Drowned Innocence: The Decline and Fall of the Ibo Civilization

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Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart documents the decay of the Ibo society through internal erosions and external catalysts. The title of the novel originates from William Butler Yeats' 11 poem "The Second Coming" which asserts Yeats' view of a catastrophic end to the world brought on by mankind. In borrowing Yeats' words and subsequently his apocalyptic concept, Achebe places the decline and fall of the African civilization in Western imperialism and the coming of Christianity.

In the name of the noble cause, the Europeans gain a foothold in the lives of the people of Umuofia and through that begin to spread their power of colonialism by suffocating the tradition of the Ibo. Tradition and custom are the center of the Ibo culture. When the people loose faith in that lifeblood, the glue or "the center [of the culture] cannot hold" (Yeats ). The center cannot withstand the pressure exerted by the teachings of the missionaries combined with the inherent corrosion of the native converts. Tradition is the first thing that is sacrificed, and when that foundation is destroyed, the rest falls with it. It is a time when "the best lack all conviction, while the worst / Are full of passionate intensity" ( Yeats 7-8), a time when "mere anarchy is loosed upon the world" (Yeats 4). In Yeats' meaning, anarchy exists when the conventional system, the traditional belief, or the core of Christianity that has been holding society together shatters. "Mere anarchy" the dissolution of a political authority can be thought of as a society without God, without any guiding principle. "The best [Christians, Yeats might mean] lack all conviction" or certainty about themselves, while Satan or the evil power is devouring the world with an intense passion. In a different sense, Achebe contests that "the best" are those that adhere to the old Ibo order while "the worst" are those that follow the footsteps of Christianity. "Lack[ing] all conviction," Okonkwo commits suicide because the faith and the clan that he believes in heart and soul fail him in the end when they refuse to follow him and charge after the messengers. Obierika resignedly chokes on his last words over Okonkwo's body because of the injustice in this world that drives "one of the greatest men in Umuofia […] to be buried like a dog" (Achebe Ch4). They have all lost faith in their beliefs and are ultimately crushed by the cultural confrontation. On the other hand, Enoch, the zealous Christian convert is "full of passionate intensity," to the point of madness, "such [is] the excessive energy bottled up in Enoch" (Achebe Ch). He destroys an integral piece of the Ibo tradition by unmasking and symbolically killing an ancestral spirit. Through him as a vehicle, Christianity and the white man are able to weaken the resistance of the clan. The growing influence of the Christian mission allows the outcasts of the society to turn against their culture and throw away their traditions, "like a hunter's dog that suddenly goes mad and turns on his master" (Achebe Ch1). These supporters of the new religion are "the falcon[s] [that] cannot hear the falconer" (Yeats ), ignoring the calls of their ancestral roots, spiraling further and further away from their mores. This is Achebe's twist on Yeats' original interpretation of the falconer as God and the falcon is mankind. The people of God cannot hear God's voice, or they are unwilling to listen to Him, hence, everything falls apart.

Under the peaceful guise of Christianity, the Europeans manifest the "rough beast" that will destroy mankind in Yeats' poem. The monster with the shape of a "lion body and the head of a man" (Yeats 14) highlights the fact that the British use a very humane reason, Christian Evangelism, for their imperialistic expansion. Their deceitful appearance seeks to convey a message of humanity, benignancy, and normality. However, "A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun" (Yeats 15) suggests their true nature, their "pitiless" way of treating the natives. The lethargic movement of its "slow thighs" (Yeats 16) belies the lethality it is capable of dispensing, similar to the deceptive slowness and peace first offer by the Europeans. The beast is "vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle" (Yeats 0) of mankind's own hand. The cruelty and violence demonstrate by the Great War unleash the slumbering beast. It carries with it the human image because it's humans who create wars, spreading carnage everywhere. Yeats' apocalypse is self-inflicted while both outside mediums, Christianity and colonialism, and inside forces, converts and the loss of cultural identity, bring on Umuofia's annihilation. The Second Coming of Christ is supposed to save mankind from God's wrath, which comes in the form of "the angel of the abyss; his name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in the Greek he has the name Apollyon" (Revelation 11). Abaddon and Apollyon both mean destroyer. But here, the Second Coming is not of Christ but is of the "rough beast," the fallen angel that rises from his prison in the abyss of darkness and spews violence upon the earth. Instead of a heavenly deity, this perverse and demented god of nightmare is sent in his place. The beast "slouches towards Bethlehem to be born" (Yeats ). The birth of the beast in the holy birthplace of Jesus will replaces Christ and the whole system of Christian belief. Achebe parallels this to the coming of the Christians, whose god to the Ibo is not virtuous and liberating but twisted and immoral, like Apollyon. The Christ they bring only kills the Ibo by debasing their civilization and drowning their "ceremony of innocence" (Yeats 6) the beauty and integrity of African culture.

Achebe's literary allusions to Yeats' poem serve more to contrast the ideas between the two works than to liken them to each other. Yeats views Christianity as the center, human violence as the beast, and God as the falconer. Through similar patterns but different interpretations, Achebe regards tradition as the center, Christianity as the beast, and culture as the falconer. According to the Christian religion, wars, chaos, confusion, and disasters signal the Second Coming of Christ, which will establish a heavenly kingdom on earth. At the same time, the Second Coming described in the poem could also be the attempt of the West to establish a new system on earth through colonialism, which in turn creates wars, chaos, confusion and disasters. The poem expresses a perfect irony the co-reliance of Christianity and Colonialism.

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Autism-A Parents Perspective

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Autism-A Parents Perspective 1

Growing Up With

Autism

A Parent's Perspective

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Timothy Green

Gen 101

Kelley Townsel

April 1, 00

Autism-A Parents Perspective

Growing Up with Autism

A Parent's Perspective

The National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities define Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder as developmental disabilities that share many of the same characteristics. Children usually exhibit evidence of the disability around age three. A neurological disorder, Autism-PDD can affect a child's ability to communicate, understand language, play and relate to others.

(FSN 1 August 00). Although the exact causes are not known, these disorders are more common in boys than in girls. Children with autism or PDD vary wildly in their abilities, intelligence, and behaviors. A common reference is Dustin Hoffman's portrayal of an autistic savant in the movie "Rain Man." Although blessed with an uncanny ability in mathematics, his social skills were on the level of a seven year-old. For an individual in his mid-40's, this presented a host of functional problems. His ability to survive and function in the world was hampered.

Autism-A Parent's Perspective

However, what was not addressed was the effect his disability had on his family, immediate and extended, and the difficulties that they faced. As a parent of an autistic child, I will try to shed some light on this subject.

The diagnosis was shocking, confusing, devastating, and ultimately life changing. As a parent a diagnosis of autism is one of the most difficult experiences they can face. The ramifications on the rest of the family are not immediately evident because they cannot see the depth of the situation at first. It is difficult to put into words just what parents feel when told that their children are disabled. Some health professionals, in their efforts to remain emotionally detached, present the information in a cold and unfeeling manner. Little regard is given to the emotional state of the parents, and empathy is rarely in evidence.

My son's name is Alex. When we first told our families about his condition, most reacted to the news with confusion. They wanted to know just what Autism was. Unfortunately, we were not able to give them much information at that point. Mostly they were not willing to accept his disability.

Autism-A Parent's Perspective 4

They suggested that all he needed was some discipline. We tried to put his disability into context by using the Rain Man movie as an example. This gave them some understanding but also caused additional confusion because they thought that he was some kind of mathematical genius. Discussions with other families of autistic children have revealed similar experiences. Mitzi Waltz, in her book Autistic Spectrum Disorders relates a mother's concern for the lack of family support.

As far as the extended family, most of them act like Doug does not even exist. That's mainly on Doug's father side of the family. On my side, Doug is just kind of "there," nobody really does much with him. I do not have much help or support from them.

---Debbie, mother of eleven-year-old Doug (diagnosed PDD, fragile-X syndrome and sensory integration disorder. (Waltz, M. 00)

"You ought to be able to turn to your own parents and other relatives for support and encouragement, but it is not always possible" (Waltz, M. 00 Autistic Spectrum Disorders). In recent years there has been a more accepting attitude about Alex's disability. Although there is more support because of greater understanding an underlying feeling of exclusion is still present.

Autism-A Parents Perspective 5

One of the more difficult areas for families of autistic children is dealing with rude or clueless remarks from strangers. I am sure you have experienced the scene in the checkout line or the neighborhood fast food establishment and a child is exhibiting obvious misbehavior. Autistic children do not have the benefit of the sympathy factor. There is no wheelchair or obvious disability to signal, "this is a disabled child", and so people assume that your child is just unruly. Some are quite vocal about letting you know about it. We used to carry cards explaining the problem to busybodies but his behavior has mellowed to the point that it is no longer necessary.

Participation in social activities was also curtailed in the early years because of his behavior problems, and our inability to deal with them.

Self-isolation became an easy alternative to dealing with the challenges of attending social functions. Family gatherings were tolerable because our families knew of his disability, and we did not have to spend the majority of our time trying to keep him in line. Rarely did we take him to a friends' house for a cookout or some other gathering, especially if other kids were included. Alex tended to play alone or inappropriately.

Autism-A Parents Perspective 6

We also had trouble finding reliable babysitters when we sought to go out. A lack of proper childcare impacted greatly on our social life. Friends we had before Alex's problems became evident tended to fall away. The reasons were probably many but not always clear. They may have had as much to do with the fact that we had less time to spend with friends than we used to.

The impact on our other children is difficult to measure. It would not be surprising to see some resentment because of our need to be totally involved in Alex's care. As a result our involvement in some of the activities they were involved in were not as passionate as they would have liked. Overall though, they were supportive to the extent that they understood his problems. As Sandra Harris explained in her book, Siblings of Children with Autism, "A young person may understand intellectually his brothers Autism is an enduring problem, but still be reluctant to accept that limit on an emotional basis". (Harris p.40)

Autism-A Parents Perspective 7

Alex is now fourteen years old. Although he has progressed significantly in many areas there are still challenges ahead. He will attend high school in the fall, and a new set of problems and opportunities will arise. When he was first diagnosed the doctor suggested that he might never talk or be able to read or write. Not only can he do those things, he can also read music and play the piano. Leading me to believe that there are always "possibilities".

Autism- A Parents Perspective 7

References

Harris, S. (14) Siblings of Children with Autism (p.40)

Bethesda Woodbine

National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities

Fact sheet number 1 (August 00). Retrieved April 1, 00 from

http//www.autismweb.com

Waltz, M. (00) Autistic Spectrum Disorders Understanding the Disorder and Getting

Help. Retrieved April16, 00 from www.patientcenters.com/autism

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Whitebaite

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I come home, Dad is drinking again. He starts getting really mean and mum is cracking jokes, trying to cover up. I go lay on my bed, later a huge fight erupts I wait for them to stop yelling at each other. But I know it won't ever end. Their drinking is an every night thing. It all started when I was about seven I remember recognizing it, but not understanding it.

I wake up every morning praying that this day will be better than yesterday. I pull away the see through sheet that is used as a curtain. The sun hits my face I took in the fresh morning mist as I squeeze into my tight denim shorts, I wore them everyday as they were my only pair.

I walked into the lounge bottles everywhere and the distinct smell of stale alcohol filled my lungs it reminded me of the local pub just down the road. There were collapsed bodies spread throughout the room. Dad was curled up on the floor next to mum his hand engulfed with vomit my stomach turned. I Creeped over the dead weights trying not to wake them as I made my way to the kitchen, there was a piece of crust left. I gobbled it down quickly.

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I searched the house for any stray coins and found five bucks behind the couch. I grabbed my huge school bag then headed off to school with the other kids in my neighbourhood. As soon as I got into the school I felt a sense of security. I loved to learn and loved how the teachers were so knowledgeable, I wanted to be one. I was so glad today because wouldn't have to eat my friends leftovers because I was ordering lunch with all the other kid's today I was special.

I was very independent for a ten year old girl. I was self sufficent with no discipline. I was never made to do anything, yet I was always up to date with my school work, attended school everyday and kept out of trouble. The bell rung, it was home time. But I would stay and play on the playground until it dark.

When I would return home my parents didn't ask where I had been or why I wasn't home for tea, and it didn't really matter anyway because there was no hot meal waiting for me and no parents worrying where I was. Most of the time mum and dad would be down the road getting pissed but in a way I liked being home alone, it was peaceful silent just how I liked it and there was no loud music and no pissed idiots repeating themseleves every five minutes. I couldn't talk to my parents because they were pretty.

I had a feeling that tonight was going to be different from the rest as I headed off too sleep. I heard footsteps coming from outside my window, I hid under my sheets I was scared. I presumed it would my parents coming home, It's

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Edna's Quest

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Edna's Quest

The female hero is sometimes hard to identify in nineteenth century literature, novels that portrayed a woman going against the social normalcy of the time were suppressed and disappeared from print forever. In the novel The Awakening by Kate Chopin however, a true female hero is introduced. Edna Pontellier is a woman who was willing to rebel against society's restraining presence and try and live her own life, something that does not only take strength but courage as well.

At the beginning of the novel, Edna exists in a sort of semi-conscious state. She is comfortable in her marriage to Leonce and her relationship with her children but is not particularly happy with her life. Her journey to completing her life and finding the courage to rebel against the society starts on Grand Isle. The people she meets there awakens her desires for music, sexual satisfaction, art, and freedom that she can no longer bear to keep hidden. It opens up her eyes to the world around her and starts her on her quest for her own life.

Perhaps the most blatant rebellion against what was thought to be a woman's place in the world was that of her adulterous relationships with Robert Lebrun and Alce Arobin. To acknowledge and act on sexual desires outside of marriage was taboo at the time and caused a great deal of scandal throughout the literary world ( ). In truth, the act of loving someone, either emotionally or physically, that was not her husband showed great strength and courage on Edna's behalf. If it was ever to become common knowledge that Edna was behaving that way, there wouldn't be a quick divorce and then she would move on, Edna would be cast out of society and left to fend on her own in a very unfriendly world. To let herself feel this way about other men was her first step in her journey of self-discovery.

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The sharp contrast in the novel between Edna and the other Creole women, especially Madame Ratignolle, is another way of demonstrating Edna's deviation from the norm. ( ) Early on in the novel it is stated that Edna is "not a mother-woman" as most of the married Creole ladies are (Chopin 8). In fact Edna's seeming indifference to her children is another way she rebels against her culture. While the novel makes clear that she loves her children, it also clearly states that she is not willing to give up herself for them. The most poignant example of that is the conversation she has with Madame Ratignolle, "I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn't give myself." (Chopin 51) In the nineteenth century Creole culture this sentiment was unheard of; a Creole girl lived to get married, have children, and be a dutiful wife, and Edna's attitude does not hold with any of that (Fletcher 17).

Although this was mostly a solitary journey, Edna did receive help in her quest for self-discovery from Madame Reisz. Even though introverted herself she introduced Edna to a world of female independence. Not married but respected for her musical talent, she is a part of society but not restrained by it. It is from Madam Reisz Edna learned that she could find pleasure in art and other acts of solitude. Of course Edna is not able to find peace in painting for very long, driven by her need for sexual contact with men; it was Madame Reisz friendship that showed Edna that there was more to the world then what she knew. ( )

The act of ultimate rebellion was the way Edna took her own life. Unable to live her own life and unable to passively sacrifice her integrity by putting her life in the hands of controlling power of others she drowns herself in the sea. Too modern for her time she is destined to be held captive and misunderstood if she is to remain alive she chose death-the ultimate sacrifice-rather then live her life like Madame Lebrun's green and yellow parrot. This act is the end of the quest she has been on ever since she first set foot on the Grand Isle.

Edna Pontellier has every characteristic of a female hero. Unhappy in her marriage and her life she searches for completion in things outside of her domestic sphere. Her arrival at these things that will fulfill her; men, for a short time painting, and finally her death at her own hands break from what was classically a woman's role. She does not allow her self to be controlled by the world around her, which is a heroic act in and of itself.

Please note that this sample paper on Edna's Quest is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Edna's Quest, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Edna's Quest will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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AS ICT Project

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AS ICT Project

Describe the business or the organisation

· What does it do?

· The size of the business (Numbers of employees and number of customers)

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· The sort of information the business uses (estimates, letters etc.)

· Who does what within the business?

· Some of the problems the business is having!

· The main task you intend to solve.

Project Aims

· ICT is concerned with the way in which we collect, process, store, transfer and communicate information.

· A project 'aim' is an overall target for your project work.

"To create an automated invoicing system for xyz builders".

Finding out about your organisation/ task

Interviews

· Before your interview prepare in advance, can you find any info out about the business in advance?

· Who is the end user? Is there just one person or are there several? Will they all want to do the same things?

· How will you arrange the interview? You could arrange the interview and write the letter in advance confirming the date and time. This could be useful as you could send a copy of the questions that you want to ask in advance to give people time to consider before hand.

· Keep copies of any letters sent and the replies that you get back (most important), as they can be put into your project.

· You must plan the question sin advance before the interview?

· Don't ask too many questions. You will probably only need to ask no more than 10. Don't take up too much time or gather too much information at once. It is better to arrange another meeting when you have had chance to consider the answers from your first interview and then you may focus your questions into specific areas.

· You will record the answers from the interview and then you should write them up straight away!

· It would be useful and polite to send a copy of your write up of the interview to the interviewee and ask them to sign it as a true record of the interview. This has several advantages

· You get confirmation that what you have written is correct!

· It gives you the chance to include any questions that you forgot to ask or now realise you need the answer to.

· It provides more evidence to go in your project.

· You also know that you are working with correct facts rather than your interpretation of what is said.

· At the interview you may have the opportunity to ask for and collect copies of documents used by the organisation (invoices, quotes, application forms, appointment cards, customer records). These could be blank copies or preferably contain data.

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Romans 11th chapter

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Dear Romans class, 11th letter Conclusion of Romans

Some of you have requested that I send out the overhead that I used in class last Monday evening. So here it is. My outline is based on my perceived paragraph structure of 14-. Remember the paragraph structure we have in the various translations is not inspired. I see paragraphs 14-18 & 1- & 0- and underlined are the main thoughts that I suggest Paul is dealing with. If you check the popular translations such as NKJV, NIV, NASV, NLT you will see that none of them agrees with my paragraph structure but then none of them agrees with each other either!

Romans 14-

14-18 Is God just in how He chooses?

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Yes, of course, and our faith is the basis of His choice for…...

15 For consider why He had mercy with Moses it was Moses' faith & prayer

16 So then God is just in showing mercy

17 For consider why He hardened Pharaoh it was Pharaoh's lack of faith

18 So then God is just in hardening

1- Does our cooperation with God matter?

Absolutely, For Faith (ie our cooperation) actually determines….

1- What the Potter makes…….

And Faith determines just who is the ….

4- The Remnant surviving Judgment.

0- What then is the Grand Conclusion? Faith Rules!!

Only those who have faith attain righteousness (ie are saved)!

We covered a lot of ground Monday evening we first reconsidered 'The Potter' of Jeremiah 18 and then we flew through the Assyrian Crisis (refer to the prophets chart) both as it concerned Hosea and the Northern Kingdom and Isaiah and the Southern Kingdom. We saw how Paul's argument concerning 'God's choice of faith' is further enhanced and understood by these fantastic OT events, particularly in regards the work of the potter and the security of the remnant.

Just a few summary thoughts from our time together last Monday evening…..

I really think that in the paragraph of 1- Paul is countering the tendency of the Jew to be angry at God for

1) not rewarding the Jew with 'national' salvation as God's people and also for

) accepting and saving Gentiles who pursued God's will 'so little' (ie the 11th hour workers of Mat 016).

I think the Jew is now tempted to say something like, 'If this is what God is like then …Why should we try and please Him? What's the point of it all?' Paul now argues to convince the Jew, the Gentile and us that His plan is really wonderful and our effort and our cooperation in God's work really matters. And that the Jew should not be disappointed with the generosity of God extended to the Gentiles. He extends the same generosity to Israel. The sour attitude like voiced in vs 1 produces tragic results just as we see it has in the Jewish nation that to this very day rejects the Lord Jesus Christ as Messiah they simply will not believe (have faith) in Him. They persist in rejecting God's plan.

Yes, our cooperation of faith is vital to God's work and accomplishment of His will. He does not work apart from us. First, we saw this with the Potter in Jeremiah 18. The point of the potter is that the response and cooperation of the clay was in the end the determining factor in what the Potter made on His wheel. This points to the necessity of our obedience of faith. (Remember that this is the very purpose of Paul writing to the Romans and the purpose of his apostleship Rom 15.) How we respond to God makes all the difference in how He is able to work in our lives. Remember that we already learned this principle in Romans 6-8. Sanctification (ie what the potter is making) is an issue of faith and obedience (Rom 6) and not our own effort and work (Rom 7). It is our faith in Him that releases His power and accomplishes His work in our lives (Rom 8). This is how He conforms and forms us into His very own image (Rom 88-) - the ultimate goal of the Potter and His wheel. This is true for both nations and individuals for this is the nature of God and how He works with man. Individually we are each one lump and He is making one vessel of each lump. Nationally we are one lump, the Jews are one lump, etc and He is making one vessel of each. The point is, the faith and obedience of the lump determines whether He makes a vessel of Honor or a vessel of Dishonor.

Further, we looked briefly at the two words 'prepared' in vs and . We noted….

'He endures with much patience vessels of wrath(being) prepared (passive voice) for destruction'

'He makes known glory on vessels of mercy, which He prepared (active voice) for glory'

The two words 'prepared' in these two verses are exactly the same English word BUT they are not from the same Greek words. Neither are these the same Greek verb forms (the first is a participle & the second is a simple verb) and neither are they the same tense (the first is perfect and the second is aorist) and neither the same voice (the first is passive or middle and the second is active). Among all these distinctions, one of the most important differences between the two words prepared is the 'voice'. Verse says 'He is patiently enduring (active voice) something being prepared (passive or middle voice ie prepared by themselves or others). Whereas vs says, 'He prepared for glory (active voice He is doing the work) the vessels of mercy.' The first 'prepared' speaking of destruction is passive or middle voice and the second 'prepared' speaking of mercy and glory is active voice. In other words, clearly God is not the one preparing vessels of wrath for destruction God is simply enduring them as they are being prepared by others. The middle voice would suggest that they are preparing themselves or one another which is exactly what we saw with Pharaoh and exactly what we see concerning God's wrath in the beginning of Romans 'God's wrath is being revealed' Rom 118 …..'He gives them over, He gives them over, He gives them over…to themselves and their sin!' Rom 14,6,8. Contrasting in the active voice suggests He is preparing vessels of mercy for glory as they give themselves over to Him. Practically this means that if we trust and obey Him then He makes of us vessels for glory. But if a man, like Pharaoh, or even a nation as a whole will not trust and obey Him then He gives that one over to what he or they choose. And God patiently endures and even contributes to that one's hardness while still using that one for His glory though ultimately dedicated to destruction. God is certainly doing the molding and forming in both cases but what He molds depends on the faith of 'the clay'. This is an awesome truth one that certainly demands our full attention. Are we trusting God to do His 'glorious' work in us, in our families, in our nation?

Now there is a slight shift in thinking. In vs 4 Paul cleverly includes the Gentiles for the first time in his argument of Ch . In doing so Paul expands his reader's thinking from 'Not all Israel is Israel' to 'Some of the Gentiles are Israel' If Paul is indeed directing much of his argument in Ch to readers that are unbelieving Israelites then at this point I suspect they are about ready to lynch Paul. We, as Gentiles, may never really appreciate the racial hatred that existed between Jew and Gentile and therefore cannot fully appreciate the argument of these verses. I don't even think the black white conflict of the early 1th century in America really comes close to the racial hatred in Paul's day. Paul is absolutely brilliant in how he now proves that God has always welcomed the Gentiles into His kingdom.

To prove this Paul quotes from Hosea. Hosea was the last voice of God before Israel fell to Assyria and essentially ceased as a nation (see our prophet's chart). You know the story. Hosea shares the testimony of his agony in Ch 1- that his beloved wife, Gomer became a harlot can you imagine this happening to you or to your son? And adding to his agony Hosea had children of harlotry. His own children were born during the time Gomer was a harlot. Two boys and a girl just reading the names he gave his children in Hosea chapter 1 we can see his pain. The names of the last two children are particularly revealing Lo-ruhamah no compassion and Lo-ammi not my people. And to add to the agony Gomer had other children of her harlotry that is children of other men. God asked Hosea the prophet to experience this incredible pain in order to share God's own heartbreak and thus effectively speak to Israel which Hosea did in Chapters 4-14. But there is a bright side to this awful story Hosea's wife returns and the family is reunited even the children that were not his own. … 'say to your sisters "Ruhamah"-obtained compassion'. Remember Hosea had only one daughter of his own but here we see there were daughters (plural) upon whom Hosea has compassion. He renames his children Ammi my children and Ruhamah compassion.

And there is corresponding bright side to the awful story of God casting His own people out of their land and thus 'divorcing them' and eliminating their nation. He will again welcome those individuals who trust Him as Lord God, those who 'come trembling to the Lord and to His goodness' Hos 5. But not only those who are of Israel (this I am convinced is the point Paul is making) but to those "in the place where it was said 'Not my People' there they shall be sons of the living God". In other words, even children of illegitimate birth (Gentiles) in a strange land (Assyria) who were formerly 'not loved' and not 'my people' … "there, in that place, where it was said to them, 'You are not My people, There they shall be called sons of the living God." Not because they were Israelites nor because they were converted to Judaism in Judea this speaks clearly of Gentiles becoming sons of the Living God! Right there in Assyria. This is what the message of Hosea means and this is exactly why Paul quotes Hosea 110 and in Romans 5-6. Again, as we previously saw in Rom 6-1 the Jews erred because they did not understand their own Scriptures. If they had they would have embraced God by faith just like Abraham did (Rom 6-1) and would have reached out to the Gentile nations just like God did (14-).

And Paul is not quite through, he has one more important point to make. That is it is only the Remnant who will be saved only a few of the whole. That Remnant we now understand from vs 4-6 consists of both Jew and Gentile. This Remnant is the True Israel Paul previously spoke of in 6. To make this point Paul continues with the Assyrian crisis but now takes the lesson from the southern Kingdom Judah and the prophet Isaiah. The events we now consider in Kings 15-16, Chron 8 and Isaiah 6-1 were happening about the same time Hosea was experiencing his heartbreak. God was working in Israel, Judah and Assyria.

There had been 60-70 years of relatively good years in Judah under the preceding 'good' kings Amaziah, Ahaziah (Uzziah) and Jotham but now Ahaz is king and 'he did not do what was right in the sight of the LORD his God' Kings 16. Therefore God raised up enemies Rezin king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah to make a confederacy against Ahaz. God was attempting to turn Ahaz's heart to Himself. Pekah and Rezin planned to remove Ahaz and put a Syrian on David's throne. Ahaz and all Judah are scared to death Isaiah 7 and Isaiah is sent to Ahaz with a message.. 'take care, be calm and do not fear…. these two smoking wicks they shall not stand'. BUT a second message to Ahaz in 7…. "If you do not stand firm in your faith, you will not stand at all." It should have been a 'no brainer' to Ahaz and Judah that God would not let a Syrian assume David's throne for the Messiah was to come through David's lineage and sit on his throne that is precisely why the 'sign' that God gives Ahaz has to do with the Messiah vs "a virgin shall bear a son'. Also, this is precisely why the following prophetic messages in 7 and 111 clearly identify the Messiah with David's lineage and throne. Tragically Ahaz does not heed the sign, and does not stand firm in faith. He does not listen to Isaiah and trust God. Therefore, Pekah and Rezin slay 10,000 of Judah in one day and take another 00,000 into captivity all because Ahaz the King of Judah would not believe. God never intended these atrocities to happen but they did happen all because the King would not have faith in the Lord God.

In the previous chapter of Isaiah 6 we see the beginning of Isaiah's ministry approximately 16 years before this encounter with Ahaz in ch 7. Isaiah is converted and offers himself for service and God gives him the charge and burden of preaching for 50 years to a people, to Judah, who will not listen. However, there is some hope in his difficult ministry for Isaiah is told that there would be a remnant though the land would be utterly forsaken Isaiah 61. Isaiah embraces his calling and difficult ministry of preaching to hard hearts and even names his firstborn 'the remnant shall return.' Again we see a prophet who had to 'live the message' and share the heartbeat and heartbreak of his God. Isaiah lived and ministered in hope. As Isaiah prophesies in Is 7-1 to the events of Ahaz's unfaithfulness and Judah's partial defeat we read of the remnant that would return. But as is often the case with OT prophecy, as the prophet addresses the contemporary issue he raises his eyes and sees a distant vision of the Messiah's 1st or nd coming. (read the prophet section of the Hermeneutic book concerning double fulfillment) In the midst of these events Isaiah gives us some of the most incredible prophecies of the Messiah including;

714 a virgin shall be with child

88-10 Immanuel…God is with us

6 A Child shall be born to us, a son shall be given to us.

111 A shoot shall spring from the stem of Jesse

In the midst of these prophecies of the contemporary issue in Judah and the future coming Messiah Isaiah speaks of the remnant and the verses Paul quotes in Rom 7- "And Isaiah cries…Isaiah 100-. …A remnant shall return to God…though your people , O Israel, be like the sand of the sea, only a remnant shall return…a destruction, a complete destruction is determined and decreed the Lord Himself will execute….ie only the remnant shall be saved. If we turn to the end of the story in Isaiah 1116-16 we see the remnant shall be those who say "Behold God is my salvation , I will trust and not be afraid. For the Lord God is my strength and song, and He has become my salvation." Who then is the remnant? ….Those who trust God, have faith and say 'God is my salvation, I will trust Him'. Though Ahaz would not stand firm in faith and be saved, the remnant would. The remnant would trust God for salvation. And so it is today there is a remnant who will exercise faith in Him and trust Him for salvation.

It is interesting that both texts that Paul quotes Hosea 1- and Isaiah 7-1 both have a similar verse. Both say… "though the number of the sons of Israel be as the sand of the sea" then Hosea says 'it is those in that place where it is said to them, 'You are not my people, it will be said to them, 'You are the sons of the living God.' And Isaiah says, "For though your people, O Israel, may be like the sand of the sea" then Isaiah says, "only a remnant will return and survive the destruction." Thus by comparing both texts which are both quoted in Romans we see that the remnant consists of both Gentiles who were not His people (from Hosea) and Jews who were of His people (from Isaiah). As Hosea says, it is those who were not My people but 'come trembling to the Lord and to His goodness' Hosea 5 . And as Isaiah says, it is those who say "Behold God is my salvation , I will trust and not be afraid. For the Lord God is my strength and song, and He has become my salvation." Both prophets in their own way identify the remnant as those of the Gentiles and Jews who have faith those who trust God and return to Him and cling to Him for salvation. Paul now concludes this thought in the final paragraph of Romans verses 0- and applies it to all. It is those who have faith who attain righteousness and are saved. They are true Israel, they are the remnant.

How brief was that review of so much OT Scripture! Of course, we could have spent weeks studying these wonderful chapters of the Old Testament but we will have to leave that to you and the Holy Spirit. Please take or make time to study these truths for yourself. But I hope that the brief comments above help us see how Paul reinforces that truth he makes in Romans 1-8 and now in particular in Romans that salvation was, is and shall ever be by faith. This has always been God's plan for saving people and always will be whether Jew or Gentile.

Well, we have finally finished Romans and will soon begin Romans 10. As promised, next Monday night will be our question and answer time. Let's have a lively loving open discussion about these hard and controversial issues of the sovereignty of God and free will of man. Can they as Spurgeon suggests, "Be friends?" Or will such an effort, as Wiersbe suggests "Make us lose our minds?" Before next Monday's meeting, it may be helpful to review the rules of fighting or contending for the faith see Jude , 0- and notice carefully the words prayer, love and mercy! Certainly we will not answer all your questions satisfactorily on Monday evening. But I think it will be helpful for us to voice the questions and at least attempt to answer them. If the question time does not take all our evening we will press on into Chapter 10. Give it a read and begin to take a look at the OT references in Deuteronomy that Paul uses. (Boy, are we getting an OT 'workout'!)

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Everyday people are experiencing the joys of having a new baby. The arrival of such a precious being is very rewarding, but also challenging at the same time. This statement can be extremely true when comparing healthy babies to those with special needs.

While considering the special needs or disabilities of babies, you have to remember that every person deserves life, love and happiness. From the time a mother finds out she is pregnant to the actual delivery room arrival, these little ones all live in a small common little world. In their mothers comfy surroundings, that God created for every fetus, they just, play, kick and grow. They all receive their only nutrients from the umbilical cord connecting them to their individual mommy.

Depending on the choice of the parent the delivery can take place with an Obstetric Doctor or Mid-wife. Most commonly in the United States deliveries are in a hospital setting.

The first appearance of the little bundle of joy known as their new child, can be over-whelming to all new parents. The responsibilities that they feared may be in their future are now in their arms! Suddenly diapers, feedings, clothes, blankets, finding the right baby bed, proper transportation, a safe stroller, formula, socks, shoes, pictures, pacifiers, toys, even storybooks, all seems too much, and you have to provide love too!

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After seeing the common things of babies, it makes you wonder how different or how much more responsibility a special needs baby is compared to a healthy infant. For a healthy infant, life is good! The mom goes to the hospital they stay their three days then go home to enjoy their new lives together. They will have their well baby check ups every couple of weeks, then months, and may not even know exactly what or who the doctor or nurse is.

Whenever the healthy baby gets their hearing test done, it is a simple test and not needed again unless anything unusual would occur. They have a ten minute check up with the eye doctor before being discharged from the hospital and then are sent on their merry way.

The parents of this healthy baby think it is tuff when she/he gets up every four to six hours for a bottle of formula or to be breast fed. Whenever the healthy baby wants something, she or he will cry and let it be known. Around two months the precious infant will start making vowel sounds and around six months will begin to imitate speech sounds. These parents can leave their baby on the floor to crawl or play with toys without worry while the parents do dishes in the next room. They can use a baby monitor in the nursery and can sleep in their own room. These babies usually do not see hospitals, frequent shots, breathing treatments or any medical equipment unless grandpa or grandma falls and needs treatment during recovering.

The parent of a healthy infant probably would not know what heart rate their baby should have or even thought about how much oxygenation is in their childs blood, circulating throughout their body. Life of a healthy baby is simple, and has the occasional crisis like choking on a piece of a hot dog, in comparison, the life of a special needs baby is more complex and daily tasks can quickly become daily chores.

Before delivery many woman know that they are having a special needs baby. Until delivery many problems are only suspicious because of signs or pictures from ultrasounds. Knowing these suspicions makes the delivery of a special needs baby fast pace, very emotional, and most of all stressful for everyone. If the baby is stable the parents may get a quick picture and maybe a hug, then the new joy is rushed off to the NICU. There the baby is introduced to a room full of other critical babies and tons of nurses and doctors. They will experience x-rays ultrasounds, more detailed hearing tests, specialists of every kind including anesthesiologists and pediatric surgeons.

When the new mothers hospital stay is up the baby will most likely remain in the hospital causing the mom to feel disappointed, and have feelings of guilt. These feelings and the time away from the baby can cause her milk production to slow down, and most likely she has begun to store her milk in the freezer in anticipation of more intense feedings due to the babies high calorie input needs.

Special needs baby can mean a variety of things, such as; prematurely, Spina Bifida, Down Syndrome, congenital heart disease, exposed bowel, etc… Many times, like in premature babies, they need a nasal gastric tube put in for their feedings because they do not have enough energy to eat. If it is a different factor and the baby can not eat orally, a gastric tube or g-tube will be placed for their nutritional input. Unlike a healthy baby, the special needs babys caloric input will be a lot higher and they tend to be on special diets such as a formula named pediasure.

A hidden disability that effects more than 4,000 babies each year is hearing loss. For healthy babies they have there hearing test prior to discharge from the nursery, and come out with perfect hearing, and no need for further consults. That is very unlike special needs babies, after there first test they try again, then see a specialist, and hopefully find out what steps can be taken for better hearing such as; tube placements, cleaning of the ears, possible surgeries, hearing aids, ect. If this disability is not detected right away speech, language, and their hearing skills may be affected. When special needs babies reach the age six months through a year old they might have trouble imitating speech sounds because of their disability. The use of speech therapists may be used to help with their language skills.

Parents of a special needs baby tend to need more support, and help from others. Many of these babies need constant care, and parents find themselves not leaving the baby alone in the room, unlike a healthy baby. By not hearing an alarm from the monitor or not seeing their childs color, it could result in the death of a special needs child.

Babies with disabilities are very familiar with hospital settings. They know and associate doctors and nurses into their everyday life. Special equipment like ventilators, heart monitors, saturation monitors, apnea monitors, and breathing treatment supplies are a constant need of special needs babies.

Parents will find themselves knowing without extra thought how to do pediatric CPR, or what heart rates, saturation rates are in the normal limits. Parents find that they have to handle and deal with lots of crisiss and emergency on weekly accounts and if theyre lucky maybe only monthly situations.

While comparing healthy babies and special needs babies you see they have mainly the same basic needs in their lifes. Just for a special needs baby it shows you how much more time, energy, skills, and attention these babies need. You just have to remember babies are babies some just need extra love!

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