Monday, November 16, 2020

Music and Tragedy

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MUSIC AND TRAGEDY


Myth and music are the principal roots of drama. Myths always played an important role in human societies. They created a process of communication between people, in which some individuals shared with others their understanding of the world. That was achieved by offering a representation of the world and by giving it a plot, so that it would be interesting and familiar to the audience and not just a dry lesson. Music could play a similar role, communicating situations and emotions by sounds and harmony. In the western tradition, the first tragedies were myths which were danced and sung by a chorus at festivals in honour of Dionysus (God of Wine), in ancient Greece. The earliest presentations probably consisted of a chorus of men dancing in a ring, reciting or chanting some Greek myth while individual performers would stand on a rough wooden platform or cart. Spectators were seated on a hillside to view these early plays. In the open-air, day-lit Greek theatre, the chorus was a practical necessity. It made the transitions between scenes, giving actors the chance to enter and leave the playing area, and even announced what characters those actors portrayed. But the function of the chorus goes beyond this. The choral odes, accompanied by dancing and music, were part of the entertainment itself. The chorus both commented on the events and participated in them, so that it was both involved in the action and detached from it. The instruments heard were the same ones that were used for all other kinds of musical activities, the aulos, a wind instrument with two pipes, percussion and string instruments as the lyre which also coloured musically the poems of epic poets like Homer.


It was in 54 B.C. that perhaps the most important stage in the creation of drama was reached with Thespis, who invented an actor who conversed with the leader of the chorus, and by his reports of events occurring off the stage could provide the chorus with materials for fresh songs in new scenes. Through the addition of a second actor (by Aeschylus) and a third (by Sophocles), the representation was made possible of a drama which could show and develop a human situation in all its aspects. Now it should be made clear that from this point on we are talking about the evolution of tragedy and tragic theatre in Athens, and that this evolution was connected and depended on the evolution of democracy in that city. This new political independence meant that any free male citizen of Athens could achieve being one of the rulers of the city and having the fate of his community in his hands. The need to understand and to be taught how to deal with power was obvious for the men of the city, and it was in this climate that Greek tragedy emerged.


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'Julius Caesar' by William Shakespeare

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'Julius Caesar' By William Shakespeare


Shakespeare's 'Julius Caesar' is not really about Caesar at all. It is about the contrast between two of the main characters, Brutus and Cassius. The play is called 'Julius Caesar' because he is the pivot. The play is about the events leading up to and following his assassination.


There are three main characters Marcus Brutus, Caius Cassius and Mark Antony.


Brutus is the main focus of the play. He was Caesar's friend but was dragged into the plot to kill him because of his love of Rome. He believed that Caesar would become too powerful and that he had to kill him for the good of Rome. He was said to be the 'noblest Roman of them all' as he did not kill Caesar out of jealousy.


Brutus 'sits high in all people's hearts' and is very loyal and honest. Some people may say that Brutus was too honest and I think that I would agree with this. When Brutus allows Antony to speak at Caesar's funeral, Antony twisted everything Brutus had just said which turned the townspeople against him and, because of this, among other things, Brutus believed that there was no way out. After the battle at Philippi, he killed himself. Brutus has been said to be naïve because of this.


Brutus is a poor judge of character. This is shown when he stops the murder of Caesar becoming a massacre of his supporters, which proved fatal. Cassius wanted to kill Antony as well as Caesar but Brutus did not approve of this.


Brutus was Caesar's friend. Caesar trusted Brutus. We can see this when Brutus stabs Caesar. Caesar says 'Et tu Brute?' meaning 'even you Brutus?' This shows that he was surprised that Brutus would kill him.


Brutus' wife, Portia, clearly loves her husband. She wounds herself in the thigh, which shows that she can easily allow passion to overrule reason. Her lack of reasoning is also shown in her desperate suicide when she believes that Antony has been victorious and Brutus is dead.


Brutus loves Portia. He does not tell her about the conspiracy because of this. We can clearly see that he thinks a lot of her. His feelings for Portia are shown by his reaction to her death. Brutus spoke of Portia as being as dear to him 'as are the ruddy drops that visit my sad heart.'


Brutus plays the most important part in the play. We see more of Brutus' personal life and thoughts and feelings than of any other character.


He has to make the choice between murdering his friend and allowing him to become too powerful. He had to decide which he loved more, Caesar or Rome.


Cassius is the next main character. He is a contrast to Brutus. Cassius is sly, devious and self-centred. He was said by Caesar to have 'a lean and hungry look.'


Cassius killed Caesar because he was jealous of him. He arranged the conspiracy and decided to involve Brutus because he 'sits high in all people's hearts.'


Cassius is a much better judge of character than Brutus. He wanted to kill Mark Antony as well as Caesar.


At the start of the play, Cassius is quite a mean man. We can see this because he is willing to murder Caesar out of jealousy. This is shown because he doesn't like the fact that he 'was born free as Caesar,' he has 'fed as well' and he can 'endure the winter's cold as well as he' but Caesar is being offered the crown of Rome. There is, however, a point at which Cassius could be said to be fitter than Caesar as he tells Brutus of a time when swimming across the River Tiber. Caesar cried, 'Help me, Cassius, or I sink!' Cassius had to rescue Caesar, as he could not endure the river's rapid flow. Cassius also mentioned a time when Caesar got a fever while in Spain and was described as 'a sick girl.'


Cassius changes towards the end. He seems to be more helpful and caring. He consoles Brutus at Philippi over Portia's death and contributes to their relationship developing into a friendship.


Brutus and Cassius are merely acquaintances at the beginning of the play. They don't have a good relationship to begin with. Cassius used Brutus in hope of getting more support of their conspiracy from the townspeople. Brutus was suspicious of Cassius. He asks Cassius, 'Into what dangers would you lead me?'


Cassius does not like Caesar. This is shown in Act I, Scene II, Line 10 'For who so firm that cannot be seduced? Caesar doth bear me hard but he loves Brutus.'


Cassius does not like to have someone in a higher position than himself. That is why he killed Caesar.


Caesar does not like Cassius. In Act I, Scene II, Line 14, he says, 'Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look; he thinks too much. Such men are dangerous.'


Antony was Caesar's right-hand-man which was noticed by other characters in the play 'Antony is but a limb of Caesar.' He was also Caesar's friend. He was very sneaky and persuasive.


He can be very calculating which is shown at Caesar's funeral. He obviously planned to turn the crowd against the conspirators, 'Cry havoc and let slip he dogs of war.' He does this in a very tactful way by mentioning Caesar's will and tempting the townspeople.


Antony is very emotional and, like Brutus, will not let anything stand in the way of whatever he believes is right. We can see this at Caesar's funeral. He knows exactly what he wants to say and he manipulates the people to get this. Unlike Brutus, he has a cruel streak which is shown particularly in his use of irony in the speech at Caesar's funeral, 'for they are all, all honourable men.' This cruel streak ensures that he avenges Caesar's murder.


One of the main themes of 'Julius Caesar' is the way that power affects the individual. The main characters all deal with the effects of power at various stages in the play.


At the beginning of the play, Caesar is the most powerful man in all of Rome. We can see that Caesar has begun to be affected by his power by the way he speaks of himself. He refers to himself as the third person, as 'Caesar', rather than the first person, 'I'. This suggests that he has become 'big-headed'.


Some other characters, such as Mark Antony, believed that the commands of Caesar were law. Antony comments, 'When Caesar says "Do this," it is perform'd.'


Brutus behaves oppositely to this. He says that he is not interested in power for himself. He killed Caesar because he believed that he would have too much power.


Brutus is considered to be the senior member of the conspiracy. He has the most power but does not use it wisely. He overrules Cassius on three occasions about killing Mark Antony. Each time has disastrous results. This shows that, although Brutus has power, he has neither the wisdom nor the ruthlessness to use it properly.


Antony's power over the people is similar to that of Caesar's. The people will believe whatever he says. Once he realised the amount of power that he had, he used it ruthlessly to crush his enemies.


I have always thought that honest people would be good, smart people but it turns out that I was naïve to think that as Brutus was so honest that he lost everything. He was also naïve.


I suppose myself, being an honest person, would know where to draw the line with honesty but, if asked on the spot, wouldn't think that you could be too honest. I have learned that there is such a thing as too much honesty.


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Friday, November 13, 2020

The sun also rises

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While some critics contend that The Importance of Being Earnest is


completely fanciful and has no relation to the real world, others maintain that


Oscar Wildes trivial comedy for serious people does make significant comments about social class and the institution of marriage. These observations include


the prevalent utilization of deceit in everyday affairs. Indeed the characters


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and plot of the play appear to be entirely irreverent, thus lending weight to


the comedic, fanciful aspect. However, this same factor also serves to


illuminate the major points that Wilde tries to convey about the English society


in which he lived.


Throughout the course of the play, Wilde portrays each of the main


characters in a way that reflects his views of the English aristocracy.


Algernon Moncrieff and Jack(Ernest) Worthington represent the prototypical male


bachelors. In the opening act, set in Algernons flat, the two meet and display


what appears to be their usual daily activities. Neither is employed, and it is


apparent that their only occupation is the pursuit of leisure activities and


social matters, subjects of major importance to them. When Algernon inquires as


to the purpose of Ernests visit to town, Ernest replies, Oh pleasure,


pleasure! What else should bring anyone preliminary qualifications that he must


meet before being engaged to Gwendolyn. These include money, family, and


politics. When Ernest does not meet the qualifications, he is denied Gwendolyn.


In the second act, the relationship between Algy and Jacks ward, Cecily,


parallel Ernest and Gwendolyns relationship. After certain flirting rituals,


Cecily admits to Algy that she loves him for his name, Ernest, and his image of


being wicked. When Algy proposes, Cecily declares that they had already been


engaged for three months, an engagement that she had imagined. When the


proposal is announced, Cecily is only accepted by Lady Bracknell because she has


enough money to support Algys lifestyle. Through the two relationships of


Ernest(Jack) and Gwendolyn and Ernest(Algy) and Cecily, Wilde conveys the notion


that love of such kinds is entirely arbitrary, and relationships are based on


deceit. Marriages, he contends, are simply an alliance between families to


preserve the aristocracy.


The end of the play culminates in the planning of marriages of Ernest to


Gwendolyn and Algy to Cecily. These marriages are made available only because


Jack(Ernest) discovers his true identity as one belonging to the Bracknell


family. When this is established, Ernest is allowed to marry Gwendolyn and it


seems as though he will allow Cecily to marry Algernon. However, the identity


Ernest discovers is the same that he has lied about throughout the entire play.


Thus, the relationships forged arbitrarily on


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Decision analysis

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Management Science Coursework


Decision analysis


Through this essay it is intended to briefly describe the topic of decision analysis, then to briefly describe the application of decision analysis in different companies based on published literature, then to finally list the benefits of the decision analysis approach. To do this, the first stage is to illustrate the theory of decision analysis in general then to apply it to actual businesses and show the theory in practice. Two cases that will be discussed in this essay. The first is the case of Concorde planes, and the second being the government's embracement of the Millennium Dome project.


Organizational success or failure is determined by the business decisions made each day in every facet of operations. From interacting with customers to transaction processing, you need the best possible decisions to maximize revenues, minimize costs, and effectively manage business processes. According to Professor Paul Nutt, professor of Management Sciences at Ohio State Universitys Fisher college of Business, approximately half of all business decisions are unsuccessful. This is found in his new book, which is a multi decade study of real life organisational decisions. Paul Nutt states vast sums of money are spent to make decisions that realize no ultimate value for the organization, and managers make the same mistakes over and over again as they formulate the decisions. Nutt came to this conclusion after carrying out a 0 years project of investigating over 400 major decisions. In recent years, there have been many catastrophes caused by bad management decision making. Such recent examples of decision making catastrophes include the privatisation of British Rail, Chunnel, the Millennium Dome Project and the introduction of Concorde planes.


Such decisions are without doubt tough decisions to make by any company. According to Nutt, in his book Why Decisions fail, this is due to the characteristics of these decisions which involve choices that lead to become pivotal decisions that are either of the 'go' or 'no go' type. Such decisions are indistinctive about what type of action to take since different interpretations of a problem situation may imply different courses of action. Such decisions also have uncertainty due to the fact the expected outcomes will inevitably depend on uncertain events. Finally, such decisions will bring up possible conflicts of interests among stakeholders as well as among key individuals involved in the decision.


There are many tools that decision makers could use. These may include forecasts, decision trees or finding the prior information required for success like primary market research which are all important tools in decision making. However more specifically to this essay, there are two types of decision processes which represent two extremes. To avoid failure in making tough decisions, it is vital to identify these processes that businesses should consider in making any major management decisions. These two processes are the discovery process and the idea-imposition process and are both identified in Professor Paul Nutt's studies. Discovery process (or think first) is used to increase the chance of success. The process itself can be illustrated in the diagram below -


The process of discovery includes key actions such as taking into consideration the opinions of stakeholders and considering implementation barriers. This will help avoid conflict of interests which is a problem identified that has been identified. The stages after that are initial claim (or concern), identify arena of action, direction of action (desired result), identify options and finally evaluation. This process could work in the same way as the marketing strategy which is a continual process. Once the strategy is developed it needs to be constantly reviewed. The idea itself may seem to be a good one, however this does not mean it will work. It is important to test strategies, especially if they are risky. Market research (which was mentioned before), is necessary to ensure that the actions are producing the desired results. Evaluation of results. Finally, the evaluation will feed back into the system and in turn and contribute to the development of initial claims.


Idea-imposition is the process linked to failed decisions.


The Concorde - Success or Failure?


The Concorde, a joint British-French venture that began as early as 156, has been described as everything from an economic disaster to a modern marvel. Key British decision makers viewed supersonic air transportation as a necessity to remain at the front in the race among industrial age nations, as well as being able to keep face with the Americans who had leapt to a seemingly insurmountable lead in the air carrier industry. Through four Prime Ministers and various Parliamentary leaders, the Concorde managed to survive skeptics and go into joint production with the help of government subsidizing and very secret research into development, production, and operation costs. To this day that report remains a secret within the United Kingdom, but many have done their own research into these topics. What they have found leads one to believe that the Concorde is not quite the success, economically speaking, that British Airways and Air France would have the world to believe.


In July of 000, the Concorde suffered its first fatal accident in the 0 plus year history of its existence. With this crash came the expected questions of the aircrafts reliability and safety record, which were found to be remarkably good as compared to industry standards. Also coming into question is the necessity of supersonic transport, which leads to the world wondering just how good this aircraft is. Is it safe; is it economically sound; is it worth the costs and risks involved? I will attempt to answer these questions as objectively as possible, concentrating on the success or failure of the program in the United Kingdom.


By 15, the British government considered supersonic transport a confirmed principle and began investigation into production and project development. From 160-16, the British and French governments discussed a joint supersonic transport venture, leading to a treaty signed between the two for joint design, development, and production. Also during this time, the USSR began research into developing their own model of a supersonic transport, jokingly referred to by the outside world as the Konkordski. The United States was also compelled to enter the supersonic transport race for the same reasons the French and British did. These reasons could all be traced back to national pride. The Americans were torn over the subject, with the majority taking a definite pro- or anti- position. President John F. Kennedy even told the graduating class of the Air Force Academy in 16 that the nation would be committed to the supersonic transports development This commitment, I believe, is essential to a strong and forward-looking Nation, and indicates the future of manned aircraft as we move into a missile age as well. This prophecy, of sorts, would prove to be untrue, as the supersonic transport (SST) would not be pursued by the United States, due largely to economic reasons.


The French and British, however, would obviously go on to develop the Concorde through the 160s and early 170s, with the first aircraft entering service in 176. These aircraft are no doubt a technological marvel. Supersonic passenger transport is a testament to the rapid pace of human engineering discovery. Though the specific numbers and figures are vague, however, it is universally agreed upon that the Concorde is an economic disaster. No matter how much revenue the Concorde generates, it will never be able to repay what it cost to develop and produce. Program Development For my purposes here, the SST development began in 156. That November the Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee (STAC) was established. The purpose of this group was to assemble a group of government officials and British aircraft and engine manufacturers to begin the debate over the topic. Through previous research into the SST, the people at Farnborough (location of the STAC) had discovered only crude and silly aircraft. However, through the help of German aerodynamicist Dietrich Kuchemann, it was deemed some time in 157 that it would indeed be possible to build the SST. Not surprisingly, the STAC produced its report in 15 saying that the SST was a very real possibility and that research and development should go on. This could be considered as the beginning of opposition to the program. Though the STAC officially recommended the SST development, there were certainly individuals who opposed it vehemently. One of the most glaring problems was the dismal economic outlook. It was estimated at the time, by the STAC that cost would range from $165 million to $66 million. This cost, even if the $66 million figure is assumed, is off by a factor of about fifteen. The British governments estimate in 177 of total shared cost for the program was just under $1.7 billion. With considerations given to production costs and losses taken by British Airways and Air France, that figure shoots to over $.1 billion.


Government officials began to see the opposition growing. Those who favored the project scrambled for an economic partner to keep it alive. Those who opposed long for the program to be made public, seeing sure defeat due to political pressure. The friends to the Concorde got their wish in 16 when French President Charles de Gaulle pleaded with the British for a cooperative SST development. In November of that same year, the treaty was signed by the French and British to co-develop the SST, providing that both countries must in all aspects of the project make an equal contribution regarding both the costs to be taken on and the work to be carried out, and to share equally proceeds from sales. The project would be carried out by four companies, two each for the airframe and engine. British Aircraft Corporation, or BAE (British) and Sud Aviation (France) would be responsible for the airframe. Bristol Siddeley and SNECMA (British and French, respectively) would handle the development of the Olympus 5 engine. With the treaty signed and both nations eager to begin development and production, the project hit its first snag. Following the general election in 164, the new Labor Party announced in November that Britain would withdraw from the SST project. In January of 165, however, this statement was retracted and the program was once again under way. The Concorde continued to face adversity throughout development. What was thought of as a mach aircraft capable of London to New York travel with 150 passengers was fast become an aircraft that could reach just beyond mach with 10 passengers. And would fall about 00 miles short of New York. Then 100 passengers. Or eighty, depending on the Atlantic headwinds. Or seventy, depending on the heat when departing out of Bahrain.


Logistical nightmares were not the only problem. With every weight adjustment and airframe redesign, there seemed to be an engine redesign. With each engine redesign came an increase in noise. Coincidentally, the eco-movement was in full swing, and the increasingly stringent noise laws were putting a stronger and stronger chokehold on the SST program. The embattled program is not without its accomplishments, however. Just the fact that the program survived and supersonic travel is available to the public is considered a marvel in itself. The first test flight of the Concorde took place on March nd of 16, with it being a twenty-eight minute successful flight. On the Concordes 45th test flight, the program called for mach speed flight. During 16, the world would see Concorde make its maiden test flight, first mach flight, and first night landing, all successfully. With these feats, the economic situation of the program seemed to take a back seat to the wonder and amazement of the aircraft. In January of 176, the Concorde set off on her maiden flights. British Airways sent a Concorde to Bahrain, and Air Frances version made the trip to Rio. With the economic situation and environmental issues looming over the head of the Concorde, this day of glory would not be denied. The British press praised the event, with Air Commodore E.M. Donaldson of the Daily Telegraph saying, This without doubt must be the greatest leap forward in air travel the world has ever known. Most sentiments followed this, with a few obvious exceptions, such as the quote from Herb Coleman, London editor of Aviation Week he seats are very comfortable, up to first class forward. But its less adequate if you want to around. If youre used to wide-bodied planes Concordes cabin tends to close around you -- its like being back in Constellation days. Theres a high noise level although not enough to inhibit conversation. Apart from that its just another aircraft as far as Im concerned. Thought these sentiments were echoed by many, I presume, the overwhelming reaction was positive. The pro-Concorde lot finally had their day in the sun.


The year of 176 would not continue to be the upside of the Concorde story. In March of that year, the New York and New Jersey port authorities banned the Concorde from entering. This would put a serious bind on planned Concorde operations, as the route from London to New York was a driving factor since the late 150s. On the other hand, permission was not only granted by U.S transportation Secretary William Coleman for Concorde flights into Washington, D.C., he granted them in style. The first arrival of the Concorde in Washington was a flight of two, one French and one British, with a simultaneous approach and touchdown on parallel runways. 177 would prove to be a somewhat better year overall, as the Concorde reached its first year in service. In that year, she carried over 45,000 revenue-generating passengers and traveled over .5 million miles. In February, the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board granted permission for overland flight from Washington to Dallas. Also, and possibly the most important, the Concorde was allowed to operate into New York in November, after months of testing and long delays due to protests. However, the pendulum always swings both ways, and Malaysia banned the Concorde from operation there after only three flights. The Concorde was now a mainstay in civil aviation, but had become anything but ordinary. It still drew crowds on arrival at airports around the world, because of the aircraft itself and the desire to see just who was traveling onboard. After the initial honeymoon was over, the critics continued. The question now turned to safety, but was answered time and time again by successful, safe flights even when problems arose. Three times the Concorde suffered rudder failure in flight before it was replaced throughout the fleet. Each time, the flight ended without incident. In 14, an aircraft suffered three outer windowpanes shattering in flight at over 55,000 feet. There was no loss of pressurization, and the flight continued without incident to its destination.


The Concorde was fast gaining the reputation as the safest air travel option, if not the most expensive. This trend would continue until July of 000, when the program would suffer its first lost aircraft in over thirty years of operation. Air France Concorde 0 crashed after takeoff from Paris, killing all 10 people on board and three on the ground. The Concorde was grounded for 18 months and has never recovered since, even after receiving a £17 million safety improvement programme. On the 10th of April 00 Concorde's retirement was announced by both British Airways and Air France. On 1st May of that Year all Air France flights were suspended and on 4th October BA halted all flights. Now all that remains of Concorde is a mere memory and a museum showpiece.


Though noise could prove to be the Achilles heel of the Concorde, there were other problems as well. One that sometimes goes unnoticed is the presence of such great expectations of the program. A fleet of 00-00 was proposed in the beginning. As of 177, the British government considered 100 to be overly optimistic. With only 0 produced, and no more slated to be, the initial figures were obviously way off the mark. Combined with the horribly miscalculated production and development costs, this points directly at utter economic failure.


The question the success or failure of the Concorde, I believe, is still not answered even after thirty years. The fleet lasted for over 0 years. This alone could be considered evidence of success; an aircraft in operation for this amount of time, while withstanding the stresses of supersonic flight.


However, the Concorde is a commercial airplane. That is, it was designed for business purposes and businesses are in place to make a profit. The Concorde has never shown any profit and . The only saviour of the program has been government subsidies accounting for the losses of British Airways, totalling some $6.5 million annually.


That being said, my conclusion is that success or failure ultimately depends on what subject is in discussion. If it is in regards to technological advance and any testament to aerospace engineering and aircraft development - then the Concorde has been a complete success. However, in sole terms of economics, the program has been a dismal failure.


Millennium Dome


The Millennium Dome project is a principal example of decision failures. The project was to provide the centrepiece for the nation's Millennium celebrations by opening on New Year's Eve and running through the year 000. The project was funded by sources the national lottery, visitors and commercial sponsors.


The overall corporate aim had always been obscure ever since the Labour government had taken of the plans from the previous Tory government. Having been elected into power in 17, the project was already well underway and so the Labour government had no option but to facilitate the conclusion of the project. As the original idea was that of the Tory government, the Labour government would most probably not have been so keen on the ideology their predecessors had created. This would have inevitably led to the likelihood of an ambiguous overall aim.


Once the Dome had launched and was open to the public to attend, the turnout by visitors was well below figures that had been expected and that were needed in order to break even. In a recent government report, the Comptroller and Auditor General's conclusions were that "the main cause of financial difficulty is the failure to achieve the visitor numbers and income needed. The targets were ambiguous and inherently risky. This inevitably meant a significant degree of financial exposure on the project." Consultants had originally estimated 1.5 million visitors to the dome over the year and the actual figure was only 4.5 million. At the time of these estimates in 17, final decisions had yet to be made on the Dome's contents, ticket prices and marketing strategies. A worse case scenario had been considered but the measured figure for this was 8 million, well above the eventual figure. This was eventually approved as the basis of the business plan that was approved by the Commissioners in July 17. This underlines the level of uncertainly in the events leading up to the launch of the dome which proved to be critical. Decisions had been based upon abrupt forecasts, which is the primary reason behind the failure of the Dome.


In February 000 the company announced it was introducing a range of initiatives aimed at increasing customer visits after early turnout figures indicated the target of 1.5 million visitors would now be unrealistic. These initiatives included discounted tickets for repeat visits, reduced admission prices after 4pm, and linked deal to other London attractions. The decision to do this was a desperate measure taken to help improve upon the early visitor figures as the company realised it was in danger of falling well short of the break-even level. Thus this decision was made on more of a 'hunch' basis by senior management without the typical thorough research such a project would undertake before deciding upon to such an important resolution. The main reason behind the rushed decision was due to time constraints; the Dome was not a long-term attraction and only had 11 months left to achieve a viable objective.


Despite the many setbacks the Dome had suffered and when considering the many unforeseen obstacles it had to face, it can be also argued that the project had a certain degree of success. Firstly, the Dome was completed in time before New Year's Eve in 1 when many had predicted the building work would fall beyond the deadline. This success was due to management at construction who had overcome the fears by ensuring workers worked within their own specific deadlines set. Also, exit polls had showed that in August 000, 87% of customers were satisfied with their visit to the Dome and in addition, 86% were satisfied with the services provided by the Dome's hosts.


The Dome was closed a year after opening with serious losses whilst also being unable to find a buyer. Many had been held to blame ranging from the original consultants who had forecasted the figures to the incessant change at senior management during the running of the Dome in 000. On top of this, decisions were rushed by management without the appropriate research conducted such as the February initiatives when they had realised they were in danger of cashing in on very low visitor figures for the year. However, the company believed unforeseen external elements played a role in the failure of the Dome project. These included the constant negative media coverage that had downgraded the Dome, competition from other London attractions such as the London Eye and Tate Modern and the strength of the pound which had encouraged additional foreign travel by British people especially for short breaks at the expense of travel within the UK.


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Thursday, November 12, 2020

China outlines rules for IPOs

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China has announced tougher requirements for companies planning initial public offerings which analysts said would make it more difficult for unprofitable or shell businesses to float on the domestic market.


The rules, posted by the China Securities Regulatory Commission in state media on Monday, bar companies that have recently undergone major management or structural changes from listing and limit the scale of individual issues to twice the value of the companys net assets.


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They also ban listings of companies that rely on their largest shareholder for more than 0 per cent of sales and of companies whose purchases from the major shareholder account for more than 0 per cent of expenditure.


Chinese stock markets, among Asias worst performers this year but still widely considered to be overvalued, have slumped in recent months as investor enthusiasm fails to keep pace with a recent string of IPOs.


However, the announcement of the new rules did not appear to assuage the fears of an IPO glut, with the benchmark Shanghai composite index closing down 0.71 per cent on Monday to 1,81 points - an eight-month low.


The effectiveness of the new rules in improving the quality of new issues also depends largely on how strictly they are enforced - no easy matter given the political clout of many of the state-owned enterprises that await listing.


Dong Chen, a market analyst at China Securities Research in Beijing, said many past IPOs had been carried out by companies just reorganised in order to appear to meet profit requirements or companies almost wholly dependent on a parent for their core business.


Its a very common phenomenon, Mr Dong said.


The regulatory commission said companies must have been established for three years, and have no major management or business transformations in that period, before applying for a listing, although it also said some exceptions would be possible.


While Mr Dong gave the new rules a cautious welcome, he said that regulators also needed to find a way to help high-quality companies to list.


This is positive in itself, but only deals with one side of the problem, he said.


The regulator said the new rules would take effect on October 1, but that IPO applications already approved would not be affected.


Officials have been keen to support share prices, even though many companies with overseas listings trade at much higher multiples on domestic exchanges.


The CSRC this month ordered Yangtze Electric Power, which is building the massive Three Gorges dam and hydropower plant on the Yangtze river, to defer a Rmb10bn ($1.bn) offering planned for this month, apparently out of concern of its impact on the market.


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Love

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Themes of Literature


Love


"Love is born with the pleasure of looking at each other, it is fed with the necessity of seeing each other, it is concluded with the impossibility of separation!" So is marriage a job, or is it a beautiful thing? Do people enjoy the emotion and the romance of love, or is it just something to do? Everyone can be touched by the romantic aspects of quotes like this particular one, however this is not a realistic conception of love. In my opinion, most love scenarios are based on materialistic things, and there really is no such emotion which consumes a man and a women to become one. There are basic essential reasons why people "love" one anther. The conveniences of the relationship is the primary reason. This can be broken down into sub sections. Those sub-sections include child bearing and economic circumstance which play an important role in the "so called" emotion of love.


Almost ninety percent of American women marry a man who earns more money than they do. While economic situations play a role in every thing we do in life, economic circumstances are also the vital reasons for marriages. The simple fact that only ten percent of women marry men who are of equal or less financial status proves this. Many women in America work part time, while their spouse works full-time and brings home the majority of the family's income. Women's economic benefits from marriage are excessive. Economic stability is important to everyone. In today's society, two incomes are the difference between a suburban neighborhood and an urban one. Most people prefer a suburban neighborhood, marriage enables more people to choose this.


In today's culture many women have children out of wedlock. In the year of 00 alone there were 1,58,768 births to children out of wedlock. The fathers who want to be apart of their child's life try to make the best of the situation. The mothers try to make the best of the situation as well, therefore the supposedly logical conclusion would be to marry each other, and take care of their situation. It is said that children keep families together. Parents feel obligated to stay together for the sake of their children. The father needs the mother for nurturing, and the mother needs the father for financial stability. These two things go hand in hand. For the child's sake the mother wants to live in a beautiful area, where the criminal activity is at a low. After a study that was taken place at the University of Berkeley, a conclusion was made that criminal activity occurs more frequently in lower income areas. While men do in fact have it in them to be nurturers, women are born with a natural instinct to nurture their child. This can be seen clearly in the naturalistic observation of the animal kingdom. Most people believe this and that is why two people stay married. They claim love when it is not love for each other, but rather love for the child they have made.


The first thing most people think about when they hear love is the romance of love. By romance of love, simply meant, the Romeo and Juliet, and similar stories. There is much more to love than that. Marriage is the symbol of love. When two people are in love they decide to make a lifetime commitment. With the life time commitment there are downfalls. Divorce rates have skyrocketed since World War II. Fifty percent of marriages are expected to fail. The divorce rates started rising in the sixties and rose even more during the seventies. They leveled off in the eighties and since then have declined slightly. More and more couples are divorcing for a numerous amount of reasons. Poor communications, financial problems, a lack of commitment, infidelity are all major reasons for divorce. These things are all very common occurrences in marriages.


At the time, marriage is a convenience for the two parties involved. There are many different situations as to what these conveniences pertain to, but they all fall under conveniences. Some reasons are, because of economical situations and other reasons are family situations. Either way it is what is convenient for the man and the women. In no way are most marriages based on this fabricated emotion between a man and a women that we believe is romantic love. This is I believe most love scenarios are based on materialistic things, and there really is no such emotion which consumes a man and a women to become one. In becoming one people would have to become selfless and except not only their own faults but the faults of another. While this is a conceivable notion it is rare. That is why love is rare and uncommon. So what is love? It is a situation that makes life easier. It is the farthest thing away from an emotion two people feel when they get to know each other.


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Wednesday, November 11, 2020

Newspaper articles

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A Rocky shore…


Aim The aim of this was to find different species of animals and plant life on the rocky shore of Mooloolaba and determine where their habitats are and talk about their dangers and how they manage to survive.


Procedure


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Results and discussion


The following answers to the questions is the information gathered on the day


1. A profile of the rocky shore shows


Scale


Physical features


Positions of dominate organisms


A key to the dominate organisms


. Four Dominate Organisms


Organism 1 Barnacle


Zone


A) All possible problems faced


· Battering from waves


· Predators such as Mulberry Shells


· Dehydration from sun


B) All characteristics the organism has to enable it to survive the problems


· Hard shell to protect from waves and predators.


· Gluey mucus to cement itself to the rock to prevent falling off.


C) The organism eats


· Algae that is brought in with every tide.


D) Protection from predators


· Its only defense is its Hard-shell to make it difficult for predators to get inside to eat the organism.


Organism Enemies


Zone


A) All possible problems faced


·


B)


C)


D)


Organism Chiton


Zone


A)


B)


C)


D)


Organism 4 Crab


Zone


A)


B)


C)


D)


4)


a) Most coastal habitats should have an extremely high concentration of animal life because there are lots of different microhabitats that suit amphibious terrestrial and aquatic organisms as well as a constant food supply.


b) Some coastal habitats are decreasing in the number of variety of life. This is due to constant human interfearance, erosion and sea levels rising due to the increase of temperature causing the ice poles to melt.


5) Different points on a bolder on a rocky shore may experience different physical conditions even though they are on the same rock.


a) relating to surface temperature


Depending on the time of day a or b may be more exposed


to the sunlight whereas c is completely covered. This exposure to the sun will effect the temperature for example- if an organism is fully exposed to the sun it will experience a higher temperate to what an organism would that is partially exposed or not exposed at all.


b) Relating to wave action


Depending on which direction the waves are coming from a or b would be would be under more harsh battering. If the direction of the waves were on point a side of the rock and organisms living there would have to withstand direct hitting of waves whereas organisms that live on point b side of the rock would not have as rough conditions as the water from the wave with glide over the top of the rock and down the other side in a more gentle motion. C does not experience any battering from the waves.


6) The following factors would differ in rock pools assuming it is low tide


Salinity The rock pools closer to the water at the LWM will have the lowest concentration of salt due to the lack of time for water to evaporate which causes the salinity of the water to rise as there is less water and more salt. Therefore rock pools at the HWM will have the highest concentration of salt.


Temperature Rock pools at the HWM will have the highest temperature because they are exposed to the sun for longer than the rock pools at the LWM. The pools at the LWM are constantly refilled with cooler water.


Oxygen The rock pools at the LWM will have the highest concentration of oxygen due to the constant movement on the water from the incoming waves. The HWM rock pools will have less oxygen because of the stillness and heating of the water.


Obviously rock pools at the MWM would have oxygen, temperature and salinity levels that are in between those of the HWM and the LWM.


7.) Hypothesis


Procedure


CONCLUSION


The Rainforest and Eucalypt Forest……..


AIM


PROCEDURE


Q 1 The rainforest felt cold, wet and damp, and the sounds of birds and flowing water could be heard. The rainforest smelt fresh and as we went further into the forest it got cooler and the sound of water got louder.


Q Organisms in the rainforest fern, mosquitoes


Moss, butterfly, ants, stag horns, lichen, crows nest,


Vines, leaches, grass trees, birds, eucalyptus trees, bush turkey, tree fern, snail, spider, boatman, palm trees, toadstools


Q (a) The under story of the rainforest is thin and doesn't have many shrubs


Q 4 'Drip-tips' are the tips of leaves that point down


Q 5 (a) Strangler figs can be seen growing on other trees


(b) Seeds of strangler figs are dispersed in bird droppings.


(c) These trees are called 'strangler figs' because they strangle other trees.


Q 6 (a) young rainforest trees are usually very thin and spindley because they do not get enough light to grow because of the thick canopy.


(b) The purpose of buttress roots, is to assist the tree absorb oxygen if the soil becomes water logged.


Q 7 Various vines have adapted to the low light conditions in the rainforest by climbing other trees until they reach the sunlight.


Q 8 The 'leaf litter' that covers the floor of the rainforest is important because it puts nutrients into the soil after it is decomposed, it is then used as food for the plants.


Q The soil in the rainforest is not fertile enough for agricultural purposes as it is mainly leaf litter


Q 10 (a) Rainforests are also called closed forests because they have a closed canopy excluding light from the forest floor.


(b) The eucalyptus forest is dryer than the rainforest, and is slightly less green in colour. The eucalypt forest is also a little more spread out / less dense and rockier than the rainforest. This is due to the exposure to the hot sun.


Q 11 The grass trees with blackened stems have adapted to their environment in a way that they have become immune to the bushfires. They disperse their seeds during the very hot temperatures of the fire.


Q 1 (a) The soil on the hill going down to the water fall is very loose and crumbly, because it is dry due to the exposure to the sunlight.


(b) The soil on the hill wouldn't hold much water because of evaporation from the sun


Q 1 (a) The plants that are growing down the rock walls on the hill are Lichen.


(b)


Q 14


Q 15


Q 16 (a) After a fire has occurred, plants that dominate the area would be tall trees and grass trees because of their immunity and the tall trees would obtain little damage.


(b) After a fire it is possible for the rainforest to survive if the fire was small otherwise the fire would dry the soil out too much.


(c) As time passes after a fire the forest canopy will be damaged therefore there will be more understorey.


Q 17 This whole range was once covered with rainforest, much of which has been cleared.


Q 18 There has been considerate debate over the clearing of rainforests. There is particular concern about the possible clearing of the Daintree rainforest, and on a world wide scale, of the clearing of the Amazon rainforest.


Q 1 Two advantages of plants growing in the under story would be that they always have plenty of water and the soil they grow in is full of nutrients due to the decomposing of the fallen leaves and other forest 'litter'.


Two disadvantages of a plant living in the under story of the rainforest are insufficient light which slows down their growth rate, as they do not get enough light for photosynthesis, all of the energy gained from the sun is put into making food and not growing. Plants may also get flooded and washed away if there is to much rain and the soil can't hold all the water.


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