I, Jon-Phillip.

Beginning with the fact that all of our vehicles are quite different, the styles and appearances are quite interesting. The oldest of the vehicles, the Ford Tempo, is much older in style. The much squarer corners and lack of aerodynamics dates the car as one from the late eighties. Moving on to a much newer and foreign car, the Daewoo Lanos, the sleek hatchback design is much more contemporary. Even being a late nineties style car due to manufacturing style, it is a very well styled vehicle. The biggest of the vehicles on the driveway would be 00 Dodge Grand Caravan. With an extra eight inches of storage capacity in the rear, it is by far the perfect choice for a family road vacation. In style and appearance it is a great vehicle that is worthy of praise by driver, passenger, and fellow roadie. Finally, the 00 Toyota Prius, the baby of the family, a great car both in style and in appearance, is the envy of many drivers. The Prius with sleek styling and great appearance is sure to catch the eye of many.

As interesting as the variety of cars owned may be in their styles and appearances, they are also great pieces to consider in regards to their performance and satisfaction. Simply used as a car to get from point to point the Ford Tempo, gets used enough to keep itself in our garage. Not necessarily the car you would like to be seen driving by your potential dates or friends, but it serves its purpose. A nice little car that gets itself around with plenty room for use still to come. Taking a step in a positive direction is the Daewoo Lanos. At first glace or earshot, many think huh, Daewoo. The simplest reply is that it is Korean and off-market. However, a nice little car that serves many purposes for its primary driver, my sister, include a great vehicle to get to school and to various activities in safety and comfort. The little Daewoo is a great conservative car for a young driver who is fussy but pleased with anything given to her to drive. Now we can look on to the biggest car of the family, the Dodge Caravan. Many would probably at first thought think, that is nothing serious, or just plain think of the family car. Nevertheless, everyone in the family enjoys this vehicle and its great spacious interior providing adequate comfort for everyone. In contrast to many other mini-vans on the market including our first, advances in technology are most pleasing and provide for greater drivability and performance, especially in the end. Topping off the family line of cars, the Toyota Prius is the pampered and loved car of everyone. Single handedly this car out performs all of the cars in our driveway simply because of the newest advances in technology simply put as hybridization. Even for a longer drive, the roomy interior is great for a small family of four, or just great for the family run around car.

Prestige is such a complex idea, and I suppose that you might think as I would that it would simply be dependent upon the driver and the beholder. In the instance of the Ford Tempo, anyone would be proud to drive it and be seen if he is desperate. Even I find myself choosing another vehicle to drive unless it is essential, simply because I do not want to be seen in it. Driving the Daewoo is not demeaning usually. Many often give you interesting or inquisitive looks and ask questions about the car since it is just something that is not seen often. As a hatchback, there is only enough room comfortably for the driver and not more than a single friend, which in todays society is just not practical. By far one of the greatest to drive is the Dodge Caravan, being seen it the car is simply a statement that you perhaps have yourself pulled together. It is often seen as being the family car, and being someone that has direction; or in the case of the egotistical teenager, as the worst car to drive. Personally, my favorite at last, the Toyota Prius is the greatest car in the family. With great functions and great prestige, I love to be behind the wheel of this automobile. Anyone who is conscious about saving the environment or simply by having a more fuel-efficient car would also be a proud owner of a Prius. Overall, if you simply want to attract attention or gazes of what are that new car 1hen by far the Prius is the perfect choice.

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Now considering the very different driving habits and the cars that are owned it can be easily applied to which car most accurately belongs to a given driver. In the case of my father Richard he does not drive as much as he once did, nor as long in distances. Therefore, the oldest of the cars, the Ford Tempo is the car that he is most often identified with and drives around the town. Driving back and forth from work at Viewmont High School or at JCPenny, both in Bountiful within 10 minutes do not require a superb car. In the instance of my mother Ann, well she drives much longer distances to work daily in Layton where she too teaches. Her car of choice is primarily the Dodge Caravan, due to its capacity to hold family, groceries, and even school supplies. For my sister Angionette, her selection of the Daewoo Lanos is simple. Her need for a large car is limited to the occasional carpool situation for groups of friends to and from activities, but simply on a daily basis is not essential. Lastly, for me, the Toyota Prius is just a natural choice. On usual I drive daily to and from school in Murray and on many personal errands and the use of a large gas-guzzling car is just not necessary. The hybrid with its superior gas mileage and performance is my choice!

Affirmative, very much indeed, the Casper family has many cars! We all drive, and sometimes we are all gone at the same time. Each vehicle, regardless of all the similarities and differences set aside, is a great vehicle, any of which I do not mind to be seen driving. We have a driveway that catches the eye of many of our neighbors and friends.

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The art of beauty.

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A.) Profit Sharing Arrangements in Industry

By creating profit sharing arrangements in the Industry, Fidel Castro is demonstrating governing Cuba in a communist way. This is because communism supports economic equality; and sharing profits is an example of this.

B.) Creation of More Agricultural Jobs

Castro created more agricultural jobs, so that more people would be employed. Before him, there was a great unemployment problem in Cuba. He strongly supported economic equality and wanted the farmers to make the same money as a businessman would. He also provided the life-basics for everyone, which agrees with communism.

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C.) Agrarian Reform

Agrarian Reform was in favour of the poor. It was necessary for Castro to put it into action because there were much too many poor people without any land in Cuba. This once again brings up the factor of equality, which is the main factor in communism. Castro's main goal is clear, and that is in the long run, everyone in Cuba should have an equal chance economically and in life.

NDP SOCIALISM

A.) Job Creation/Training Programs

The NDP last election, was offering to invest $1billion for job training programs if they were elected the party in power. This is an example of Socialism economic equality through government intervention. The government in this case, is involving itself deeply to create economic equality.

B.) 0% Tax on Bank Profits

By highly taxing the banks (who are obviously very wealthy), and not charging any income tax for people who make less than $15000/yr, the NDP is showing another example of attempting economic equality through government intervention. This way the banks, or "wealthy oppressors", make less, and the poor receive the longer end of the straw.

C.) Double Daycare Spaces

By doubling daycare spaces, the government is giving mothers, or even fathers who are busy with their children, a better chance at earning an income. With easy access to a daycare, a single mother can drop off her children in the morning, go to work and earn money, and come pick her children up from daycare when she is off work. Once again, this "government intervention" is helping economic equality.

LIBERALS LIBERALISM

A.) 1 Billion on Job Research and Development

By investing such a large amount of money on research and development, this party is displaying an example of strong commitment to economic equality, even if resulting in debt.

B.) Lower Top of Income Tax Rate from % to 6%

While lowering the rate of income tax, the liberals are still taxing highly. There is no radical change in their small tax decrease, and this is an example of a "middle wing" kind of thing that the liberals would do.

C.) Invest 18. Billion over 5.5 years to Maintain Health Care

This large investment shows more proof of the liberals' devotion to ensure that all people have the basics of life even if debt occurs; in this case health care. Another thing to consider is the key word, "maintain", which means they are not necessarily improving health care, or removing it. They are simply keeping it the way it is.

CONSERVATIVE CONSERVATISM

A.) Eliminate Debt in 5 Years

Conservatives look at things in the long run and prefer slow change, and this is an example because they are basically looking to not spending much at all and letting all taxes go to reducing debt for a whole 5 years. They are thinking about the future because Canada's economy will indefinitely improve once the debt is eliminated.

B.) No Public Money on Job Creation

By spending no tax money on job creation, this is an example of economic freedom, because it leaves the responsibility of getting a job solely to the individual him/herself. It is also an example of less government involvement in the economy. The main focus for the conservatives is debt reduction.

C.) Cut Income Tax for All Canadians

Cutting taxes for every citizen is a very right-wing thing to do. If the money is not there, the government cannot and will not invest in things that are better for the people, such as the basics of life, and job-training programs. This again will result in economic freedom and leave the poor people on their own.

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Onset of blood lactic acid accumulation(obla)

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OBLA onset of blood lactic acid accumulation

Other wise known as the 'lactate threshold' this is the point at which lactate levels in blood exceed resting values during the lactic acid build up due to exercise.

Long term adaptations of OBLA to aerobic training.

 This point governs the lactic aerobic threshold

 Trained athletes begin OBLA at higher work intensities

 And higher values of VOmax than untrained people.

By definition, the lactate threshold has been thought to reflect the change in dominance between the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. In untrained people the lactate threshold occurs at around 50-60% of their VOmax , whereas elite endurance athletes may not reach their lactate threshold until around 70-80% of their VOmax during high intensity training, such as 00 metre flat-out run, lactic acid levels can reach up to 15-0 times resting values.

EPOC excess post exercise oxygen consumption

During the recovery process after exercise, this is the total amount of oxygen required to replace ATP, restore PC and remove lactic acid in the working tissue.

After every exercise there are four tasks that need to be completed before the exhausted muscle can operate at full efficiency again.

 Replacement of ATP

 Removal of lactic acid

 Replenishment of myoglobin with oxygen

 Replacement of glycogen

The 1st three of these require oxygen in substantial amounts. Hence, the reason for rapid breathing and high pulse rate to carry oxygen to the muscle cells. This need for oxygen to replace ATP and remove lactic acid is known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Oxygen deficit- the difference between oxygen actually used and the oxygen required for an amount of exercise.

If exercise is intense enough active cells run out of PC. Not enough ATP is produced aerobically, so glycolysis takes over as the predominant method of ATP supply. Eventually, ATP production via the anaerobic energy system will be used up and exercise must stop. During the exercise period an oxygen deficit is created, this is because the muscle requirement for oxygen is larger than the oxygen supply. The oxygen deficit for a specific exercise regime is calculated as the difference between oxygen required and oxygen actually consumed.

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WHAT IS MATERIALIST CONCEPTOIN

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ʑ1- Describe the materialist conception of society. How does materialism differ from idealism?

In a materialistic society, society cannot exist unless it is based upon production that any particular

society uses the system of production to produce the mans of life.

Idealism explain and understand history and politics as the product of ideas, culture, religion, while

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materialism tries to explain ideas, culture and values as the product of material things, relationship, and

events in human society.

- What was society like under primitive communism ? Describe the agricultural revolution and its

impact on human society.

a) everything was owned and shared in common and society was very egalitarian

b) Human learned how to plant , grow and harvest its own corp. Then human produce enough to keep

him alive and also trade or sold the production for other goods. Then private property came into

existence. Then the slavery evolved. Then the state and government came into picture.

- What is the state ? Differentiate between the state and the government.

a)arm's body of men to enforce social relations and uphold the laws to protect power, wealth and

property of the ruling class

.

b) Government is the organized a administration of the state.

4- What characterizes the capitalist economic system ?

a) based on system of production that involves free, wage labor

b) private ownership of major means of production

c) profitable production of commodities to be exchanged in a free market.

5- What defines a class ? Describe the four main classes in capitalist society ?

a class of defined by its participation in the distribution of the national income alone and by its

independent roots in the economic foundation of society.

a) Bourgoise, or capitalist class who owns all the major things or production and they are ruling class.

b) Petty-bourgeoise who have no direct relationships to the production or exchange of material goods

such as lawyers, doctors. Etc.

c) proletariat or working class who performs all the labor necessary to produce all material wealth in

society

d) lumpenproletariat who are surplus laborer.

6- What is politics ? Give an answer in your own words that incorporates all of the ideas we discussed.

politics in the process through power and influence are used in the promotion of certain values and

interest.

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"Irony" in Oedipus the King

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English 11

March 8,00

Victim of Fate

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The events in Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, show a relationship of mans free will existing within the cosmic order or fate. Man was free to choose and was ultimately held responsible for his own actions. Both the concept of fate and free will played an integral part in Oedipus destruction. Although he was a victim of fate, he was not controlled by it. Oedipus was destined from birth to someday marry his mother and to murder his father. This prophecy, as warned by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi was unconditional and would come to pass, no matter what he may have done to avoid it. His past actions were determined by fate, but what he did in Thebes, he did so of his own will.

When queen Jocasta found that she and king Laius were to have child, she went to consult an oracle for guidance. However, Teriresias had a devastating prophecy that their first-born son would kill the king his father, and marry his mother. In order to prevent the prophecy from being fulfilled, the king upon the birth of his son pierced the babys feet with an iron pin to prevent the baby from using his feet. The king ordered a shepherd to abandon the child in the mountains, to be left to die. The shepherd, in spite of his order from the king, gave the baby, instead, to one of his friends, a herdsman from Corinth. The herdsman gave the baby to his master, the king of Corinth. It was with this family that Oedipus grew up not knowing his real family or the fate that awaited him.

From the beginning of this tragedy, Oedipus took many actions leading to his own downfall. Oedipus could have waited for the plague to end, but out of compassion for his suffering people, he had Creon go to Delphi. When he learned of Apollos word, he could have calmly investigated the murder of the former King Laius, but in his hastiness, he passionately curses the murderer, and in so, unknowingly curses himself. "Upon the murderer I invoke this curse- whether he is one man and all unknown, or one of many- may he wear out his life in misery or doom! If with my knowledge he lives at my hearth, I pray that I myself may feel my curse." Oedipus unyielding desire to uncover the truth about Laius murder and the mystery surrounding his own birth, led him to the tragic realization of his horrific deeds. Teiresias, Jocasta and the herdsman tried to stop him from pursuing the truth. Take for example a part of the last conversation between Jocasta and Oedipus. After realizing that the prophecy had came true, Jacasta begs him to just let the mystery go unsolved for once. Oedipus replies, I will not be persuaded to let chance of finding out the whole thing clearly. He is unable to stop his quest for the truth, even under his wifes pleading. For it is in his own vain that he must solve the final riddle, the riddle of his own life.

Upon discovery of the truth of his birth from the herdsman, Oedipus cries, I who first saw the light bred of a match accursed, and accursed in my living with them, cursed in my killing. Oedipus knew that his fate had indeed come to pass and feels cursed by it. At the end of this tragic story, when Oedipus gouges out his eyes, the chorus asks him what god urged him to blind himself. Oedipus replied, It was Apollo, friends, Apollo, that brought this bitter bitterness, my sorrows to completion. But was the hand that struck me was none but my own. He claimed full responsibility for his actions. Oedipus was guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother, but perhaps the true sin lay in his overzealous attempt to raise himself to the level of the gods by trying to escape his fate.

The fact that Oedpius motives for killing his father, Laius, and wedding his mother, Jocasta, it does not take away from the nature of the crimes. When he tears at his eyes with his Jocastas broach, Oedipus is accepting the full responsibilities for his acts and knew that he must be punished for his sins. The last act of destruction was caused by Oedipus free will, but his fate came about because of the nature of the cosmic order (that every sin must be punished) and role of the gods in human affairs.

Please note that this sample paper on "Irony" in Oedipus the King is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Irony" in Oedipus the King, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on "Irony" in Oedipus the King will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pearl Harbor

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The road to war between the United States of America and Japan began on the surprise aerial attack on the United States Navy base in Pearl Harbor on December 7th 141. This was the first step that brought the might United States into the Second World War Relations between the two countries started to detireate in the early 10's when Japan started to become aggressive in Asia, mainly in Manchuria in 11 and tried to start conquering the rest of China into 17. Japan in 140 decided to allied it self with the "Axis" with countries like Germany.

Japan, a vastly resource free country needed supplies such as oil from countries like the United States. With their aggression in Asia the United States decided to put an embargo on Japan and halt valuable resources such as oil which the Japanese empire need greatly to expand their mighty war machine . Japan had only enough oil reserves to fight a war for about six more months, something that they couldn't stand to bear with and the only solution to counter this problem was to move further down south into the vast and oil rich areas of South East Asia. With their aggression already in China, Japan wasn't a very favored country in the United States, already banning immigrations from Japan and angering them even further they drew out plans to counter this problem and the only solution left was to destroy the United States Pacific fleet that had recently been shifted to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by the United States President Roosevelt.

The United States of Americas Navy Pacific fleet was established way back in the late 1800's but established their Head quarters on February 1st 141 only 10 months before the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. Pearl Harbor was seen as "impregnable" by the United States. Having this massive United States Navy a stone throw away from Japan was of a large concern. If Japan was to take further aggressive action down south, the United States would be sure to come to the defense of their allies and stop the Japanese. The only option left was to eliminate the United States Pacific Fleet so they would have superiority over the entire Pacific waters and further their interest down south with little resistance if at all from the United States.

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For months the Japanese Navy has been practicing simulations on the attack of Pearl Harbor, if the diplomatic talks in Washington DC had failed they were prepared to go to war at all costs . On the 6th of November, the Japanese set sail of a Navy task force of six heavy aircraft carriers, the Shokaku, Zuikaku, Kaga, Akagi, Hiryu and Soryu and accompanying these aircraft carriers were two battle ships sailing to Pearl Harbor spearheaded this task force was Admiral Chuchi Nagumo . The plan to attack Pearl Harbor was devised by Admiral Yamamoto, he wanted the United States Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor to be neutralized so he could purse Japans goals in achieving domination.

The task force set sail and was to avoid detection by the United States Navy at all costs. If detected they were to set sail back home to Japan immediately. Admiral Chuchi Nagumo later learned that the United States Navy most prized possessions, their aircraft carriers were not in port but some carriers were doing training excises while other carriers were stationed else where and others delivering planes to remote Pacific islands . This was certainly a major downfall in the usefulness of the attack in the Pacific fleet but the attack was to go ahead, December 8th Japanese time which is December 7th the local date in Hawaii. Chatter was created on the radios in Japan to make the United States think that the aircraft carriers were at bay but this didn't work.

The conditions were in favor of Japan, apart from the aircraft carriers belong to the United States navy not in port, the weather with the heavy fogged helped provide good coverage over the carriers from overheard reconossinace planes that were out looking for the missing Japanese carriers. All Japanese ships were to remain on radio blackout. Visibility over Pearl Harbor was clear, and this information was given over the local radio station in Oahu. In the early morning at 0600 hours the first launch of 18 aircraft, bombers laden with torpedoes and bombs, flanked by fighter aircraft escorting them they made their 1.5 hours journey to Pearl Harbor.

The attack on Pearl Harbor came at a great cost to the US but then again this is very debatable. During the two waves of strikes by the Japanese, only lost a total of twenty nine aircraft . This is a very small price to pay for the huge losses the United States Navy occurred, on that day, December 7th, 40 people were recorded as dead, a further 1178 were injured, four battle ships were sunk, the Oklahoma, West Virginia, California and the Nevada. The Tennessee, Pennsylvania and Maryland were damaged but the Maryland was put back into service in February 14. Aircraft lost by the United States were massive as well, with aircraft parked tightly to avoid any sabotage; this made it easier for Japanese bombers. Out of the 4 planes based, 165 were damaged and only some still able to fly.

This attack on Pearl Harbor seemed like a success on the day for the Japanese and my view is that it seemed like this from both sides. The United States suffers a huge loss compared to the minimal loss suffered on the Japanese side. Japan now has put a major dent into the United States Pacific fleet and is able to further their goals down south but my personal view is that the attack created more problems for Japan the solving.

No aircraft carrier was in dock at all, the power of the Pacific fleet is with the might aircraft carriers. It did not sink, damaged or even find any of the aircraft carriers. All of the battle ships that were sunk in Pearl Harbor were raised except the Arizona were repaired and put back into service thus making the United States Navy rely more on their carriers. The air raid on Pearl Harbor didn't even attempt to destroy any of the logistics, logistics such as the vast supply of oil that was in dock, without this oil the United States Navy would not have been able to repair and return to service the battle ships that were damaged at such a quick rate.

From the Japanese point of view, it can only be seen as a success that they were able to sink many battle ships, destroy many aircraft and end the lives of many soldiers at such a small physical price. It is hard to determine whether this attack on this day was one of the biggest mistakes ever made by the Japanese empire, had they sent a third wave to destroy more of the logistics or if the aircraft carriers had been in port it may have changed the outcome of the war.

Please note that this sample paper on Pearl Harbor is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pearl Harbor, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Pearl Harbor will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling

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Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling

"Improperly Trained Inspectors & Remediation Companies

May Be Placing Building Occupants at Risk"

Al Tibbs, CIAQT, CIAQM, CIAQI

Are improperly or untrained home inspectors placing consumers in harms way? This

article will look at some of the possibilities surrounding indoor biological contaminants, sampling

personnel and methods and how consumers may be unknowingly misled when it comes to these

issues. In the home inspection profession today, one does not have to go far to become a socalled

"mold expert". National inspector publications offer mold classes on every other page and

companies looking to turn "mold to gold" have sprung up faster than the mold itself. There is also

no shortage of companies that are willing to come and turn your home into a chemical testing

ground to help alleviate you of your mold and your money. In this article I will take a look at some

of the methods being practiced to test and clean mold and take a better look at those performing

these procedures.

First, lets look at home inspectors that are selling mold testing as an add-on service to

their home inspection business. The companies I have looked at offer to perform either tape lift or

swab samples of mold for anywhere from $50-$100 per sample. The inspector has no idea what it

is that these samples will tell him, but he sees it as an easy $100. There are just a few problems

here. First, let's say his client is purchasing a home and has children with respiratory ailments.

The inspector takes a tape lift sample of a spot which is thought to be mold in the basement.

What will this tape lift tell him about the condition of the air in the building? Will the microbial

contamination, if present, affect the children with respiratory ailments? Is the microbial

contamination becoming airborne? If it is becoming airborne, how is it doing so? How about the

mother-in-law that is coming to visit after her bout with chemotherapy, will any of this affect her?

I am from the school of thought that if you see mold on a wall, sampling it will provide little

useful information. Yes, it is mold. We already knew that by visual indication. Remove it. But most

importantly, correct the conditions that led to the microbial contamination in the first place. If the

reservoir is large, 10+sf have it evaluated by an indoor air quality professional. An experienced

investigator will ask the right questions, take into consideration all of the building parameters

(temperature, humidity levels, surface temperatures, dew-points, air movement, building and

room pressures, etc.) Take information during an occupant interview asking questions about

health factors, etc. and from the information compiled make a determination if sampling would

answer any unanswered questions. If it is determined that sampling is required to gather further

information, an indoor air quality professional will know how to create a meaningful sampling

strategy that can create some meaningful results.

It is not possible to collect all bio-organisms using a single sampling method. The

methods used to collect, culture and analyze samples vary greatly. Sampling equipment is sizespecific,

for example, settle plates will collect mainly large spores, and centrifugal samplers will

miss the larger spores. Microbials may be culturable, non-culturable, and non-viable. Fungal and

bacterial fragments can be allergenic. Different agars will support the growth of different fungal

species, depending on the agar formulation and moisture availability. Incubation time and

temperature also favor selective organisms (1)

A home inspector performing one or two tape lift samples may be missing critical

information in the above scenario. Are pathogenic fungi present? How about bacteria? Is the

contamination airborne? If the contaminants are airborne are they making their way to the

breathing zone on the main floor? If they are making their way to the main floor, what is the

pathway? Is the reservoir sampled active at this time? How should the problem be addressed?

Does the microbial contamination warrant a full remediation including respirators, negative air, air

scrubbers, and dehumidification or drying equipment? Are there building defects present which

require attention to prevent amplification sites from reappearing after remediation?

Studies have shown that bacteria can also be present in water damaged building, yet we

rarely see any samples for bacteria in water damaged homes. Bacteria, much the same as fungi

can produce toxic substances for a competitive edge. The toxic substances in one study were not

only found to be toxic to fungi, but also to mammalian cells as well.

In the studies, microorganisms from indoor materials and dusts settled in the respiration

zone of water damaged buildings were investigated for the occurrence of bacteria producing

substances antagonistic to fungi and toxic towards mammalian cells. Strains of Bacillus cereus

and of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were isolated by a "reverse Alexander Fleming technique" from

microbially damaged buildings. Most of the isolates produced agents toxic not only to fungi with

which the bacteria compete for space and nutrients in the building, but also to mitochondria of

mammalian cells. ()

These issues must be addressed when building occupants have diagnosed symptoms

which could be bioaerosol related. Taking one or two tape lift surface samples would not address

any of the noted scenarios. At issue is not only a misdiagnosis of the problem, but most likely an

improper or unsuccessful attempt at remediation.

Another issue which deserves attention is the remediation of existing microbial

contaminants in the indoor environment. There are several companies in my area market which

remediate by fogging and spraying chemicals, biocides and sealants. The MSDS for these

products are very unclear about the ingredients of the products (claim of trade secrets) and

therefore have the potential of being irritants themselves. The use of biocides is not

recommended in the remediation of microbial contamination. Let's see what is said concerning

biocides by respected industry authorities

AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association)

Are biocides required or useful in remediation projects?

Biocides are disinfectant chemicals used to kill germs in order to prevent infections resulting from

contact with these materials. In most mold remediations, biocides are not a substitute for

thorough cleaning. Biocides are of limited use in remediation of indoor mold contamination for

two main reasons

1) The adverse effects caused by mold (other than infection) are due to metabolites present in

their spores and secreted into the materials upon which molds have grown. The application

of biocides may kill mold spores but it does not necessarily eliminate these metabolites. The

only sure way to do this requires the physical elimination of mold and moldy materials by

thorough cleaning or removal of the affected materials.

) Most commonly used biocides do not kill molds effectively. Active fungal growth on a surface

may produce a spore density of one million spores per square inch. Treating an active mold

growth site with a spore density of one million spores per square inch with a biocide with an

effectiveness of .% would then leave an estimated 10 viable spores per square inch.

As such, if the underlying moisture problem is not resolved, mold growth may re-occur.

The only situation where biocidal treatments are indicated is where the contaminant is one of the

few fungi that are known to cause human infection. This is particularly important in health care

facilities or other places with occupants who have impaired immune systems or who may be more

susceptible than the general population to infection ()

US EPA

Mold Remediation/Cleanup and Biocides

The purpose of mold remediation is to remove the mold to prevent human exposure and damage

to building materials and furnishings. It is necessary to clean up mold contamination, not just to

kill the mold. Dead mold is still allergenic, and some dead molds are potentially toxic. The use of

a biocide, such as chlorine bleach, is not recommended as a routine practice during mold

remediation, although there may be instances where professional judgment may indicate its use

(for example, when immune-compromised individuals are present). In most cases, it is not

possible or desirable to sterilize an area; a background level of mold spores will remain in the air

(roughly equivalent to or lower than the level in outside air). These spores will not grow if the

moisture problem in the building has been resolved.

If you choose to use disinfectants or biocides, always ventilate the area. Outdoor air may need to

be brought in with fans. When using fans, take care not to distribute mold spores throughout an

unaffected area. Biocides are toxic to humans, as well as to mold. You should also use

appropriate PPE and read and follow label precautions. Never mix chlorine bleach solution with

cleaning solutions or detergents that contain ammonia; toxic fumes could be produced.

Some biocides are considered pesticides, and some States require that only registered pesticide

applicators apply these products in schools. Make sure anyone applying a biocide is properly

licensed, if necessary. Fungicides are commonly applied to outdoor plants, soil, and grains as a

dust or sprayexamples include hexachlorobenzene, organomercurials, pentachlorophenol,

phthalimides, and dithiocarbamates. Do not use fungicides developed for use outdoors for mold

remediation or for any other indoor situation (4).

NYC Department of Health

Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments

The use of gaseous, vapor-phase, or aerosolized biocides for remedial purposes is not

recommended. The use of biocides in this manner can pose health concerns for people in

occupied spaces of the building and for people returning to the treated space if used improperly.

Furthermore, the effectiveness of these treatments is unproven and does not address the

possible health concerns from the presence of the remaining non-viable mold. For additional

information on the use of biocides for remedial purposes, refer to the American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists' document, "Bioaerosols Assessment and Control." (5)

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

Bioaerosols Assessment and Control, 15.4 Biocide Use

Remediators must carefully consider the necessity and advisability of applying biocides when

cleaning microbially contaminated surfaces. The goal of remediation programs should be removal

of all microbial growth. This generally can be accomplished by physical removal of materials

supporting active growth and thorough cleaning of non-porous materials. Therefore, application of

a biocide would serve no purpose that could not be accomplished with a detergent or cleaning

agent. (6)

The companies using such practices are also selling additional products such as special

filters, UV lights and other items. Again, the products being sold and recommended may be

having an opposite effect of what is intended or expected. In many cases, special filters, placed

into the air handler are adding to overall static pressure on the system and may be affecting

proper operation and life expectancy of the system. Most residential systems are manufactured to

operate at .50" w.c. total static pressure. These filters alone may add that much static pressure to

the system, and therefore leave no room for ducts, etc. This not only will affect the system, but

could worsen the indoor air quality problems. I recently had opportunity to perform an assessment

on a home which already had a so-called assessment performed "free of charge" by a local

remediation company. The homeowner was given a proposal stating that the home was

thoroughly contaminated with mold, including the HVAC system and that an $8000.00

remediation using fogging and sealants would be needed. During my assessment, I performed

my usual assessment establishing ambient air and humidity readings, dew points and surface

temperatures, taking particulate counts throughout the building and outdoors, performing a visual

assessment of suspected areas, evaluating the HVAC system operation and hygiene and taking

moisture readings on basement walls using a moisture meter. Our on-site microscopist was given

tape samples from suspected areas and from the HVAC system return, before the filter and it was

determined that three spore trap samples would be taken from suspect and non-suspect areas.

The results were obvious to me before taking the samples, but we felt it was best to verify our

hypotheses with samples. The air inside the home was very similar to outdoor air and suspect

and non-suspect areas were also similar. I found no conditions in the building conducive to

microbial amplification and the minimal amount of mold visible was on small areas of framing and

sheathing and was most likely the result of moisture content at the time of construction.

The remainder of the home was very well maintained and the hygiene was very good.

The same was true of the HVAC system. The small amount of mold which was present was small

enough that following NYC Guidelines (5) the homeowner could clean the contamination himself.

The total savings on this project $7400.00 plus the risk that fogging would have contaminated the

building and HVAC system.

This paper shows that a free assessment performed by a remediation company may

save you the cost of a proper assessment, but could cost you big later. The above story makes

clear one fact. When choosing a company to perform any environmental assessment, the

company performing the assessment should not be a remediation company. It is important to

remember that assessment and remediation are two separate businesses and should be kept

that way to avoid conflicts of interest.

References

1) INTERPRETING MICROBIAL MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, T Nathanson Indoor Air

00 Proceedings of the th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1,

H Levin, ed., Indoor Air 00, Santa Cruz, California, 00, pp. 78-7.

) FUNGICIDIC AND MITOCHONDRIOTOXIC BACILLI FREQUENT IN WATER DAMAGED

BUILDINGS, M Andersson, R Mikkola, C Apetroaie, D Hoornstra, T Nieminen and M Salkinoja-

Salonen. - Indoor Air 00 Proceedings of the th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality

and Climate, Vol. 1, H Levin, ed., Indoor Air 00, Santa Cruz, California, 00, pp. 4-.

) AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association) web site faq

4) US EPA Mold Remediation/Cleanup and Biocides

5) NYC Department of Health - Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor

Environments

6) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Bioaerosols

Assessment and Control, 15.4 Biocide Use

Please note that this sample paper on Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!