GUIDE TO REFERENCING WHEN WRITING ESSAYS

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REFERENCING

Why should I list the sources I consulted for an assignment?

§ Because of copyright laws, it is necessary that you acknowledge an author when you use his published works.

§ Your Teacher can see the kind and quality of sources you have used.

Custom Essays on GUIDE TO REFERENCING WHEN WRITING ESSAYS

§ You may want to refer to those works again at a later date.

§ So that anyone interested in ordering or purchasing your source can do so with minimum difficulty.

What is a source list?

§ It is a list of materials consulted for an assignment. It contains the information needed to identify them.

§ This list is arranged ALPHABETICALLY and must appear at the end of you work.

What is the HARVARD system of reference?

§ It is an internationally recognized system of referencing which is used very widely in science and scholarship.

§ It expresses the essential information clearly, briefly and economically.

Source List AN EXAMPLE

1. BREWER, E.C. 16. Brewer's dictionary of phrase and fable, rev. ed. London Cassell. 70p.

. FOWLER, H.W. 168. A dictionary of modern English usage, nd ed. London O.U.P. 75p.

. FOWLER, H.W. & F.G., eds. 18. The concise Oxford dictionary of current English, 5th ed. London O.U.P. 1566 p.

4. FRANKLYN, J. 16. A dictionary of rhyming slang. London Routledge & Kegan Paul. 01p.

5. HANG down your head, Tom Dooley. 158 Los Angeles HMV. Sung and played by E. Smith. HMV 1. (gr. record)

6. HANGMEN also die. 14. Los Angeles United Artists. (motion picture)

7. OXFORD dictionary of quotations, nd ed. 17 London O.U.P. 100p.

8. PARTRIDGE, E. 184. A dictionary of slang and unconventional English. London Routledge & Kegan Paul. v.

. WAITE, V. 178. Hang-glider Bicycle of the air. WORLD Airnews, 17th Aug., 178 vol.6, no.6, p.17-1.

EXPLANATION OF THE ENTRIES IN THIS SOURCE LIST

1. Entry for a book with an author. "Rev. ed." Means "revised edition". "Revised" means that an editor has re-examined and reconsidered the text of the book.

. Entry for a book with an author. "nd ed." Means nd edition. The publisher, Oxford University Press, is shorted to "O.U.P.".

. when there are two authors or editors, the ampersand (&) is used for "and". "eds" means editors.

4. the ampersand can also be used in the publisher statement.

5. Gramophone record is entered by title, as no composer is specifically credited.

6. Film is entered by title. The term "motion picture" is used.

7. Anonymous work, i.e. there is no author, compiler or editor so work is entered under title.

8. "v" means volumes; pages are not quoted in this instance.

. Periodical article. N.B. It is title of periodical, NOT THE TITLE OF THE ARTICLE, that is underlined.

What does it mean to CITE a book, article, etc?

To cite means either to quote directly, or to include the substances of a published work in your assignment. When you cite the words, thinking or information from any source, you must acknowledge this.

How should I acknowledge a quote?

§ Acknowledging one Author

Either "Fowler (168, p.65) defines ….."

Or "Hanging particles are defined as unattached modifiers" (Fowler, 168, p.65)

§ A Specific Quotation

"Handing me my whiskey, hid face broke into an awkward smile". (Fowler, 168, p.660)

§ Two Authors When two authors are involved, the ampersand (&) is used.

"(Fowler & Fowler, eds., 18, p557) define the word 'hang' …..".

and

"….. the members of the United Nations were called upon to decide the future of a sliver of land … (Collins & Lapierre, 18, p.)".

§ SEVERAL AUTHORS Where several authors are responsible, all are cited the first time, but in later references, only the first author is given followed by et al.

First Time

"American experts on elementary school math's (Barker, Curran &Metcalf, 164, p.8) said….."

Subsequent References

"The idea of sets is not new (Barker et al., 164, p1)".

§ More than one book by the same author

If more than one book by the same author of the same year is referred to, then label them "a" and "b", etc. Thus

Bernstein (178 a, p.16)

Bernstein (178 b, p 50

N.B. These items must also be labeled "a" and "b" in you bibliography.

§ References to several works

" Recent studies (Brown, 17, p.; Jones, 17, p.70; Smith, 180, p 55) have shown that…"

§ Reference to a composite work

Reference to a contribution in a composite work would appear thus

"…. (Morris, 10 quoted in Carpenter & McLuhan, 170, p 11) describes this development as "the most sweeping and radical change in the history of the Indo-European languages."

How should I compile my source list?

§ Books and Pamphlets

Entry for books and pamphlets should contain the following items in order of appearance.

Author(s), Initial(s), (or editor(s), compiler(s)).

Year of publication.

Title (underline)

Edition

Place of publication.

Publisher (abbreviated).

Total number of volumes, or pages.

Examples of books and pamphlets

FOWLER, H.W. 168. A dictionary of modern English usage, nd ed. London O.U.P. 75p

FOWLER, H.W. & F.G., eds. 18. The concise Oxford dictionary of current English, 5th ed. London O.U.P. 1566 p.

READ, H. & Dobree, B comps. 15. The London book of English verse, nd rev. ed. London Eyre & Spottiswoode. 851 p.

WARD, I. 180. Delicious vegetable recipes. Johannesburg Evergreen. 16 p.

Anonymous Works i.e. those for which no author, editor or compiler is credited.

For Example MODERN European poetry. 166. New York Bantam 605p.

WORLD Book Encyclopedia. 178 Chicago World Book-Childcraft. v

§ Periodicals.

For periodical articles, the following items are given in order of appearance

Author(s), Initial(s), (or editor(s), compiler(s)).

Year of publication.

Title of article

Name of periodical (underlined, abbreviated and first word capitalized).

Day, month and year of publication (year is repeated).

Volume number (e.g. vol.5)

Part number (e.g. No. 11)

Page number (e.g. p. 1-15)

Examples

WAITE, V. 178. Hang-gilder Bicycle of the air. WORLD Airnews, 17 Aug., 178, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 17-1.

BUTCHER, W.H. 150. The crust of the earth, SCIENTIFIC America, 10th Jul., 150, vol. 18, no.5, p.

§ Newspapers

If the author of the article is not mentioned, then the article is entered under title.

SALARIES of teachers. 166. THE STAR, 8th Jan., 166, p.7, col..

(col. means "column")

§ Non book materials

Films, slides, pictures, gramophone records, tapes, etc., are entered thus (N.B. ALSO PERSONAL DISCUSSIONS)

HANGMEN also die. 14. Los Angeles United Artists. (motion picture)

HANG down your head, Tom Dooley. 158. Los Angeles HM. Sung and played by E. Smith. HMV 1. (gr record)

LIONS of the Kruger Park. 180. Cape Town Shell. (picture)

BEETHOVEN, L. 165. Symphony no. in E flat major, op. 55 "Eroica"; NBC Symphony Orchestra, conducted by A. Toscanini. RCA (AT 11) (gr. record).

BLAKENEY, R.P. 17. Discussion with the author.

Alternative method of referencing for history students

N.B. Most departments wish you to follow the method of referencing we have described. However, students in the department of history should follow the method below

References are made by means of end-notes numbered sequentially throughout the assignment. These notes are then supplemented by an alphabetically arranged source list at the en of the assignment.

e.g. "Fowler(1) defines …"

END-NOTES (At end of assignment before source list)

1. FRANKLYN, J. 16. A dictionary of rhyming slang. London Routledge & Kegan paul. P.74

. FOWLER, H.W. 168. A dictionary of modern English usage, nd ed. London O.U.P. 65p.

Etc.

SOURCE LIST (At the end of assignment after end-notes)

FOWLER, H.W. 168. A dictionary of modern English usage, nd ed. London O.U.P. 65p.

FRANKLYN, J. 16. A dictionary of rhyming slang. London Routledge & Kegan paul. P.74

Etc.

Helpful notes

§ UNDERLINE the title of the BOOK, WHOLE VOLUME or PERIODICAL not the article, or part of the work.

§ CAPITALISE the SURNAME of the AUTHOR, EDITOR or COMPILER. In the case of title entry, the FIRST WORD of the TITLE is capitalized.

§ Your source list should be compiled in ONE ALPHABETICAL SEQUENCE.

§ The NAME OF THE PUBLISHER SHOULD BE ABBREVIATED

Hamish Hamilton is shortened to Hamilton

Oxford University Press to O.U.P.

Longman and Co. Ltd. to Longman.

§ Punctuation

Punctuation in referencing systems is determined by strict rules, and it is important to use it consistently. This consistent punctuation helps people to interpret complex entries, and entries of foreign material, intelligently.

Standardization in referencing techniques is helpful to academic people in the same way standardization in accounting is helpful to bookkeepers.

§ WHERE A WORK IS PUBLISHED IN SEVERAL VOLUMES, THE WHOLE WORK MUST BE LISTED IN THE SOURCE LIST. i.e. You list a whole set of encyclopedias, not just single volume in that set.

§ PUBLISHERS are not noted in SOURCE LISTS, AND NOT PRINTERS, as publishers are responsible for books. Any questions about books are therefore addressed to the PUBLISHERS.

Important Abbreviations

col. Column, e.g. in a newspaper

comp. Compiler of anthologies, etc

ed. Editor(s) of collections, etc

ed. Edition, found as nd ed., rd ed,. 4th ed., etc.

et at. Et alia, Latin for 'and others'

ibid Ibidem, Latin for 'in the same place'

no. Number.

p. Page.

rev. Revised. rev.ed. means revised edition

vol. Volume

.

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