How the Finch family in To Kill a Mocking Bird related to Calpurnia

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Calpurnia

Calpurnia is the black maid to the Finch's in Harper Lee's novel "To Kill A Mockingbird." She is treated by the Finch's as if she were a Finch as they see her as a member of their family. She is a friendly person whom is helpful and caring to the entire Finch family. Calpurnia is seen by the reader as almost being a white person, even though her skin is black and she comes from a black family and background.

Calpurnia has spent "all her days working for the Finch's" and she does her work in a happy yet serious way. She is happy to care for and teach the Finch's as she feels they too care and teach her. It appears to the reader that Calpurnia almost lives a double life; a white family member whilst working and a black woman at her home. She is seen by the reader to be clever and well educated, a thing that most black people of that time were not. Calpurnia is also seen to be quite strict and firm with the children, even though she is in actual fact being loving and compassionate. Even though Calpurnia lives half her life as a white, she still attends black church and has a close bond with all the blacks in the community.

There are many reasons Harper Lee chose to put Calpurnia in the novel and position her in the way she did. Harper Lee wanted the reader to see how Calpurnia interacted with both whites and blacks in a similar manner. By having Calpurnia as the Finch's maid, Harper Lee effectively shows the reader that the Finch family are completely un-racist, unlike many of Maycomb's residents. Another reason why Harper Lee positioned Calpurnia as the Finch's maid was to show how children inherit their parent's views and beliefs. This is seen by the way Scout and Jem both treat Calpurnia as an equal, just like their father Atticus does.

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The reader sees Calpurnia care for the Finch children in two different ways; as their housekeeper and as a "member of the family." Calpurnia is hired by the Finch's to cook, clean and generally take care of the Finch's and the Finch household. The reader knows Calpurnia grew up on Finch landing so her loyalty to the Finch's is clearly understood by the reader.

The reader sees how Calpurnia loves the Finch's as if they were her own flesh and blood and is referred to by them as a "member of the family." She is treated as an equal by the Finch's. This is seen by the reader in the way Calpurnia address' the Finch's on a first name basis and the way they do the same with her. It is also seen by the strong loyalties and relationship Calpurnia has with the Finch's. Calpurnia also seen by the reader to act as Jem and Scout's mother. She looks out and watches over them. The reader can tell she feels like the mother of the Finch children in the way she talks about not wanting "anybody to say I don't look after my children."

The Finch family see and regard Calpurnia as a "member of the family." The reader knows that Calpurnia grew up with Atticus on Finch landing so it appears obvious why they share such a close bond. This bond is responsible for Calpurnia being treated as an equal member of the family. Calpurnia is treated exactly like a Finch family member by the Finch's and she is included in all family discussions and decisions. When Aunt Alexandra tries to dismiss Calpurnia, Atticus shows his loyalty to Calpurnia by saying "Anything fit to say at the table is fit to say in front of Calpurnia." This just shows that Atticus is siding with Calpurnia over his own flesh and blood as he feels Calpurnia is just as much his sister as Aunt Alexandra is.

Calpurnia is seen as both a "member of the Finch family" and the "mother of the household." She is considered by all Finch's to be a relative; a sister to Atticus and a mother to Scout and Jem. The children obey Calpurnia as they know and respect her decisions. The Finch children will also often consult Calpurnia on their ideas and questions as she listens carefully and offers useful suggestions to them. Calpurnia is cared about like she was truly part of the family as in the Finch's eyes, she is. In return, Calpurnia shows them the same love and respect that they she her.

The Finch family didn't instantly respond to Calpurnia in the way they were seen to in the novel. It took time for them to trust and respect Calpurnia. The reader knows the Finch family have know Calpurnia a long time as she "grew up on Finch landing" and has "spent all [her] days working for the Finch family." Over time, the reader presumes that a strong bond was made between the Finch's and Calpurnia, resulting in an everlasting relationship where she is seen as a "member of the family." The Finch family always try to look through Calpurnia's point of view before judging her. By doing this, the Finch family are able to look past Calpurnia's differences and see that she is like them; a human.

Calpurnia is an essential character in the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird." She is the perfect black character to have as she relates well to the Finch's and they relate well to her. She shares a bond with the Finch's which is deeper than race, skin colour, community views and, in some cases, flesh and blood. Calpurnia shows the reader that back then, not all white people were racist towards the blacks and not all blacks were as uneducated and as inhumane as people of that era thought.

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Critical Evaluation of Scientific Article

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Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo, Dec 001, ¡®Embarrassment in consumer purchase the roles of social presence and purchase familiarity¡¯, Journal of Consumer Research, v8 i p47(), viewed 5 August 00, available from the Griffith University.

According to Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo (001), embarrassment is a familiar and widely occurring emotion that affects many facets of our social behavior. Although it¡¯s often occur in purchasing and has been used as an item in scale batteries measuring emotion in marketing context, there has been little or no research that explore why embarrassment happens in consumer behavior. So in this research, authors tried to reveal the ¡®potential for embarrassment in consumer¡¯ (Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo 001).

To begin with, the article defined embarrassment during purchase as ¡®an aversive and awkward emotional state following events that increase the threat of unwanted evaluation from a real or imagined social audience¡¯ (Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo 001). And two elements, which could drive embarrassment, were identified. First, the concern for others¡¯ attitude (which refers the Social Presence) drives embarrassment. Second, a lack of experience with a situation leads to awkwardness and potentially creates feelings of embarrassment (Miller 16).

After that the article examined how social presence and purchase familiarity affect purchase embarrassment. And buy discussing in some psychology literature the authors expressed hypotheses.

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H1 A consumer will experience a higher of embarrassment during an embarrassing product purchase when a real or imagined social presence exists (The Role of Social Presence).

H A consumer who is familiar with the purchase of an embarrassing product will experience a lower level of embarrassment than a consumer who is not familiar with making such a purchase (The Importance of Familiarity).

However, because familiarity leads to the development of purchasing scripts, that is, heuristic rules that simplify purchase (Bozinoff 181; Sujan, Bettman, and Sujan 186), which enable customers to make decisions more easily (Park et al. 18) and reduce the influence of external aspects of the purchase environment (Alba and Hutchinson 187). The article predicts that the effort of social presence (real or imagined) on the likelihood that consumers experience embarrassment will be moderated by familiarity with the purchase. So two more hypotheses were expressed.

Ha A consumer who is unfamiliar with the purchase of an embarrassing product will experience a higher level of embarrassment when there is a real or imagined social presence (vs. when there is no social presence).

Hb A consumer who is familiar with the purchase of an embarrassing product will experience little difference in the amount of embarrassment that is felt when there is a real or imagined social presence (vs. when there is no social presence).

After a conceptual framework was developed, the article tried to seek the potential importance of real social presence and familiarity with the product purchase; and test the hypotheses that mentioned above by Study 1.

It chose condoms as the investigation and the confederate was a young adult male who was chose to counterbalance the gender of the female sales clerk. To fit the social presence condition, ¡®the confederate was present in the pharmacy next to the condom aisle display, whereas in the no-social-presence condition, the confederate was not present¡¯ (Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo 001). Further, the study was held during time periods when store traffic was minimal. undergraduate students (one-third were males) were chose as the subjects, and they were asked to select an envelope which actually identified the pharmacy as the store to visit and a three-pack of condoms as the product to be purchased.

After finish the purchase, subjects were asked to finish a questionnaire. The questionnaire asked them the level of embarrassment they experienced. Furthermore, in order to find the familiarity, subjects were asked whether they had ever bought condoms. In addition, as a check for the social presence factor, they then indicated their awareness of how many customers were present. And some other relative questions were asked.

From the study, the hypothesis 1 and were supported. And as predicted, hypotheses a and b were supported as well, by analysing the statistics result. Further, the article found that an awareness of social presence reinforce the feeling of embarrassment only when the consumer has little familiarity with the purchase. So second study was designed, which interesting in ¡®the relationship between purchase familiarity and social presence by considering the impact of an imagined social presence ¡¯ (Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo 001).

In Study , the article tried to support hypotheses 1, , a and b. Further, thoughts of a social audience are less likely to occur because familiarity results in greater automaticity with the purchase task and should reduce the cognitive activity at the selection and commitment stage (Alba and Hutchinson 187). So the article indicated its last hypothesis.

H4 A consumer who is familiar with the purchase of an embarrassing product is less likely to imagine a social presence than a consumer who is not familiar with the purchase.

¡®Condom purchase using a vending machine was selected as the context for this investigation¡¯. Two vending machines were set in male and female restrooms which on the low-traffic location. Two conditions were used to vary the openness of the restroom. One is to make sure no one enter the room when subjects purchase. In the open restroom condition, the rest room appeals normal, so that subjects are more likely to ¡®imagine the social presence¡¯.

141 undergraduate students (65males and 76 females) were chose as the subjects. As the first study, subjects were asked to choose, at random, an envelope, which enclosed the number of one of the vending machine and the number of product. After finished, they were asked to state thoughts and feelings when making the purchase. And the researchers payed attention on whether an imagination of a social audience was identified. Further, the data of subjects¡¯ purchase familiarity was collected as well.

The study found that an imagined social presence was an important catalyst of embarrassment, so hypothesis 1 was supported. Furthermore, familiarity was also an essential factor that drives embarrassment. The higher familiarity people get, the lower embarrassment they fell. Obviously, hypothesis was supported.

However, the result of this study didn¡¯t support the hypotheses Ha and Hb because, as the author said, ¡®those who are familiar with the purchasing act and do imagine a social presence report similar levels of embarrassment to those who imagine a social presence and are unfamiliar with the purchasing act. It was only shown to reduce the likelihood of imagining an audience in the first place (Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo 001). Anyway, this study has proved hypotheses 1 and . In addition, as the author said, it made a new progress by showing that embarrassment can be experienced in situations where a social presence is physically absent.

From two studies above, the author found that social presence and purchase familiarity are two significant elements creating embarrassment to consumer. Further, from first study, the result indicated that the familiarity reduce the influence of real social presence. However, from the second study, the author found that familiarity with purchase couldn¡¯t reduce the influence of imagined social presence. Finally, the author mentioned that gender would not influence the level of embarrassment from both studies at the end of this article.

I agree with most points stated in this article. However, I would argue that there are some limitations of this article.

Firstly, the range of subjects was limited; student is only part of the general public, the result got from research may not represent all people in society. Customer often purchase in supermarket or shopping centre, and these places normally have more people than in student centre, so the level of embarrassment is different.

Furthermore, the range of social audience involved in Study 1 was too narrow; it was insufficient to reveal the relationship between real social presence and embarrassment. In addition, when subjects bought condoms, they knew that it is a research, so the feeling of embarrassment might be reduced.

Another point I want to mention is that, due to the fact that the test was developed in American context, it might not applicable across the cultures. This is especially true in terms of Asian culture. Culture is the man-made part of the environment (Herskovits, 15). People in different culture have different personality, which refers to different characteristic pattern or enduring tendency of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. So some people might not care about what others thinking about them at all.

Finally, at the end of this article, it argued that gender would not influence the level of feeling embarrassment. I don¡¯t agree with this point. Here is an example that could support my opinion. In China males would feel embarrassment if they bought sanitary for their wives or girlfriends. However when women bought sanitary, they don¡¯t feel embarrassment at all. Because Chinese man thought that sanitary is for female use only. In contrast, this situation might not exit in US or Australia. Actually, it is also a good example for the culture difference, which I have mentioned above.

In conclusion, this article revealed some significant knowledge of embarrassment, which is very useful in studying consumer behaviour. The questions raised by the findings from this article indicate a need for future researches. Firstly, the expectation of relationship between familiarity and imagined social presence was not met. So future study could focus more on the difference between imagined social presence and real social presence.

Additionally, future research could pay more attention on the different factors, which could drive embarrassment in different cultures. There should be some interesting knowledge for people to explore.

Reference

Alba, Joseph W. and J. Wesley Hutchinson (187), Dimensions of Consumer Expertise, Journal of Consumer Research, 1 (March), 411-454.

Bozinoff, Lorne (181), A Script Theoretic Approach to Information Processing An Energy Conservation Application, in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. , ed. Andrew A. Mitchell, Ann Arbor, MI Association for Consumer Research, 481-486.

Darren W. Dahl, Rajesh V. Manchanda, Jennifer J. Argo 001. Embarrassment in consumer purchase the roles of social presence and purchase familiarity¡¯, Journal of Consumer Research, v8 i p47 ().

Miller (16), Embarrassment Poise and Peril in Everyday Life, New York Guilford.

Park, C. Whan, Easwar S. Iyer, and Daniel C. Smith (18), The Effects of Situational Factors on In-Store Grocery Shopping Behavior The Role of Store Environment and Time Available for Shopping, Journal of Consumer Research, 15 (March), 4-4.

Sujan, Mita, James R. Bettman, and Harish Sujan (186), Effects of Consumer Expectations on Information Processing in Selling Encounters, Journal of Marketing Research, (November), 46-5.

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The day I saved someone's life

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Narrative Essays

"An event that changed your views of yourself"

I always looked at my self as if I couldn't help anybody in an act of bravery but the day I saved someone's life changed my views about myself very quickly. Saving someone's life to me is something taken very seriously and takes a lot of courage to handle. A situation like that brings you to reality fast and on that day reality hit me in the face. I never would have thought in a million years that I would have saved someone's life and got accredited for it, but things happen.

I went to nursing school and learned CPR and first aid in the first month of me being they're. I succeeded well in the class and handled CPR with no problem. I even received an A+ in the class. Nursing school to me at first was a way of getting out of going to college and, helping people never crossed my mind. I just wanted something to do with my life and fast. I felt that way until I realized knowing things like CPR and first aid can help people and helping people helps you to help your self. I realized that the day I saved someone's life using CPR.

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The day I saved someone life I was on my way to school not expecting anything to change from my daily routine. I was getting on a septa bus full with many people. It was a very hot day and no one felt good from the heat. As I got on the bus there was a woman standing by her self complaining about how she was hot, that her head was starting to hurt, that she was dizzy and how she wasn't able to breathe thoroughly. The bus driver asked her if she was felt ill as did some of the other riders. She said I'm fine, so the bus driver continued to drive. When the bus came to a stop light, the lady started to wobble and lose her balance. Someone offered his seat but she refused because her stop was coming up, she said. Right after she refused the seat, she fainted. I was so scared and didn't know what to do once she fainted. I could barely move to help her. The bus driver shouted, "Does anyone has a cell phone? Please Call 11." He then said, "Does anybody know first aid procedures?" As scared as I was, I raised my hand and said, " I know first aid and CPR." So I got down on the floor beside her and began to check for a pulse and her breathing. My heart began to pump faster and faster because she wasn't breathing. I put her on position for CPR and began performing the procedures. I received no movement or breathing. I repeated the procedures twice and finally I got a breath. She was gasping for air and was sweating badly. I held her hand and whispered in her ear. "My name is Chenelle, I'm right here with you, just breathe and you will be fine. The paramedics are on their way." Once the paramedics arrived they took all of my information, everything about the lady that I knew, and they took a record of all the procedures I did.

Afterwards, although I was late for school I felt proud of my self and felt like a whole new person. All because I helped someone. Approximately a week later I received a phone call from some woman named Virginia Lincoln-Graham who was the woman whose life I saved that day on the bus. She told me that she appreciated my courage to stand up and help her and that she wanted to say thank you. A few days later I received a reward check of ,500 dollars. She also gave my name and told the story to the radio station Power FM . The radio station called me asked me questions about that day and how I felt. When It was all said and done the radio station named me "The hero of the day."

So as I came to reality I realize that having courage and believing in your self can reach a far way. Anything can happen at anytime and for that matter you should always be prepared to act. That day changed my views of myself a whole lot and my views will always be to believe in me.

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CATERPILLAR / KOMATSU CASE

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Caterpillar, Inc. (Cat) is the global leader in the heavy construction equipment industry. In addition to that, it has a meaningful presence in several other global industries such as agricultural equipment, diesel engines, and equipment financing.

Due to the unexpected changes of the heavy construction equipment industry, along with the world recession of the early 80¡¦s, Caterpillar had to face a major decline in growth of its main business segments during the 180¡¦s. The worldwide unit sales of construction machinery fell an average annual rate of

4.%. The company registered a $180 million dollar loss that same year, the second loss since its incorporation in 15. In addition to that, the conditions let the arrival of new competitors in the field such as Komatsu, which came along competing strongly in price and new products. Miscalculating the length and effect of the world recession, in 184 Caterpillar found itself having 75% more capacity than in 17, but only 5% more production.

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Competitive advantages

„X Provide the industry¡¦s highest and best quality heavy construction equipment.

„X Best after-sale service provide worldwide information within the company about product and parts availability and feedback from customers.

„X International distribution 0 plants in a dozen countries and sale offices, dealer network and distributors in most of the rest of the world.

„X Management of relations with governments and private customers who has major constructions and mining projects in developing countries.

„X Strong dealer and service network used to support the marketing effort of the equipment maker and provide it with valuable market information.

„Ï To be more flexible manufacturing and more offshore production to reduce exposure to exchange rate fluctuations and reduce vulnerability to US conditions in general.

„Ï To enter to Japanese market by doing a join venture with another company in that country.

„Ï To buy out other small companies of the same business which are in a bad financial situation.

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Abuses of the Roman Catholic Chruch during the 14 and 1500's

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As a consequence of the explosion of culture and religion through the Renaissance period of the 16th century, the church went from crise to crise culminating to the time of an Augustinian monk called Martin Luther. The Renaissance period saw the rebirth of critical thinking against the church and when this was applied, it led to relationship discrepancies between Popes, Kings and the relationship between the clergy and the people. There were huge expectations placed on the Roman Catholic Church at this time, however during this period the cultural and religious unity of Europe was decimated. Martin Luther would later go on to be one of the greatest challenges towards the church.

Corrupt Renaissance Popes, the scandal of the Great Western Schism, nepotism, and the selling of Episcopal offices weakened the papacy. Christians wanted reform in the leadership of the Church. Although all of these factors contributed to the demise of the church, the selling of indulgences by Pope Leo X was by far the most controversial. An indulgence was the remission for the living and for the dead of punishment incurred by sin. The selling of indulgences was a huge revenue raised for the Basilica of St Peter's in Rome. The Dominicans preached these indulgences throughout Germany and crowds gathered and heard the preachers declaring that "Another soul to heaven springs when in the box a shilling rings " . As the papacy counted their shillings other powers were also being exploited and abused. Corruption within the church was continuously evident as the Papacy was blamed for Simony and Nepotism. 'Nepotism' was the preference of employment by Popes of their friends and family members and 'Simony' was the selling of Episcopal offices by the papacy which was also seen as another revenue raiser.

The Black Death was a disease that swept through Europe during the middle ages killing hundreds of thousands of people. The black death brought a dark fear of death and gave rise to a religion of emotion and superstition. Images of the last judgement filled the faithful with dread and terror. People turned to relics and magical practices in order to guarantee safety, salvation and this surely was a tough time for the Church. Nationalism became more and more evident as the abuses of the church continued and as papal taxation became absurd. Nationalism meant that Princes and Kings in the newly reformed nation states resented the control the Pope exerted over their territory. They increasingly fought with the Popes, who were often interested only in increasing papal power in Italy.

Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany in the year of 148. He was educated in the schools of Magdeburg and Eisenach and the University of Erfurt. In 1505 he entered the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt and was ordained a priest in 1507. The next year he became a lecturer at the University of Wittenberg and after a short visit to Rome on business for his order, was made doctor of theology and professor of Biblical literature in 151. During the next four years Luther engaged in a severe spiritual struggle as he became more keenly aware of the deep gulf between god's demand of righteousness and his own unrighteousness. His continued study of the epistles of Saint Paul sharpened this conflict but he also drew enormous amounts of motivation from one of St Paul's letters to the Romans which entailed that "Man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law" . In 1517 the Dominican monk Johann Tetzel arrived in the neighbourhood of Wittenberg. Pope Leo X as discussed earlier authorized Tetzel and others to raise money for the reconstruction of Saint Peter's basilica in Rome and were to do so by inviting church members to contribute funds promising them a remission of temporal punishment for the individual's sins. Luther was outraged by the hypocrisies of the Papacy and reacted on this by drawing up ninety-five theses, in which he had tacked not only with the abuses connected with the granting of indulgences, but also their doctrinal basis. On October 1, 1517 he nailed his theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. Although Luther had no intension of opposing the authority of Rome or of causing a schism in the church, this act is regarded as the beginning of the reformation.

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Boniface VIII stated that "outside the church there is no salvation" , Luther provided an alternative to this, however, he attached three key elements, which he believed was the key to true salvation. These three elements was faith alone, scripture alone and grace alone. Faith alone meant that you had only a belief and trust in the saving action of God for Luther continuously stated that "as long as you have faith in God that's all you need for life" . Scripture Alone meant that you would have to reject catholic practices and the authority of bishops and councils. He declared the bible to be the soul source of authority for the Christians and once again stated that "the bible is the guiding light of our faith" . Grace alone meant that grace was a free gift from God which ignores the sinfulness of human beings and saves them regardless. Humans were corrupted by original sin and could therefore do no good, hence meaning that nothing a person did in the way of works could earn them salvation. Luther affirmed Grace alone by stating that "grace is god's gift you can't buy it, you earn it" .

As Luther's theses had a huge effect in Germany, it quickly reached Rome via the printing press, however, the church was initially slow in reacting to this challenge. The nobles of Germany and other surrounding countries, supported Luther and suddenly he gained political strength. Coincidently it was rather obvious that the nobles would encourage Luther, as they would be able to skip the excessive papal taxes, which would have been incurred on their country at that time, this factor also contributed to nationalism which was discussed earlier. With growing and heated arguments between Luther and the Pope he was excommunicated in 151 as a result of his antagonism towards the Papal bull.

Although the actions of Luther may be seen as the commencement of the reformation, it was extended beyond this point by a man called John Calvin. Calvin took the belief of Luther one step further however he also created and published some doctrines of his own. The doctrine of predestination which was one of Calvin's central beliefs was that Christ died only for the elect. The elect cannot resist god's grace. Nor can they backslide. One of the many similarities was that both Calvin and Luther accept only two sacraments, those two being Baptism and Eucharist and they both rejected whatever was not in the bible including sacraments, images, organs and hymns.

Towards the mid to late 150's the church began its response towards all of the challenges including the ones from Luther and Calvin. The year 1540 saw the introduction of the society of Jesus also known as the Jesuits. The Jesuits were founded by Ignatius of Loyola who had a significant religious conversion in 151 after being wounded by the French while defending the Spanish town of Pamplone. The Jesuits represented the new spirit of Catholicism and their main mission was to go out and preach and they gave direct loyalty to the Pope through a forth vow of obedience. They worked directly to set up schools to educate priests and laymen and through this they also gained political strength as they often would be educating the son's of nobles. In 1545 Pope Paul III called the council of Trent and their aims were to define large number of points of dogma, demanding reforms in pastoral care and also to reaffirm papal supremacy. Although the council began in 1545 and ended in 156, three attempts were made to bring the council to a conclusion however as a result of European wars and heated arguments the council only sat between 1545-1547 under Pope Paul III where it was moved to Bologna in Italy, 1551-155 under Pope Julius III where it moved back from Bologna to Trent, 1555-155 under Pope Paul IV where he tried to reform the church using his own methods, through inquisition and index and finally in 156-156 where the fathers that were present affirmed all decisions taken since its commencement in 1545. At the conclusion of the council of Trent Luther's beliefs of faith alone, scripture alone and grace alone were responded to and decisions were made so that the abuses were stoped and the church was no longer corrupt.

Shortly after the time of the council of Trent three men restored the faith of the people in the papacy. Popes PiusV (1566-157), Gregory XIII (157-1585) and Sixtus V (1585-150) were the three popes that followed during a recovering time for the church. Pius V was seen as the believer who fought against the heretics and the Turks and published the Catholic church Catechism which was originally intended for priests. Gregory XIII was seen as the organiser whom created the Gregorian calendar and chants and Sixtus V was seen as the man of actions he established stable parishes and seminaries as well as setting up a central government for the church which is also known as the Roman Congregations to assist the ministries of the Pope and cardinals were distributed amongst these congregations. Although the Catholic inquisition was a negative effect producing fear, anger and hatred the church was able to control it's enemies as it felt extremely under siege.

The aim of the counter reformation which lasted between the years 1540-1568 was to recover the 'lost souls' and the council of Trent, the Jesuits and the reforming popes assisted in doing just that, however, this did not eventuate and the spirit was irreversible, yet the church had gained many 'new souls' through missions throughout the world. The church was smaller in size and authority at this time but 'leaner and fitter' in its ability to evangelise and care for its faithful. The council of Trent and the implementation of its reforms halted the self destruction of the church and led to many successful factors and outcomes of the catholic-reformation. Simony and Nepotism was outlawed, there were clear doctrinal statements of belief, papal supremacy was reaffirmed marriage laws were tightened, seven sacraments defined and suddenly faith in action was deemed necessary for a Christian life. Despite the reform the Protestant and Catholic Churches were never re-united but on the contrary to its relationship with society the church fortified itself, it became solid in foundation and was able to attack and defend itself through the Jesuits, the popes foot soldiers and the council of Trent. After the counter reformation the church was able to show how it was One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic by following the teachings and examples of Christ in a more authentic way. This model of the church was sustained through many centuries all the way up until the Vatican II council in 16 where the windows of the church was opened.

In conclusion, the challenges towards the church by Luther and Calvin, improved the church and in conjunction with the response at the council of Trent through the Jesuits and the reforming Popes, created the effect which is significant and meaningful as these events helped to shape and sustain our beliefs, which under the guidance of the holy spirit will continue to be sustained forever.

Please note that this sample paper on Abuses of the Roman Catholic Chruch during the 14 and 1500's is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Abuses of the Roman Catholic Chruch during the 14 and 1500's, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Abuses of the Roman Catholic Chruch during the 14 and 1500's will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Scent of A Women (Film) - Theme - Friendship

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Think five to ten years down the track, who will play a vital role in your life? Will you still be friends with the ones you call friends now? What really is the definition of true friendship? And how do Charlie and Slade portray this, in the film Scent of a Woman by Martin Brest? Furthermore, why is friendship so important in society? Why does it have such a big impact on our lives? I believe it gives us security and a feeling of wanting to be needed, but is that all we really need?

Charlie and Slade are two men, polar opposites it would seem, each struggling with life choices. One is plagued with a moral crisis while the other is a walking crisis, yet these two seem to find in each other the strength to face their particular problems.

Charlie Simms is a seventeen-year-old boy, who goes to a private, rich boy's New Hampshire boarding school, and is on a full scholarship. He crosses paths with Lieutenant Colonel Slade, an obnoxious retired colonel with a very limited appreciation of women. He intensely despises himself, and is undergoing a rapid physical deterioration as he mentally contemplates his forthcoming death. The link between the mind and the body is clear as he programs his body to slow down it's functioning in preparation for its final demise.

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Charlie first thought of Slade as a misanthrope, a person who dislikes people in general. But later discovers that Slade and his cross roads were destined to meet each other.

"Two may talk together under the same roof for many years, yet may not really meet; and two others at first speech are old friends." I believe this is a good saying for the movie Scent of a Woman, because it shows the relationship between Charlie's School friends with Charlie himself, and Slade with Charlie.

However, is the relationship between Charlie and Slade a true friendship? I believe true friendship is extremely rare, even though most of us will make lots of friends throughout out lifetimes; very few will be true friends. Well, in the movie Scent of a Woman, Charlie Simms, after taking a job for babysitting a blind man, meets maybe his first true friend. Lieutenant Colonel Slade, even though he may not realise it at first, Charlie soon finds out that they are two lost friends both with problems that they can both conquer if they work together.

The more time these two spend together enjoying fine clothes, fine dining, the best accommodations, a tango with a beautiful woman, a ride in a ten thousand dollar sports car, they discover other treasures of life, which are being a friend, being needed and being able to make a difference in someone elses life, no matter how hard it is to do. They wind up doing something phenomenal for each other, giving each of them a life-changing experience.

Slade changes his attitude and finds purpose to his subsistence, rather than death being something separate and apart from life, it is very much a part of it. Rather than the fear of death, it is more often the fear of life that determines our existence. By brutally facing death, he is able to begin to confront his fear of life. Meanwhile Charlie learns that there is more than a front cover on a book. First impressions of Slade through Charlie's eyes were to be forgotten. Charlie now sees Slade as a changed man, as well as himself, both clearly for the better.

Although, unlike the film, is friendship in society needed? Yes, the communication of emotion and ideas is vital to the progress of society. Friendships are at the core of interaction throughout society. Friendships are established on the basis of common interests and desires, augmented through the exchange of information and emotions. Friendships help to alleviate pain and suffering and to spread joyful emotions. Friendships, however, often end in disaster when they are terminated. Nevertheless, friendships play an essential role in society and communication, effectively propelling society forward.

But I have come to realise there is no such thing as always in a friendship and will not be there forever. People change and feelings towards each other change and what was said earlier meant nothing because everything was new and that was the feeling at the moment. I am realising that people say one thing and even though they were serious and sincere with their feelings but what they meant will disappear slowly and they will eventually do what they want and will not care about your feelings or how it will affect you.

People like this will always look out for who is most important to them and that is themselves. They are only concern for their own happiness and what makes them feel good and they do this at the expense of others. In todays world of the Internet, friendship is just a brief moment in time and does not last that long. When I was growing up, all I dreamed of was having a friend that would be there always when I needed them, and that it would last a life time. But I soon learnt that was not to be the case in any friendships that I have had ever had.

Friendship is crucial in the film Scent of a Woman because it shows a true understanding of how two polar opposite actually do attract, and now, the bond between them is currently stronger than ever. Friendship is also a fundamental part of society; it is the core of interaction, but even though your feelings towards friends change, there is no reason why you can't change with them. Friendship is an ever-changing system. You never quite know who you might cross roads with next.

To find a friend, one must close one eye. To keep him--two

--Norman Douglas

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Richard Cory : Hidden Hazards

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Richard Cory Hidden Hazards

Wouldn't it be great to have everything and be the one everyone longed to be? Edwin Arlington Robinson's poem "Richard Cory" describes Richard Cory as being wealthy, generous, handsome, and courteous. Most of us have these characteristics set in our mind of being the "perfect" person, but this poem illustrates that you cannot determine another person's happiness by their appearance. The elements of hazard in this poem are inevitable because of the shocking outcome at the end of this poem.

Beginning with the first stanza, Robinson describes Cory "We people on the pavement looked at him / He was a gentleman from sole to crown / Clean favored, and imperially slim"

(-4). This gives the reader a glimpse of what Richard Cory is all about, or at least how he is perceived. Line three states "He was a gentleman from sole to crown," which tells us that he was a man of good manners from bottom to top. Perhaps Robinson used the word 'crown' for his head to symbolize royalty or someone above all of the rest. Line four also uses the word 'imperially', a term that to symbolizes royalty, to describe his build. These characteristics are admired by the townspeople.

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From the outside, Richard Cory seems to have a life that everyone dreams of living. He appears to have no flaws. In the second stanza we learn more about Richard Cory. Robinson now tells of Cory' s nature

And he was always quietly arrayed,

And he was always human when he talked;

But still he fluttered pulses when he said,

"Good-morning," and he glittered when he walked.

(5-8)

He doesn't appear to have any problems such as having stress, being tired, or even being hungry. Cory seems to be living comfortably without any problems or worries that usually plague the outside world. He is described as a pleasant and admirable man. The fifth line states that he is "quietly arrayed" which means that doesn't dress to stand out in public like a man of royalty may; it may also show us that in on the streets he carries himself well. When saying that he is "always human when he talked", Robinson

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