The sun also rises

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While some critics contend that The Importance of Being Earnest is

completely fanciful and has no relation to the real world, others maintain that

Oscar Wildes trivial comedy for serious people does make significant comments about social class and the institution of marriage. These observations include

the prevalent utilization of deceit in everyday affairs. Indeed the characters

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and plot of the play appear to be entirely irreverent, thus lending weight to

the comedic, fanciful aspect. However, this same factor also serves to

illuminate the major points that Wilde tries to convey about the English society

in which he lived.

Throughout the course of the play, Wilde portrays each of the main

characters in a way that reflects his views of the English aristocracy.

Algernon Moncrieff and Jack(Ernest) Worthington represent the prototypical male

bachelors. In the opening act, set in Algernons flat, the two meet and display

what appears to be their usual daily activities. Neither is employed, and it is

apparent that their only occupation is the pursuit of leisure activities and

social matters, subjects of major importance to them. When Algernon inquires as

to the purpose of Ernests visit to town, Ernest replies, Oh pleasure,

pleasure! What else should bring anyone preliminary qualifications that he must

meet before being engaged to Gwendolyn. These include money, family, and

politics. When Ernest does not meet the qualifications, he is denied Gwendolyn.

In the second act, the relationship between Algy and Jacks ward, Cecily,

parallel Ernest and Gwendolyns relationship. After certain flirting rituals,

Cecily admits to Algy that she loves him for his name, Ernest, and his image of

being wicked. When Algy proposes, Cecily declares that they had already been

engaged for three months, an engagement that she had imagined. When the

proposal is announced, Cecily is only accepted by Lady Bracknell because she has

enough money to support Algys lifestyle. Through the two relationships of

Ernest(Jack) and Gwendolyn and Ernest(Algy) and Cecily, Wilde conveys the notion

that love of such kinds is entirely arbitrary, and relationships are based on

deceit. Marriages, he contends, are simply an alliance between families to

preserve the aristocracy.

The end of the play culminates in the planning of marriages of Ernest to

Gwendolyn and Algy to Cecily. These marriages are made available only because

Jack(Ernest) discovers his true identity as one belonging to the Bracknell

family. When this is established, Ernest is allowed to marry Gwendolyn and it

seems as though he will allow Cecily to marry Algernon. However, the identity

Ernest discovers is the same that he has lied about throughout the entire play.

Thus, the relationships forged arbitrarily on

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Decision analysis

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Management Science Coursework

Decision analysis

Through this essay it is intended to briefly describe the topic of decision analysis, then to briefly describe the application of decision analysis in different companies based on published literature, then to finally list the benefits of the decision analysis approach. To do this, the first stage is to illustrate the theory of decision analysis in general then to apply it to actual businesses and show the theory in practice. Two cases that will be discussed in this essay. The first is the case of Concorde planes, and the second being the government's embracement of the Millennium Dome project.

Organizational success or failure is determined by the business decisions made each day in every facet of operations. From interacting with customers to transaction processing, you need the best possible decisions to maximize revenues, minimize costs, and effectively manage business processes. According to Professor Paul Nutt, professor of Management Sciences at Ohio State Universitys Fisher college of Business, approximately half of all business decisions are unsuccessful. This is found in his new book, which is a multi decade study of real life organisational decisions. Paul Nutt states vast sums of money are spent to make decisions that realize no ultimate value for the organization, and managers make the same mistakes over and over again as they formulate the decisions. Nutt came to this conclusion after carrying out a 0 years project of investigating over 400 major decisions. In recent years, there have been many catastrophes caused by bad management decision making. Such recent examples of decision making catastrophes include the privatisation of British Rail, Chunnel, the Millennium Dome Project and the introduction of Concorde planes.

Such decisions are without doubt tough decisions to make by any company. According to Nutt, in his book Why Decisions fail, this is due to the characteristics of these decisions which involve choices that lead to become pivotal decisions that are either of the 'go' or 'no go' type. Such decisions are indistinctive about what type of action to take since different interpretations of a problem situation may imply different courses of action. Such decisions also have uncertainty due to the fact the expected outcomes will inevitably depend on uncertain events. Finally, such decisions will bring up possible conflicts of interests among stakeholders as well as among key individuals involved in the decision.

There are many tools that decision makers could use. These may include forecasts, decision trees or finding the prior information required for success like primary market research which are all important tools in decision making. However more specifically to this essay, there are two types of decision processes which represent two extremes. To avoid failure in making tough decisions, it is vital to identify these processes that businesses should consider in making any major management decisions. These two processes are the discovery process and the idea-imposition process and are both identified in Professor Paul Nutt's studies. Discovery process (or think first) is used to increase the chance of success. The process itself can be illustrated in the diagram below -

The process of discovery includes key actions such as taking into consideration the opinions of stakeholders and considering implementation barriers. This will help avoid conflict of interests which is a problem identified that has been identified. The stages after that are initial claim (or concern), identify arena of action, direction of action (desired result), identify options and finally evaluation. This process could work in the same way as the marketing strategy which is a continual process. Once the strategy is developed it needs to be constantly reviewed. The idea itself may seem to be a good one, however this does not mean it will work. It is important to test strategies, especially if they are risky. Market research (which was mentioned before), is necessary to ensure that the actions are producing the desired results. Evaluation of results. Finally, the evaluation will feed back into the system and in turn and contribute to the development of initial claims.

Idea-imposition is the process linked to failed decisions.

The Concorde - Success or Failure?

The Concorde, a joint British-French venture that began as early as 156, has been described as everything from an economic disaster to a modern marvel. Key British decision makers viewed supersonic air transportation as a necessity to remain at the front in the race among industrial age nations, as well as being able to keep face with the Americans who had leapt to a seemingly insurmountable lead in the air carrier industry. Through four Prime Ministers and various Parliamentary leaders, the Concorde managed to survive skeptics and go into joint production with the help of government subsidizing and very secret research into development, production, and operation costs. To this day that report remains a secret within the United Kingdom, but many have done their own research into these topics. What they have found leads one to believe that the Concorde is not quite the success, economically speaking, that British Airways and Air France would have the world to believe.

In July of 000, the Concorde suffered its first fatal accident in the 0 plus year history of its existence. With this crash came the expected questions of the aircrafts reliability and safety record, which were found to be remarkably good as compared to industry standards. Also coming into question is the necessity of supersonic transport, which leads to the world wondering just how good this aircraft is. Is it safe; is it economically sound; is it worth the costs and risks involved? I will attempt to answer these questions as objectively as possible, concentrating on the success or failure of the program in the United Kingdom.

By 15, the British government considered supersonic transport a confirmed principle and began investigation into production and project development. From 160-16, the British and French governments discussed a joint supersonic transport venture, leading to a treaty signed between the two for joint design, development, and production. Also during this time, the USSR began research into developing their own model of a supersonic transport, jokingly referred to by the outside world as the Konkordski. The United States was also compelled to enter the supersonic transport race for the same reasons the French and British did. These reasons could all be traced back to national pride. The Americans were torn over the subject, with the majority taking a definite pro- or anti- position. President John F. Kennedy even told the graduating class of the Air Force Academy in 16 that the nation would be committed to the supersonic transports development This commitment, I believe, is essential to a strong and forward-looking Nation, and indicates the future of manned aircraft as we move into a missile age as well. This prophecy, of sorts, would prove to be untrue, as the supersonic transport (SST) would not be pursued by the United States, due largely to economic reasons.

The French and British, however, would obviously go on to develop the Concorde through the 160s and early 170s, with the first aircraft entering service in 176. These aircraft are no doubt a technological marvel. Supersonic passenger transport is a testament to the rapid pace of human engineering discovery. Though the specific numbers and figures are vague, however, it is universally agreed upon that the Concorde is an economic disaster. No matter how much revenue the Concorde generates, it will never be able to repay what it cost to develop and produce. Program Development For my purposes here, the SST development began in 156. That November the Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee (STAC) was established. The purpose of this group was to assemble a group of government officials and British aircraft and engine manufacturers to begin the debate over the topic. Through previous research into the SST, the people at Farnborough (location of the STAC) had discovered only crude and silly aircraft. However, through the help of German aerodynamicist Dietrich Kuchemann, it was deemed some time in 157 that it would indeed be possible to build the SST. Not surprisingly, the STAC produced its report in 15 saying that the SST was a very real possibility and that research and development should go on. This could be considered as the beginning of opposition to the program. Though the STAC officially recommended the SST development, there were certainly individuals who opposed it vehemently. One of the most glaring problems was the dismal economic outlook. It was estimated at the time, by the STAC that cost would range from $165 million to $66 million. This cost, even if the $66 million figure is assumed, is off by a factor of about fifteen. The British governments estimate in 177 of total shared cost for the program was just under $1.7 billion. With considerations given to production costs and losses taken by British Airways and Air France, that figure shoots to over $.1 billion.

Government officials began to see the opposition growing. Those who favored the project scrambled for an economic partner to keep it alive. Those who opposed long for the program to be made public, seeing sure defeat due to political pressure. The friends to the Concorde got their wish in 16 when French President Charles de Gaulle pleaded with the British for a cooperative SST development. In November of that same year, the treaty was signed by the French and British to co-develop the SST, providing that both countries must in all aspects of the project make an equal contribution regarding both the costs to be taken on and the work to be carried out, and to share equally proceeds from sales. The project would be carried out by four companies, two each for the airframe and engine. British Aircraft Corporation, or BAE (British) and Sud Aviation (France) would be responsible for the airframe. Bristol Siddeley and SNECMA (British and French, respectively) would handle the development of the Olympus 5 engine. With the treaty signed and both nations eager to begin development and production, the project hit its first snag. Following the general election in 164, the new Labor Party announced in November that Britain would withdraw from the SST project. In January of 165, however, this statement was retracted and the program was once again under way. The Concorde continued to face adversity throughout development. What was thought of as a mach aircraft capable of London to New York travel with 150 passengers was fast become an aircraft that could reach just beyond mach with 10 passengers. And would fall about 00 miles short of New York. Then 100 passengers. Or eighty, depending on the Atlantic headwinds. Or seventy, depending on the heat when departing out of Bahrain.

Logistical nightmares were not the only problem. With every weight adjustment and airframe redesign, there seemed to be an engine redesign. With each engine redesign came an increase in noise. Coincidentally, the eco-movement was in full swing, and the increasingly stringent noise laws were putting a stronger and stronger chokehold on the SST program. The embattled program is not without its accomplishments, however. Just the fact that the program survived and supersonic travel is available to the public is considered a marvel in itself. The first test flight of the Concorde took place on March nd of 16, with it being a twenty-eight minute successful flight. On the Concordes 45th test flight, the program called for mach speed flight. During 16, the world would see Concorde make its maiden test flight, first mach flight, and first night landing, all successfully. With these feats, the economic situation of the program seemed to take a back seat to the wonder and amazement of the aircraft. In January of 176, the Concorde set off on her maiden flights. British Airways sent a Concorde to Bahrain, and Air Frances version made the trip to Rio. With the economic situation and environmental issues looming over the head of the Concorde, this day of glory would not be denied. The British press praised the event, with Air Commodore E.M. Donaldson of the Daily Telegraph saying, This without doubt must be the greatest leap forward in air travel the world has ever known. Most sentiments followed this, with a few obvious exceptions, such as the quote from Herb Coleman, London editor of Aviation Week he seats are very comfortable, up to first class forward. But its less adequate if you want to around. If youre used to wide-bodied planes Concordes cabin tends to close around you -- its like being back in Constellation days. Theres a high noise level although not enough to inhibit conversation. Apart from that its just another aircraft as far as Im concerned. Thought these sentiments were echoed by many, I presume, the overwhelming reaction was positive. The pro-Concorde lot finally had their day in the sun.

The year of 176 would not continue to be the upside of the Concorde story. In March of that year, the New York and New Jersey port authorities banned the Concorde from entering. This would put a serious bind on planned Concorde operations, as the route from London to New York was a driving factor since the late 150s. On the other hand, permission was not only granted by U.S transportation Secretary William Coleman for Concorde flights into Washington, D.C., he granted them in style. The first arrival of the Concorde in Washington was a flight of two, one French and one British, with a simultaneous approach and touchdown on parallel runways. 177 would prove to be a somewhat better year overall, as the Concorde reached its first year in service. In that year, she carried over 45,000 revenue-generating passengers and traveled over .5 million miles. In February, the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board granted permission for overland flight from Washington to Dallas. Also, and possibly the most important, the Concorde was allowed to operate into New York in November, after months of testing and long delays due to protests. However, the pendulum always swings both ways, and Malaysia banned the Concorde from operation there after only three flights. The Concorde was now a mainstay in civil aviation, but had become anything but ordinary. It still drew crowds on arrival at airports around the world, because of the aircraft itself and the desire to see just who was traveling onboard. After the initial honeymoon was over, the critics continued. The question now turned to safety, but was answered time and time again by successful, safe flights even when problems arose. Three times the Concorde suffered rudder failure in flight before it was replaced throughout the fleet. Each time, the flight ended without incident. In 14, an aircraft suffered three outer windowpanes shattering in flight at over 55,000 feet. There was no loss of pressurization, and the flight continued without incident to its destination.

The Concorde was fast gaining the reputation as the safest air travel option, if not the most expensive. This trend would continue until July of 000, when the program would suffer its first lost aircraft in over thirty years of operation. Air France Concorde 0 crashed after takeoff from Paris, killing all 10 people on board and three on the ground. The Concorde was grounded for 18 months and has never recovered since, even after receiving a £17 million safety improvement programme. On the 10th of April 00 Concorde's retirement was announced by both British Airways and Air France. On 1st May of that Year all Air France flights were suspended and on 4th October BA halted all flights. Now all that remains of Concorde is a mere memory and a museum showpiece.

Though noise could prove to be the Achilles heel of the Concorde, there were other problems as well. One that sometimes goes unnoticed is the presence of such great expectations of the program. A fleet of 00-00 was proposed in the beginning. As of 177, the British government considered 100 to be overly optimistic. With only 0 produced, and no more slated to be, the initial figures were obviously way off the mark. Combined with the horribly miscalculated production and development costs, this points directly at utter economic failure.

The question the success or failure of the Concorde, I believe, is still not answered even after thirty years. The fleet lasted for over 0 years. This alone could be considered evidence of success; an aircraft in operation for this amount of time, while withstanding the stresses of supersonic flight.

However, the Concorde is a commercial airplane. That is, it was designed for business purposes and businesses are in place to make a profit. The Concorde has never shown any profit and . The only saviour of the program has been government subsidies accounting for the losses of British Airways, totalling some $6.5 million annually.

That being said, my conclusion is that success or failure ultimately depends on what subject is in discussion. If it is in regards to technological advance and any testament to aerospace engineering and aircraft development - then the Concorde has been a complete success. However, in sole terms of economics, the program has been a dismal failure.

Millennium Dome

The Millennium Dome project is a principal example of decision failures. The project was to provide the centrepiece for the nation's Millennium celebrations by opening on New Year's Eve and running through the year 000. The project was funded by sources the national lottery, visitors and commercial sponsors.

The overall corporate aim had always been obscure ever since the Labour government had taken of the plans from the previous Tory government. Having been elected into power in 17, the project was already well underway and so the Labour government had no option but to facilitate the conclusion of the project. As the original idea was that of the Tory government, the Labour government would most probably not have been so keen on the ideology their predecessors had created. This would have inevitably led to the likelihood of an ambiguous overall aim.

Once the Dome had launched and was open to the public to attend, the turnout by visitors was well below figures that had been expected and that were needed in order to break even. In a recent government report, the Comptroller and Auditor General's conclusions were that "the main cause of financial difficulty is the failure to achieve the visitor numbers and income needed. The targets were ambiguous and inherently risky. This inevitably meant a significant degree of financial exposure on the project." Consultants had originally estimated 1.5 million visitors to the dome over the year and the actual figure was only 4.5 million. At the time of these estimates in 17, final decisions had yet to be made on the Dome's contents, ticket prices and marketing strategies. A worse case scenario had been considered but the measured figure for this was 8 million, well above the eventual figure. This was eventually approved as the basis of the business plan that was approved by the Commissioners in July 17. This underlines the level of uncertainly in the events leading up to the launch of the dome which proved to be critical. Decisions had been based upon abrupt forecasts, which is the primary reason behind the failure of the Dome.

In February 000 the company announced it was introducing a range of initiatives aimed at increasing customer visits after early turnout figures indicated the target of 1.5 million visitors would now be unrealistic. These initiatives included discounted tickets for repeat visits, reduced admission prices after 4pm, and linked deal to other London attractions. The decision to do this was a desperate measure taken to help improve upon the early visitor figures as the company realised it was in danger of falling well short of the break-even level. Thus this decision was made on more of a 'hunch' basis by senior management without the typical thorough research such a project would undertake before deciding upon to such an important resolution. The main reason behind the rushed decision was due to time constraints; the Dome was not a long-term attraction and only had 11 months left to achieve a viable objective.

Despite the many setbacks the Dome had suffered and when considering the many unforeseen obstacles it had to face, it can be also argued that the project had a certain degree of success. Firstly, the Dome was completed in time before New Year's Eve in 1 when many had predicted the building work would fall beyond the deadline. This success was due to management at construction who had overcome the fears by ensuring workers worked within their own specific deadlines set. Also, exit polls had showed that in August 000, 87% of customers were satisfied with their visit to the Dome and in addition, 86% were satisfied with the services provided by the Dome's hosts.

The Dome was closed a year after opening with serious losses whilst also being unable to find a buyer. Many had been held to blame ranging from the original consultants who had forecasted the figures to the incessant change at senior management during the running of the Dome in 000. On top of this, decisions were rushed by management without the appropriate research conducted such as the February initiatives when they had realised they were in danger of cashing in on very low visitor figures for the year. However, the company believed unforeseen external elements played a role in the failure of the Dome project. These included the constant negative media coverage that had downgraded the Dome, competition from other London attractions such as the London Eye and Tate Modern and the strength of the pound which had encouraged additional foreign travel by British people especially for short breaks at the expense of travel within the UK.

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China outlines rules for IPOs

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China has announced tougher requirements for companies planning initial public offerings which analysts said would make it more difficult for unprofitable or shell businesses to float on the domestic market.

The rules, posted by the China Securities Regulatory Commission in state media on Monday, bar companies that have recently undergone major management or structural changes from listing and limit the scale of individual issues to twice the value of the companys net assets.

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They also ban listings of companies that rely on their largest shareholder for more than 0 per cent of sales and of companies whose purchases from the major shareholder account for more than 0 per cent of expenditure.

Chinese stock markets, among Asias worst performers this year but still widely considered to be overvalued, have slumped in recent months as investor enthusiasm fails to keep pace with a recent string of IPOs.

However, the announcement of the new rules did not appear to assuage the fears of an IPO glut, with the benchmark Shanghai composite index closing down 0.71 per cent on Monday to 1,81 points - an eight-month low.

The effectiveness of the new rules in improving the quality of new issues also depends largely on how strictly they are enforced - no easy matter given the political clout of many of the state-owned enterprises that await listing.

Dong Chen, a market analyst at China Securities Research in Beijing, said many past IPOs had been carried out by companies just reorganised in order to appear to meet profit requirements or companies almost wholly dependent on a parent for their core business.

Its a very common phenomenon, Mr Dong said.

The regulatory commission said companies must have been established for three years, and have no major management or business transformations in that period, before applying for a listing, although it also said some exceptions would be possible.

While Mr Dong gave the new rules a cautious welcome, he said that regulators also needed to find a way to help high-quality companies to list.

This is positive in itself, but only deals with one side of the problem, he said.

The regulator said the new rules would take effect on October 1, but that IPO applications already approved would not be affected.

Officials have been keen to support share prices, even though many companies with overseas listings trade at much higher multiples on domestic exchanges.

The CSRC this month ordered Yangtze Electric Power, which is building the massive Three Gorges dam and hydropower plant on the Yangtze river, to defer a Rmb10bn ($1.bn) offering planned for this month, apparently out of concern of its impact on the market.

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Love

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Love. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Love paper right on time.

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Themes of Literature

Love

"Love is born with the pleasure of looking at each other, it is fed with the necessity of seeing each other, it is concluded with the impossibility of separation!" So is marriage a job, or is it a beautiful thing? Do people enjoy the emotion and the romance of love, or is it just something to do? Everyone can be touched by the romantic aspects of quotes like this particular one, however this is not a realistic conception of love. In my opinion, most love scenarios are based on materialistic things, and there really is no such emotion which consumes a man and a women to become one. There are basic essential reasons why people "love" one anther. The conveniences of the relationship is the primary reason. This can be broken down into sub sections. Those sub-sections include child bearing and economic circumstance which play an important role in the "so called" emotion of love.

Almost ninety percent of American women marry a man who earns more money than they do. While economic situations play a role in every thing we do in life, economic circumstances are also the vital reasons for marriages. The simple fact that only ten percent of women marry men who are of equal or less financial status proves this. Many women in America work part time, while their spouse works full-time and brings home the majority of the family's income. Women's economic benefits from marriage are excessive. Economic stability is important to everyone. In today's society, two incomes are the difference between a suburban neighborhood and an urban one. Most people prefer a suburban neighborhood, marriage enables more people to choose this.

In today's culture many women have children out of wedlock. In the year of 00 alone there were 1,58,768 births to children out of wedlock. The fathers who want to be apart of their child's life try to make the best of the situation. The mothers try to make the best of the situation as well, therefore the supposedly logical conclusion would be to marry each other, and take care of their situation. It is said that children keep families together. Parents feel obligated to stay together for the sake of their children. The father needs the mother for nurturing, and the mother needs the father for financial stability. These two things go hand in hand. For the child's sake the mother wants to live in a beautiful area, where the criminal activity is at a low. After a study that was taken place at the University of Berkeley, a conclusion was made that criminal activity occurs more frequently in lower income areas. While men do in fact have it in them to be nurturers, women are born with a natural instinct to nurture their child. This can be seen clearly in the naturalistic observation of the animal kingdom. Most people believe this and that is why two people stay married. They claim love when it is not love for each other, but rather love for the child they have made.

The first thing most people think about when they hear love is the romance of love. By romance of love, simply meant, the Romeo and Juliet, and similar stories. There is much more to love than that. Marriage is the symbol of love. When two people are in love they decide to make a lifetime commitment. With the life time commitment there are downfalls. Divorce rates have skyrocketed since World War II. Fifty percent of marriages are expected to fail. The divorce rates started rising in the sixties and rose even more during the seventies. They leveled off in the eighties and since then have declined slightly. More and more couples are divorcing for a numerous amount of reasons. Poor communications, financial problems, a lack of commitment, infidelity are all major reasons for divorce. These things are all very common occurrences in marriages.

At the time, marriage is a convenience for the two parties involved. There are many different situations as to what these conveniences pertain to, but they all fall under conveniences. Some reasons are, because of economical situations and other reasons are family situations. Either way it is what is convenient for the man and the women. In no way are most marriages based on this fabricated emotion between a man and a women that we believe is romantic love. This is I believe most love scenarios are based on materialistic things, and there really is no such emotion which consumes a man and a women to become one. In becoming one people would have to become selfless and except not only their own faults but the faults of another. While this is a conceivable notion it is rare. That is why love is rare and uncommon. So what is love? It is a situation that makes life easier. It is the farthest thing away from an emotion two people feel when they get to know each other.

Please note that this sample paper on Love is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Love, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Love will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Newspaper articles

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A Rocky shore…

Aim The aim of this was to find different species of animals and plant life on the rocky shore of Mooloolaba and determine where their habitats are and talk about their dangers and how they manage to survive.

Procedure

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Results and discussion

The following answers to the questions is the information gathered on the day

1. A profile of the rocky shore shows

Scale

Physical features

Positions of dominate organisms

A key to the dominate organisms

. Four Dominate Organisms

Organism 1 Barnacle

Zone

A) All possible problems faced

· Battering from waves

· Predators such as Mulberry Shells

· Dehydration from sun

B) All characteristics the organism has to enable it to survive the problems

· Hard shell to protect from waves and predators.

· Gluey mucus to cement itself to the rock to prevent falling off.

C) The organism eats

· Algae that is brought in with every tide.

D) Protection from predators

· Its only defense is its Hard-shell to make it difficult for predators to get inside to eat the organism.

Organism Enemies

Zone

A) All possible problems faced

·

B)

C)

D)

Organism Chiton

Zone

A)

B)

C)

D)

Organism 4 Crab

Zone

A)

B)

C)

D)

4)

a) Most coastal habitats should have an extremely high concentration of animal life because there are lots of different microhabitats that suit amphibious terrestrial and aquatic organisms as well as a constant food supply.

b) Some coastal habitats are decreasing in the number of variety of life. This is due to constant human interfearance, erosion and sea levels rising due to the increase of temperature causing the ice poles to melt.

5) Different points on a bolder on a rocky shore may experience different physical conditions even though they are on the same rock.

a) relating to surface temperature

Depending on the time of day a or b may be more exposed

to the sunlight whereas c is completely covered. This exposure to the sun will effect the temperature for example- if an organism is fully exposed to the sun it will experience a higher temperate to what an organism would that is partially exposed or not exposed at all.

b) Relating to wave action

Depending on which direction the waves are coming from a or b would be would be under more harsh battering. If the direction of the waves were on point a side of the rock and organisms living there would have to withstand direct hitting of waves whereas organisms that live on point b side of the rock would not have as rough conditions as the water from the wave with glide over the top of the rock and down the other side in a more gentle motion. C does not experience any battering from the waves.

6) The following factors would differ in rock pools assuming it is low tide

Salinity The rock pools closer to the water at the LWM will have the lowest concentration of salt due to the lack of time for water to evaporate which causes the salinity of the water to rise as there is less water and more salt. Therefore rock pools at the HWM will have the highest concentration of salt.

Temperature Rock pools at the HWM will have the highest temperature because they are exposed to the sun for longer than the rock pools at the LWM. The pools at the LWM are constantly refilled with cooler water.

Oxygen The rock pools at the LWM will have the highest concentration of oxygen due to the constant movement on the water from the incoming waves. The HWM rock pools will have less oxygen because of the stillness and heating of the water.

Obviously rock pools at the MWM would have oxygen, temperature and salinity levels that are in between those of the HWM and the LWM.

7.) Hypothesis

Procedure

CONCLUSION

The Rainforest and Eucalypt Forest……..

AIM

PROCEDURE

Q 1 The rainforest felt cold, wet and damp, and the sounds of birds and flowing water could be heard. The rainforest smelt fresh and as we went further into the forest it got cooler and the sound of water got louder.

Q Organisms in the rainforest fern, mosquitoes

Moss, butterfly, ants, stag horns, lichen, crows nest,

Vines, leaches, grass trees, birds, eucalyptus trees, bush turkey, tree fern, snail, spider, boatman, palm trees, toadstools

Q (a) The under story of the rainforest is thin and doesn't have many shrubs

Q 4 'Drip-tips' are the tips of leaves that point down

Q 5 (a) Strangler figs can be seen growing on other trees

(b) Seeds of strangler figs are dispersed in bird droppings.

(c) These trees are called 'strangler figs' because they strangle other trees.

Q 6 (a) young rainforest trees are usually very thin and spindley because they do not get enough light to grow because of the thick canopy.

(b) The purpose of buttress roots, is to assist the tree absorb oxygen if the soil becomes water logged.

Q 7 Various vines have adapted to the low light conditions in the rainforest by climbing other trees until they reach the sunlight.

Q 8 The 'leaf litter' that covers the floor of the rainforest is important because it puts nutrients into the soil after it is decomposed, it is then used as food for the plants.

Q The soil in the rainforest is not fertile enough for agricultural purposes as it is mainly leaf litter

Q 10 (a) Rainforests are also called closed forests because they have a closed canopy excluding light from the forest floor.

(b) The eucalyptus forest is dryer than the rainforest, and is slightly less green in colour. The eucalypt forest is also a little more spread out / less dense and rockier than the rainforest. This is due to the exposure to the hot sun.

Q 11 The grass trees with blackened stems have adapted to their environment in a way that they have become immune to the bushfires. They disperse their seeds during the very hot temperatures of the fire.

Q 1 (a) The soil on the hill going down to the water fall is very loose and crumbly, because it is dry due to the exposure to the sunlight.

(b) The soil on the hill wouldn't hold much water because of evaporation from the sun

Q 1 (a) The plants that are growing down the rock walls on the hill are Lichen.

(b)

Q 14

Q 15

Q 16 (a) After a fire has occurred, plants that dominate the area would be tall trees and grass trees because of their immunity and the tall trees would obtain little damage.

(b) After a fire it is possible for the rainforest to survive if the fire was small otherwise the fire would dry the soil out too much.

(c) As time passes after a fire the forest canopy will be damaged therefore there will be more understorey.

Q 17 This whole range was once covered with rainforest, much of which has been cleared.

Q 18 There has been considerate debate over the clearing of rainforests. There is particular concern about the possible clearing of the Daintree rainforest, and on a world wide scale, of the clearing of the Amazon rainforest.

Q 1 Two advantages of plants growing in the under story would be that they always have plenty of water and the soil they grow in is full of nutrients due to the decomposing of the fallen leaves and other forest 'litter'.

Two disadvantages of a plant living in the under story of the rainforest are insufficient light which slows down their growth rate, as they do not get enough light for photosynthesis, all of the energy gained from the sun is put into making food and not growing. Plants may also get flooded and washed away if there is to much rain and the soil can't hold all the water.

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Nike and Exploitation

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The Nike sporting goods company has been accused of exploiting its workers in Asia. Over time critics have claimed Nike has used unfair and abusive labour practices in order to produce their product at a cheaper cost. While human rights organizations have stepped in to bring the world to the attention of these practices, Nike has continued to remain the number one seller of athletic shoes on the globe. This essay will discuss these claims and how Nike has responded and acted in order to keep their company number one, and why the megastar athletes Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods have remained silent to protect their endorser.

Nike sports shoes and clothing are easily identified by its company's distinctive logo, the "Swoosh" and its slogan "Just Do It." (Atkinson, 16, p7) Now one of the most worn sports brands globally, the company, which grew from one mans idea to produce shoes to compete with other brands, has become a one of the most well known global enterprises in the world.

Nike was named after the Greek goddess of victory and began in 164 when American athlete turned businessman, Phillip Knight, hit on the idea of importing running shoes from Japan to compete with the German brands, Adidas and Puma, which were then dominating the US market. (Atkinson, 16, p7) The advantage that Knight recognised was that Japanese shoes were much cheaper to produce due to the cheaper labour in Asian countries, thus increasing total company profits.

During the 170s, the company grew as Knight spotted many openings in the market and started targeting not only professional runners, but also the non-professional market, as the shoes were seen to be not just a running shoe but a fashion statement as well. By the end of that decade, Nike had gained half the market in the US and a turnover of US$14 million. (Atkinson, 16, p 7) In the mid 180s however the company's position was hit when it failed to recognise the emerging market for women's aerobic shoes and was overtaken by Reebok. (Atkinson, 16, p 7) But this was short lived, as by 10 it had regained it's lead due to the introduction of the "Air Jordan" trainer, endorsed and promoted by basketball star, Michael Jordan.

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Today Nike continues to retain its position as the market leader in sports shoes, and a major player in sports wear and accessories. In 14, Nike sales were reported to be at the highest at a US$70 million making the company profit $ million. (Atkinson, 16, p7)

But despite the success of Nike, throughout this time, the company and its founder have always had a reputation for being aggressive and unconventional, the "bad boys" of the shoe industry, built on an "irrelevance for the sporting establishment and for any authority which might cramp the individual's style." (Atkinson, 16, p 7)

Much of this reputation has been owed to the labour practices of the company. Virtually all of the company's footwear is produced by contract suppliers operating throughout Asia. The development of the athletic footwear industry has driven the movement of production from Japan to South Korea and Taiwan, and then to lower wage regions in Indonesia, the People's Republic of China, and Vietnam. (Goldman, 18, p 6) Whereas South Korea and Taiwan accounted for a combined 76 per cent of Nike shoe wear production in 187, by 17 78 per cent of Nikes shoes came from Indonesia and China while the shared produced by South Korea and Taiwan had shrunk to 7 per cent. (Goldman, 18, p 7) The following graph demonstrates this and shows the change of contract suppliers in Asian countries from the period of 18 until 17.

For Nike, production of shoes in these is countries is a major benefit for the company, but overtime there has been much criticism of the labour practices used in these Asian factories. Whilst Nike is not the only company who uses such practices, they have been targeted again and again by community welfare groups who are continually trying to push the company to change their production processes. In these Asian factories where such production is taking place, research has indicated major problems in a number of areas that gives reason for community groups to take action.

Workers in these countries in recent years have began to talk more openly about their treatment, but in doing so have taken significant risks. Workers are risking personal safety and their job through revealing the inside workings of factories, but community groups have encouraged them to do so in an attempt to improve factory operations. While Nike has conducted its own individual studies, it has been argued these cannot be taken as the most accurate and many other individual studies have been done.

These studies have found major problems in a number of key areas that provide scope to claim exploitation is occurring in Nike factories.

Working hours is the first of these areas. Nike's code of conduct requires that each factory "on a regularly scheduled basis, provides one day off in seven, and requires no more than 60 hours of work per week, or complies with local limits if they are lower." (Nike Code of Conduct, 17) Despite this, it was found this was not always the case.

Working hours vary according to seasonal fluctuations in orders and from factory to factory across different factory sections. According to a report released by Community Aid Abroad, Like Cutting Bamboo, workers were regularly working more than 60 hours a week and in some factories workweeks of 70 hours and above were common. Workers who refused overtime were subject to a range of punishments and in some factories were given a series of warning letters, which could result in their dismissal. (Community Aid Abroad, 00.)

This was in November 001, and now much of this has changed, and working hours have been reduced, primarily due to a reduction in orders. The paradox is that with wages so low, most workers are desperate to work as many hours as they can. Workers in factories have continually emphasised how vital the overtime income was in order to meet basic needs.

In February 001, Nike released a report titled "Workers voices An Interim Report of Workers' Needs and Aspirations in Nine Nike Contract Factories in Indonesia." The research was funded by Nike, arranged by the Global Alliance for Workers and Communities, and conducted by the Center for Societal Development Studies at Atma Jaya Catholic University in Jakarta. It found that most workers in Nike contract factories were paid at or above the official regional minimum wage. It recognised however, that in most Indonesian provinces the minimum wage was below the government's own estimate of the minimum cost of living, based on the needs of a single, male, forcing workers to rely on income from overtime. (Community Aid Abroad, 00)

The situation is worse for workers with children. The inadequacy of their wages makes it very difficult for them to support their families. While in some factories workers are supplied with free dormitory accommodation, this is not an option available to workers with children. Approximately 8 per cent of workers in Nike contract factories in Indonesia are parents, 0 per cent of these indicated they have been forced to leave their children in their home village, as they cannot afford to be with them. (Community Aid Abroad, 00) Those who chose to stay with their children take on a huge financial burden. A worker interviewed for the purpose of the Cutting Bamboo Report, indicated that in order to cover the living expenses to take care of his 1-year-old son, he and is wife had to take out a loan while she cooked and took care of the baby. (Community Aid Abroad, 00)

While in January this year local governments in Indonesia raised minimum wages, according to workers, cuts in government subsidies meant wage increases were not keeping up with the pace of inflation.

These are just two problems evident within Nike factories, and the stories given by workers truly give an inside look to the extent of the situation. But there have also been concerns presented in other areas. Health and safety is one of these. Unless managed properly, the processes involved in shoe production can pose very serious risks to workers' health. While Nike's code of conduct says, "People deserve safe environments. Work shouldn't make a worker sick particularly if that work involves the promotion of health and fitness. Nike ensures its own facilities are safe and demands that subcontractors do the same" (Nike Code of Conduct, 17), evidence suggests otherwise.

In March 1, an inspection of the Tae Kwang Vina factory in Vietnam (a factory which had previously received negative media coverage for allowing workers to be exposed to toxic chemical vapours), found that although the factory had reduced worker exposures to toxic solvents and other chemicals, exposure levels to those chemicals still contravened Vietnamese government standards. (Community Aid Abroad, 00) A number of other health and safety concerns were also documented including excessive noise and heat, poor ergonomics, misuse of protective equipment and poor tracking of the causes of illness. These particular claims should give Nike the push to take action, but still little has been done to reduce such health issues.

Women also make a huge percentage of the workers in these factories and in regards to health often have in much harder. Under Indonesian law, women are entitled to take a certain amount of unpaid leave when they have their monthly period, but there a reports of women having to prove to doctors they are menstruating in order to take this time off work. There have also been other reports claiming that no matter how ill the worker is, they must still turn up for work, otherwise they risk losing their job. In a report titled, 'Women Workers in Nike factories in West Java,' conducted by Community Aid Abroad, it said that in a particular factory in Indonesia this was particularly evident. "At Feng Tay if women are sick they must report to work, no matter how serious their illness. If they stay at home and rest, even with a doctors certificate, they are instantly dismissed upon returning to work."(Hancock, 17, p.1)

Verbal abuse is another problem particularly evident within these Asian factories. The Like Cutting Bamboo Report found that verbal abuse was common and that supervisors routinely shouted at workers if they worked to slowly or made mistakes. The February 001 Nike-funded Global Alliance report discussed the above and found that 0. percent of workers in nine Nike contract factories in Indonesia had personally experienced verbal abuse and 56.8 per cent had observed the problem. (Community Aid Abroad, 00.) This was again another finding with women workers in particular as the following story indicates. "A Sundanese man who had worked for Feng Tay as a supervisor, reported being trained in systematic abuse if women by the use of such phases as 'Fuck you' and 'move, hurry up you stupid bitch.' He resigned as he could not in all conscience do the things asked of him. He felt that such abuse insulted both his culture and the religion." (Atkinson, 16, p4) This type of evidence presents another clear case of exploitation within Asian factories. Workers in other countries don't have to tolerate such behaviour in their work places, yet here it appears to be happening on a regular basis, thus supporting community groups' actions in trying to change factory production processes.

In Indonesia there is also a long history of soldiers being employed by factory owners during periods of industrial unrest to keep workers on the job and prevent them from striking and in addition to this just being employed as factory security guards. Abuse has also been evident from this route, not just verbally, physical abuse as well.

It is very difficult to compete in today's athletic footwear industry without engaging in the outsourcing of labour to relatively unskilled labourers in these countries. Companies in the athletic footwear industry depend on these poor Asian nations where there is a ready labour force in need of work even if those wages are below the poverty line. (Goldman, 18, p.) Nike too knows that in order to produce their product, these factories are the cheapest and most efficient way. But they also know that problems lie within this production process. While community groups continue to fight against Nike, they say they are trying to improve the issues which exist and provide some justification for their actions.

Last year Nike released its first Corporate Responsibility report and dedicated a large amount of it to their labour practices around the world. According to Director of the Corporate Responsibility Compliance, Todd McKean, no one really knows enough about these practices and more work needs to be done. "How much do we really know about issues in all of these factories? Not enough. Every time we look closer, we find another thing wrong. Too much overtime. Wage errors. Too much heat. Involuntary pregnancy testing. An abusive supervisor. Among the most difficult dilemmas is worker rights." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p )

So what is Nike doing and to what extent do they agree with the left-wing comments made about their company? Starting with the company's factory monitoring process. "Monitoring involves the use of internal and external resources to judge a factory's compliance with Nike's Code of Conduct." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p 8) Nike Agrees that presently their monitoring process is not good enough and that it needs to be under constant revision. In Cambodia in 000, the British Broadcasting Corporation said it had proof that a Nike contractor was using child labour. It said so on air and showed footage of children claiming they were under the age of 15. While later it was found otherwise, Nike still ceased work in this factory because of the number of compliance issues it raised. (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p8) To Nike these types of examples are constant reminders that their process is not good enough and a constant review of their system is needed in order to do things differently.

While age has been a constant argument used against Nike, they say their standards are the highest in the world 18 for footwear manufacturing and 16 for apparel and equipment, or local standards whenever they are higher. Nikes argument back is that in some countries, these standards are next to impossible to verify, as records of birth do not exist or can be easily forged, which can leave their company being seen to use child labour. They say, "We put teeth behind the policy with oversight and follow-up. A Nike contractor found employing any worker under our standards must (a) remove that child from the workplace, (b) continue to pay that worker's basic weekly wage, (c) place that worker in an accredited local school and pay fees to keep them there, and (d) agree to rehire that worker when reaching the Kike minimum age. Factories that refuse to do so we lose our business." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p0) Nike say they are trying to continually trying to monitor this process and with this in mind can others to continue to claim Nike are doing wrong. Nike surely recognise what others are saying and are trying to change their processes. Phil Knight said in 18, " Adults should work. Children should study and play. We do everything we can to ensure this happens. Setting the highest age standards in the industry, and requiring independent certification that factories meet those standards, is our best practice to make it so"

Finally, in response to wage. Nike the say, they pay the wage that is due. They pay what is needed, making the comparison between wages and expenditures and make adjustments in these if necessary. For example, in Indonesia where the 18- financial crisis it was clear that inflation was outstripping workers' ability to survive. Nike footwear factories voluntarily raised their minimum wages four times above the nominal minimum wage. (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p.) They say although the wages are low, people want these jobs, often because the alternative is far worse.

While these problems are lying in the background, Nike continues to maintain its position as the leading seller of athletic shoes in the world. Much of this is owed to the megastar sports people, like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods who endorse their products, despite the accusations against their sponsor.

Michael Jordan signed with Nike in 184 to a $.5 million contract over five years. At that time, the company was in a period of financial difficulty their earnings had declined by 65 per cent and in December of that year, 400 employees were laid off, yet Jordan took a gamble and so did the company that both would succeed. (Goldman, 18, p47.) To increase Jordan's incentive to promote Nike, they created a brand of shoes carrying his name, the Air Jordan. The Air Jordan line sold over $100 million in its first year, increasing Jordan's sign value, making him a major symbol of Nike. Jordan later commented that, "What Phil and Nike have done is turn me into a dream." (Goldman, 18, p48.)

With Jordan being such a huge part of Nike's public image, he too was a major part of the problems that the company had to deal with over time. The media continually placed attacks on Nike, something that endorsers like Jordan had no way of escaping. In the early 10s, a group named The Made in the USA Foundation began a one million dollar advertising attack on Nike and other firms who produced products overseas. The Foundation mentioned poorly paid, child, or prison labour was occurring in Nike factories abroad. Its ads told readers to send their, "old, dirty, smelly, worn-out Nikes" to Knight so the company would cease overseas manufacturing. (Walter, 1, p15)

Nike hit back, noting it did no directly hire and pay Asian workers, and instead worked through contractors, who it declared, had to pay the company's minimum wage. But clearly the Foundation's accusations stung the company. By 14, Nike television ads began showing Michael Jordan talking seriously to students and adults about the need to support local youth and sports programs. (Walter, 1, p16)

As arguments were hurled back and forth, Jordan continued to be silent about labour and wage issues, with the repeated response, "he was looking into it" and to this day has continued to do so. (Walter, 1, p154) Despite his silence, these issues are something he cannot escape, and will have to deal with as long as he continues to be associated with Nike, as this quote indicates. "He appeared more frequently at his Chicago restaurant to chat up customers, and even moved around area country clubs in a self-proclaimed mission to become immortal gin rummy player. But he could escape neither the continued frustrations of baseball nor the growing allegations against Nike."(Walter, 1, p16.)

More recently Nike has signed golf superstar Tiger Woods as a major endorser of their products, and has chosen to foreground race as a category. (Goldman, 18, p11.) Over the past few years Woods has rapidly emerged as a sports legend in the media. He has already been named Sportsman of the year in Sports Illustrated, with media representations of Woods focusing on "his athletic ability, his personality and his ethnicity." An Advertising Age article observes that "...as he is only 0, and part African-American, part Native-American, part Chinese and part Thai, Mr. Woods will be used to reach demographic segments most golf marketers don't actively pursue." (Goldman, 18, p114)

Woods is a minority spokesperson compared to Jordan, but his campaigns draw on a different audience. While Nike labour practices continually get criticized, Nike try's to portray that they do have concerns for minority groups, and primarily use Woods for this image. Nike uses Woods' multiracial background to present Woods as a signifier of universality. "While Jordan signified physical transcendence, the ability to fly, to do what no man has done before, the ultimate in physical achievement, Woods emerges as a signifier of Humanity itself." (Goldman, 18, p114 - 115)

Although Woods' image of symbolizing humanity is evident, he too has remained silent about the Asian sweatshops along with the many other Nike endorsers.

Looking at both sides of the issue, we have seen the problem in Asia is complex and to find what is morally right is difficult. What is evident though is that for developing companies to enhance their economic well being and living standards, and in order for their population to survive, they need companies such as Nike. While the major Nike endorsers have remained silent about these labour issues to this day, there is evidently a problem lying in the practices of Nike and more needs to be done to ensure continual improvements. As chairman and CEO Phil Knight said, "We made mistakes, more than most, on our way to becoming the world's biggest sports and fitness company. We missed some opportunities, deliberated when we should have acted, and visa versa. As a citizen of the world, Nike must do Do the Right Thing try to be transparent about what they are doing right, and what they are doing wrong; embrace diversity; drive sustainability." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p1)

Bibliography

Atkinson, Jeff. (16) Sweating for Nike labour conditions in the sports shoe industry, Community Aid Abroad, Victoria.

Community Aid Abroad (00) We are not machines Nike and Adidas Workers in Indonesia, Available [online] www.caa.org.au/campaigns/nike/reports/machines.html

Goldman, Robert (18) Nike Culture the sign of the swoosh, Sage, London

Hancock, Peter. (17) Women workers in Nike factories in West Java, Community Aid Abroad, Victoria.

Nike, (001) Nike Corporate Responsibility Report Labour Practices, Available [online] www.nikebiz.com

Nike, (17) Nike Code of Conduct, Available [online] www.nikebiz.com/labor/code.shtml

Walter, LaFeber (1) Michael Jordan and the new global capitalism, W.W. Norton, New York.

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Consider Yourself Privilaged

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A privilege is defined as a special advantage held as a prerogative of status or rank and exercised to the exclusion or detriment of others. This definition makes it obvious that a college education is undoubtedly a privilege rather than a right that everyone has. Everyone has the right to apply for college, but not everyone is accepted. Even if you are accepted to college you may not be financially able to attain a college education. After you get accepted and are able to pay you still don't have the right to a college education, but rather it takes a lot of hard work and dedication.

Sure everyone has the right to apply to college, yet those who get accepted are the privileged ones. Almost every school has a set number of students that they plan to admit each year and most of the time the number admitted is nearly half of the number who applied. "Colleges compete to improve their rankingsparticularly U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Colleges"by using wait lists, early-decision programs and mass mailings to make them look as selective as possible and to increase their "yield rate" the percentage of students who accept offers of admission"(Mathews par) Getting accepted is not all in the number though; there are certain criteria that each student must meet to be accepted into college. Most colleges require a minimal SAT; ACT score at which they will accept students. Other colleges require placement tests and essays in the admittance process. In some instances one person is admitted over another person based solely on athletic ability. Nobody is ever guaranteed into college, you may even be turned away because of the mere fact that the number of students for that year has already been filled. "In 000, according to data on the U.S. News & World Report Web site, Columbia's wait list had more names on it than its admit list of 1,74 and, like most other schools, it didn't disclose this in its letter to wait-listed applicants."(Mathews par1)

Even if you are accepted into college you must be financially able to obtain a college education. To most that means money out of their own pockets, but there are other options. Some people are academically privileged enough to get scholarships to help pay for school and others are eligible for state and federal grants that will help cut the costs of college. Although assistance is available for those who cannot afford to pay for all of college tuition there are still some people who can't go to school because they merely are not financially able. For example a student whose family makes just enough to be ineligible for state grants and receives no scholarships probably would be unable to attend college. Also different schools charge different tuition fees so you may be able to financially afford a community college where as you are not financially privileged enough to attend a four year university. Not only is actual college tuition a factor, but also is the required test to get in. Most states charge a fee to take the ACT; SAT, yet almost every college requires one of the two test scores to be admitted.

Even if you are accepted to a college and are financially able to pay for it you still don't have the right to a college education. It may sound obvious to say that you must attend classes to receive your college degree, but that is one thing that makes it a privilege. A college education is not something that is just handed to you for barely getting by, but rather takes a lot of hard work and dedication. You cannot receive a college degree by merely being enrolled in college classes. You must attend classes, take the required classes and complete the required work well and on time. Some people are even dedicated enough to have the privilege of graduating with honors or high honors. With a college education you gain status among the employment world.

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In conclusion, everyone has the right to be apply for college, but not everyone is accepted. Even if you are accepted to college you may not be financially able to attain a college education. After you get accepted and are able to pay you still don't have the right to a college education, but rather it takes a lot of hard work and dedication. Obtaining a college education provided the recipient with a new status not given to others without a college education, thus the perfect definition of a privilege. So for all of those college students out there wishing they were doing anything other than homework, consider yourself privileged.

Bibliography

Mathews, Jay. "Some Tricks to Beware Of" Newsweek Fall 00

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