Wednesday, June 23, 2021

Morals

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The Importance of Morals


The question of whether or not a choice is morally right or wrong varies a great deal from person to person. The first step in determining a moral choice from an immoral one is to know the definition of the word moral, which is "of or concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness of human action". The judgment of a human's action determines the morality of that action. Judgment is "the capacity to make reasonable decisions", and reason is "the basis or motive for an action". Knowing this, a better definition of the word moral might be the capacity to make a decision based on the goodness of one's motives. Therefore, a choice is based on a person's motives, so whether the motives are good or bad determines the morality of the choices.


In Antigone, Antigone's motivations for the choice she made were to obey the laws of the gods and to value her family, which resulted in her making a moral decision; one based on positive motives. Her motivation stemmed from love for her family and respect for the gods. On the other hand, Creon based his decisions on what would be best in maintaining his own power as opposed to the power of the gods. His motivation was to improve himself, regardless of what it would cost to others. He was blinded by his power and unable to see the importance of other's opinion.


"Guests of the Nation" addresses the issue of immoral choices and results. Donovan follows orders to have two hostages killed in order to seek revenge. Motivated by this revenge and a sense of duty, he willingly shoots the prisoners. Unlike Noble and Bonaparte, who are hesitant about this plan, Donovan is "shaking with excitement" (O'Connor, 45). Although


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Noble is forced be a part of the killing, he refuses to do the shooting himself due to his religious beliefs. Bonaparte reluctantly goes along with the shooting, feeling that it is his duty as an Irish soldier. Their motivation for choosing to go along with the shooting was fear of appearing as traitors. This went against both of their beliefs. In the end, Noble and Bonaparte are negatively affected by the result of their actions.


Antigone is the story of immoral and moral choices, and their effects on an individual. Whether a choice is immoral or moral determines the results. Through the conflict between Antigone and Creon, Sophocles brings up the question of which is more important abiding by the laws of the gods or the laws of human. As Creon's power increases, his personal beliefs and morals seem to become less and less important to him. Creon seems to hold his power higher than that of the gods, thus making immoral choices that bring negative consequences to his own life and the lives of others. Antigone's brother, Polyneices, fought against the state of Thebes, and because of this he was labeled as a traitor. Creon denied him of a proper burial for this, leaving his body to rot in the city as an example. He was too prideful and stubborn to see Polyneices as anything more than a traitor. Due to her strong morals and beliefs, Antigone feels that it is her duty as Polyneices' sister to grant him a proper burial. In her conversation with Ismene, it is clear that she is aware of the dangers and consequences of her actions, but chooses to carry them through regardless. Creon wants her killed for going against his will. Although Antigone is the bride of his son, Creon fails to consider the pain he will be putting his son through. He seems to put more consideration into how his power will be affected rather than how his family will be affected. Haimon, although he respects his father, desperately tries to convince him of his immorality. He says to his father, "Do not believe that you alone can


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be right. The man who thinks that, The man who maintains that only he has the power A man like that, when you know him, turns out empty"(Sophocles 47). Creon disregards his son's opinion, thinking it would be ignorant of him to listen to someone so much younger than he is. He is angered by his son's disobedience and goes so far as to say he wants Antigone killed in front of Haimon.


"A person who chooses to die or to risk death demonstrates that there are values, principles, maxims, that are more valuable to him than is life itself. In short, he places his immortal self above his mortal self" (Thoreau, 1). Antigone's morals and beliefs are more important to her than her own life. The choice she makes is carefully thought out and is supported by her morals and beliefs. In the end, she is killed for the choices she made. This result may seem to be negative on the surface, but in reality she was able to change Creon's unreasonable ways of thinking and die for a good cause. The outcome of her moral choice produced positive results.


Creon's power outweighs everything else in his decision-making, including his own family. The choices Creon makes are based on his pride and power, and consequences of his actions are not considered. It is only after the consequences occur that he realizes the bad choices he has made. Through his son's death, he is finally able to see what a huge mistake he has made, and that human compassion is far more important than maintaining his power. In the following quote, he realizes the negative impact his pride and power had on his life. "Lead me away. I have been rash and foolish. I have killed my son and my wife. I look for comfort; my comfort lies here dead. Whatever my hands have touched has come to nothing. Fate has brought all my pride to a thought of dust" (Sophocles, 60). He became blind by his powers as king, and his only motivation was to uphold that power. It is unfortunate that he failed to take his ethical


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beliefs into consideration before his conversation with Tieresias, who convinced him of his wrong doings. His immoral choices lead to the destruction of many lives. When he was finally able to understand the negative consequences of his immorality, he chose to die an unhappy death out of desperation. His immoral choices based on selfish motives brought him negative results.


"Guests of the Nation" is a story about the morality of choices made during war. Hawkins and Belcher are prisoners of war being held hostage by Irish soldiers. They are seen as no more than hostages to most of the country, but Bonaparte and Noble get to know them as more than just objects of revenge. Because of this, they are directly affected by the choice made to kill the prisoners and are able to see it as being morally wrong. Although they realize this, the rest of the country is so overcome with anger that revenge seems to outweigh the value of a human life. In their ignorance, they failed to realize that a brief feeling of glory from revenge is not worth the suffering of lost human lives.


Jeremiah Donovan's decision to kill Hawkins and Belcher was not based on any personal feelings of dislike towards them but out of anger. His motivation for killing the English prisoners was revenge. The problem with the choice Donovan makes is not in any way due to him having a bad conscience. He seemed like a sincere person, truly believing that in killing the English soldiers he was doing what was best for Ireland. The mistake Donovan made was that he failed to consider other possible solutions to the problem. On the topic of war, John F. Kavanaugh writes,


"When you join a sincere conscience with unwillingness to consider any data that might challenge it, you have a dangerous situation. You may be sincere and certain that you are


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right, but if you are incorrect in your judgment and you have almost unlimited power to implement your choices, you can be a menace"(Kavanaugh, 1).


Although Bonaparte and Noble disagreed with Donovan's actions, they made the choice not to express their opinions. Going against their morals to avoid being labeled as traitors, they reluctantly followed Donovan's orders. However, they seem to regret this choice in the end. Noble went against his strong religious beliefs. After the shooting, he falls on his knees in prayer. Bonaparte followed through with something he believed to be ethically wrong. He describes the way he feels afterwards by saying,


"it was as if the patch of bog where the English men were was a million miles away, and even Noble and the old woman, mumbling behind me, and the birds and the bloody stars were all far away, and I was somehow very small and very lost and lonely like a child astray in the snow. And anything that happened to me afterwards, I never felt the same about again" (O'Conner, 456).


He also says, "It is so strange what you feel at times like that you can't describe it" (O'Conner 455). Perhaps the reason he felt so "very small and very lost" was because he knew he was just one person out of thousands and even if he had tried to save his friends it wouldn't have mattered. Too many people wanted them dead. He never questioned authority in the beginning; he just went along with the crowd. It was not until he was forced to be a part of the shooting of his two friends that he was able to understand that the majority is not always right, but it is almost impossible for a few people to change their minds.


Albert Einstein once quoted, "Never do anything against conscience, even if the state demands it." Over time, more and more people understand the importance of this statement.


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Laws are important in a society, but they should not overpower morals. Like everything else, authority should be questioned. It is through questioning that humans are able to evolve and improve themselves. Those who have the courage to question what is legally right and compare it to what is morally right should be praised, not punished. After all, it is them who have brought positive changes into the world that humans now sometimes take for granted. Due to people like Antigone standing up to the law for a good cause, today's society no longer has to live in fear of being killed for expressing their opinions and standing up for what they believe in. Noble and Bonaparte chose to follow through with the decision to shoot their friends instead of doing what they believed to be morally right. Maybe it would have been impossible to change the outcome, but because they did not try, they will spend the rest of their lives feeling guilty.


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Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible.

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A small, repairable problem can be hyperboled to seem like a life or death situation, a minor illness can be presented to be a fight for survival. What takes courage and substance is to make the toughest times seem enjoyable.


It does not take too much of an effort to create a problem or to exaggerate an existing one. It is always simple to make these small things seem like they are causing a collosal amount of trouble. But, the tough people make the biggest of tasks seem like they are, afterall, not all that tough.


There is nothing more admirable than a woman carrying a load of stones or bricks on her head, and is probably exhausted, but, walks with grace and stops to smile while she asks for the time. That is, somehow, not something many people can boast of. It is rather common a sight, to watch somebody who is leading a simple life, fret and complain about how life is never fair to him. It is, indeed sad that most of us never find the time to solve our problems because we are too busy making them bigger than they already are.


One of the greatest cricketers of all times, Don Bradman, was a beautiful sight to watch, when he was on the field to bat. The amazing thing about his batting was the effortlessness. All the beautiful shots he played were accompanied with a careless way of making them look simple. Cricket might come naturally to him, but, the way he makes it all look easy is something that makes him a legend.


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We dont have to go far to find somebody who is complaining about an illness he has. We come across quite a few people who are accustomed to complaining about their health. A few of them might actually have too many health problems to take care of, but, we all have something to learn from the small kid undergoing painful treatment in the nearby hospital who smiles and narrates stories to everyone who cares to listen.


It is indeed easy to make things bigger than they are, and as big as we want them to be, but, the true strength is in making the complex problems as simple as they can get. The ones who can live by this are the tough people who would practice and preach, tough times never last, but, tough people do.


Please note that this sample paper on Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Tuesday, June 22, 2021

How Much Land does a man need

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J. Brotherton once stated, "My riches consist not in the extent of my possessions, but in the fewness of my wants." Brotherton's words perfectly describe how a people can live their lives without wanting more than they could receive. Leo Tolstoy's classic short story, "How Much Land Does a Man Need?" contradicts Brotherton's words. In the beginning, Pakhom is content to farm the small parcel of land that meets his needs. Nevertheless, the peasant's life progresses through a combination of the devil's temptations, human greed and chance events that lead to an ironic end. His desire to gain more land and comfort consumes him, until a chance that would gain him more land than he would ever-dreamed lures him into a pact with the devil. Certainly, through his use of foreshadowing, characterization, and conflict, Tolstoy reveals to the audience the many negative consequences that greed can have on one's life.


Indeed, Tolstoy incorporates many hints about what may happen in the future of his short story through his use of foreshadowing. For instance, Pakhom inform his wife's older sister that their problems are minute when he says, "There's just one troubletoo little land! If I had all the land I wanted, I wouldn't fear the devil himself." By integrating this into the story, Tolstoy hints to the reader that Pakhom will soon receive new land. Because this line is early in the story, they suggest a wide range of possibilities to the audience. At this point, greed begins to manifest. For a while, Pakhom was happy having ten times as much land, but after a while, it became too little. He soon learns about new land, and the night before he goes to stake it out he has a dream that the devil is sitting over his dead body laughing. Through Pakhom's actions, Tolstoy hints to the reader of events to come while generating feelings of anxiety and stress for the audience. Inevitably, right as he gets to the finish, he sees the Chief sitting and laughing, just as the devil in his dream. A race to encircle as much land as he can in one day concludes as Pakhom wins his prize, but falls dead to the ground from a heart attack. As he collapses and dies at the finish line, "His servant picked up the spade and dug a grave long enough for Pakhom to lie in, and buried him in it. Six feet from his head to his heels was all he needed." Undeniably, Tolstoy's surprises the audience by the play's climax while showing them that greed can lead to mortality.


Certainly, Tolstoy implements characterization to reveal Pakhom's insatiability. Specifically, as Pakhom learns of new and better land, he states, "What's poorest, I'll sell or let to the peasants, and I'll pick out the best to settle on myself. Earlier in the story, Pakhom was content with his family and land, but now his voracity overtakes him. Now that he has the best, he cannot lower himself to mere peasant life again. The reader is able to comprehend that Pakhom is gradually becoming greedier as he acquires more land. However, Pakhom soon realizes his major fault. Pakhom realizes that he wants too much when he says, "I've been too greedy, I've ruined the whole thing, I won't get there by sundown." Even though Tolstoy does not describe Pakhom's physical appearance, the audience still has a good idea about Pakhom's character through his speech and actions. Surely, the reader is able to comprehend how Pakhom moves from thinking that he can obtain anything he desires, to realizing that he has wanted too much. Indeed, the characterization of Pakhom proves to the readers that one's self-indulgence can lead to damaging consequences.


Moreover, Tolstoy unfolds the plot of the short story as the characters deal with conflict. Pakhom struggles internally throughout a majority of the story. For instance, as a rumor went around town that people were moving to new places, Pakhom thought, "I have no reason to leave my land, but as some of us go, there'll be more space. I could take their land, add it to my place; life would be better. It's too crowded now." Not only does Pakhom struggle with his neighbors in order to attain more land, but he also struggles with himself. He tells himself that what he owns is not enough, and that he needs more land. Pakhoms internal conflict is not only an important piece of the plot, but it also entertains the audience; it draws then into the story. Furthermore, when encircling the land, Pakhom fights with himself to keep going when he says, "Lie down and you'll fall asleep." Pakhom is exhausted, but he knows he has to continue or he will not receive the land he desperately desires. The conflict within Pakhom's own mind provides many elements of interest and suspense for the audience. Undeniably, Tolstoy's use of Pakhom's internal conflict reveals to the audience how greediness can consume one's life.


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Without a doubt, Tolstoy's demonstrates how acquisitiveness can ruin one's life through his utilization of figurative language, characterization, and conflict. In the short story, Pakhom abolishes his life because he has too many desires. Ultimately, if a person is never content with what they have in life, they will destroy their lives trying to obtain more for themselves.


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Museum

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Existing art museums are building new structures and satellite venues. These new structures become cultural cornerstones of urban revitalization and tourism. The Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles just launched a third exhibition space at the Pacific Design Center on the city's west side. These additions, donated by the PDC's new co-owner hopes that the MOCA's presence will help make the PDC more exciting for the design community. Several other museums across the nation are also planning to add to their art museums. New York for example, is planning a major building that will cover four of the East River piers in lower Manhattan. And the in Boston, the Institute of Contemporary Art will be the anchor of a 1. billion-waterfront redevelopment project at Fan Pier. This new development will be the nations largest convention center. The museum in Boston will be the first in nearly a century built in Boston, and it hopes to be a large tourist attraction and boost the local arts.


Some of these new museum projects do come with a few problems. The Boston museum for example, is right across from the Fort Point Channel neighborhood where many artists currently live. Many may be displaced by the projects. However, some cities, such as Austin, Texas are avoiding the possibility of displacing people by building museums in areas of the city that are empty. Some city officials are also offering incentives to help convince landlords to renovate buildings and offer more residential units to aid with displacement.


Museums are trying to make the areas that they develop, cater to the public that they serve and attract outsiders to their area. For example, in lower Manhattan they are making it more of a 4-hour neighborhood to cater to their abundant nightlife. New museums are becoming the cornerstones for the growth and development of decaying industrial areas, and are attracting private investments and producing high revenues for the city. Skid row areas and cities have been transformed into a thriving cultural neighborhood.


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A misunderstanding

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From the next room came a deafening sound of a slap. I could bear it no longer. I dashed into my room and slammed the door hard. The image of my dad slapping my mum kept wavering in my mind. The screams and sobbing seeped through the thin wall of my room and trailed me. I tried to cry out loud, but I could not. I really felt that dad was destroying this home. He had been cheating on us. I knew who this lady is. She was the one who broke up this lovely and warm home.


I always collect the mail from the stainless steel letter-box on my way home from school. I made a point to find out who had written what and could recognized the handwriting and typefaces the senders used. It was early May when I noticed a new sender. The handwriting was messy and I had never seen it before. It was addressed to my dad. Out of curiosity, I turned over the plain brown envelope and saw the name and address of the sender- Karen.


My heart nearly jumped out. I remembered hearing my dad coo on the phone with a lady called Karen. Always, "Yes, Karen" or "anything you say, Karen" or "I'll be there soon, Karen. Just give me a minute." And then he would rush off to return only in the wee hours to quarrel with mum.


This is the Karen who had taken away my happiness. Lately however, I had been hearing voices of shouting and pleadings. My heart was wrenched. I would lie awake in the dark gloomy room, picturing my poor mum, tears streaking down her white-washed face.


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Karen must stop seeing dad and only then would dad return to this family. And we would once again be a happy family. I wrote letters to Karen, telling her tales of dad. When dad knew it he just hurled abuses at mum, hit her and blamed her for these letters written to Karen. Mum keep shaking her head, denying what dad accused her of. Dad's words sliced through my thoughts. "Don't try to deny it, I know it's you! Karen has shown me the letter and it was written on the notepad that you always buy from this stationary store downstairs!" Oh! How stupid was I to use this, knowingly that he would recognize the notepad.


The next day, I decided to skip my training. I dragged myself home as the sweltering heat from the scorching sun had high temperatures; I was already drenched in my own perspiration.


At home, my mother greeted me with a serious tone and a solemn face. "Joan, I need to talk to you." I nodded and settled down on the couch. "I've filed for a divorce with your dad," she paused, as though waiting for my reaction. I just kept quiet as I tried hard to control my emotions.


Mum told me that dad was a very sick man. For the last eight months, they had been quarreling non-stop over his need for a psychiatrist. Mum said that it's genetic and he can't help himself. He always had the feeling that someone wanted to hurt him. And he would always write letter to a lady named Karen and Karen would reply him. However, Karen and dad are the same person. He would also talk on the phone assuming that Karen was at the other side of the line. Mum continued saying that this morning, when I was in school, Dad threatened to kill mum then commit suicide. Mum had no other alternative but to call the police. They took him to the mental hospital.


After knowing what had took place, I just ran out of the house, my mind was whirling and I did not know what to do. I had misunderstood dad. Dad, hang on. I am sure that everything would be fine for you, I was wrong to misunderstand you and I know that mum will understand the situation you're in. it just takes time to heal the wound.


I ran to the mental hospital, wanting to hug dad and say apologize to him. I hoped that I'm not too late.


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Monday, June 21, 2021

Enzymes: Looking how temperature effects enzymes

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Looking At Rates


Aim


To investigate how increasing temperature affects the rate of a reaction.


Reaction


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Hydrochloric Acid + Calcium Carbonate Carbon Dioxide + Calcium Chloride + Water


Hcl(aq) Caco(S) Co(g) Cacl(aq) Ho(L)


Plan


Method


Set up equipment like above. Put 150ml of water into the beaker and heat to the desired temperature. The temperatures we used was 0º, 80º, 70º, 60º, 50º, 40º, 0º, 0º (Room Temp). Heat a couple of degrees higher than desired temperature. Then add 15ml of hydrochloric acid into a test tube. Do this in all . Remove the heat source and put in the test tube to heat up the acid. Measure the temperature of the acid and remove at the desired temperature. Remove the test tube and place into a test tube rack and add 1 spatula of Calcium Carbonate and place in the test tube. Start the stop watch and time until the Calcium Carbonate has dissolved. Do this times to make sure that your result is about right.


Science Behind the plan


The scientific aspects behind the experiment are when the water particles are heated they move around faster (vibrate more). This makes the particles collide with each other more often.


Before Heating After Heating


Particles close together Particles move away from each


Other and move more.


The temperature is increased and the particles are getting further and further apart from each other. See diagram above. When the Calcium Carbonate is put into the hot Hydrochloric Acid it dissolves faster because there is faster movement. The particles bounce off each other faster which makes the Calcium Carbonate to dissolve quicker.


As the Calcium Carbonate is heated the particles vibrate more than normal. As the Calcium Carbonate gets hotter the particles move around faster causing them to break away from each other. As the temperature increases the particles in the calcium Carbonate move around faster and faster and break up more. This happens until the particles have broke up completely (dissolved).


Prediction


My prediction for this experiment is that once we have increased the temperature the Calcium Carbonate will dissolve faster than when the temperature is not as high. This is because of what I explained in the science behind the plan.


Results


Test Temp Time Average


A 0º 1.7(s) 17.50(s) 1.70(s) 1.0(s)


B 80º 4.64(s) 48.41(s) 41.60(s) 41.6(s)


C 70º 68.6(s) 46.1(s) 56.(s) 57.4(s)


D 60º 5.(s) 5.4(s) 44.00(s) 5.4(s)


E 50º 50.00(s) 5.0(s) 51.5(s) 51.1(s)


F 40º 61.(s) 6.0(s) 61.70(s) 61.7(s)


G 0º 65.00(s) 6.(s) 60.15(s) 6.5(s)


H 0º 70.00(s) 75.00(s) 7.00(s) 7.7(s)


(Room Temp)


Conclusion


My results support my prediction because the higher the temperature is the lower the time it takes for the Calcium Carbonate to dissolve. When the temperature is lower the calcium carbonate takes longer to dissolve. As you can see in my results.


In my results the time for the calcium Carbonate to dissolve increases at 70º then decreases again at 60º and 50º then increases again at 40º. As you can see from my results.


This causes an anomaly in my graph.


This confirms the particle theory that higher temperatures give higher kinetic energy to particles therefore the probability of a reaction increases due to particles colliding more often and harder.


Evolution


My results and graph show that the increase in the temperature makes the Calcium Carbonate to dissolve faster. The reaction Hydrochloric Acid and calcium Carbonate takes along time to dissolve at low temperatures.


My results show that this theory is correct with just a few anomalies. This is because of slight differences in the times of which the calcium Carbonate took to dissolve.


I could improve the experiment by measuring exactly how much Calcium Carbonate I am putting in my measuring it's mass. I could heat all the test tubes with the Hydrochloric Acid to the right temperature at the same time then put in the calcium Carbonate in at the same time and time them. I could also improve the experiment by timing how long it takes to dissolve by being more precise on when to stop the clock. By this I mean making sure that there is no more bubbles coming off at all.


My results are good because the times for the Calcium Carbonate to dissolve are close. There are not many times which jump really far apart from each other in the same group. They are really close. This is because I put the right amount of Hydrochloric acid in and heated to the right temperature. I think that there is enough evidence to say that the theory for Calcium carbonate to dissolve faster at higher temperatures is correct.


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Friday, June 18, 2021

Describe the transition and methods used to turn a Delain League into an Athenian Empire

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"The Delian League had long possessed the trappings of an empire, but at this point it clearly became an empire, or, to use the Greek term, an arche. In the official documents we even find a reference to the 'Athenians and those over whom they rule' The peace treaty with Sparta reflects this, too-it speaks not of a military alliance against Persia but two Greek power centres facing each other. Relations within the Delian league can be deduced from the speeches Thucydides included in his history and also from a number of inscriptions, including tribute lists and various treaties. In the speeches, what is most striking is the tyrannical power Athens exercised over its allies, something Pericles and other orators pointed at with pride. They assert that the foundations of this power were laid when Athens, at the request of its allies, assumed leadership in the war against Persia. The Athenians had kept the alliance alive for three reasons, the same three that motivate most powerful men- honour, wealth and fear. The Athenians, like the Spartans, had only one choice, either to rule by might or to put their own position in Jeopardy". (Meier, C. Athens, p. 58)


The move from the Delian League into the Athenian Empire was due to various methods employed by the Athenians. Although there is no evidence to suggest that this was an Athenian long-term plan, the potential to do so was there from the beginning. Athens use of garrisons, oaths and cleruchs and the ever-growing Athenian navy, was enough to protect Athens from any attack. Along with the Conquest of Boeotia and Aegina cemented this fear of Athenian aggression. The transfer of the treasury to Athens and subject states paying tribute was enough to make Athens a force not be reckoned with. These methods to 'harness' the Greek city states would come at a cost, yet would produce one of the greatest of its time the Athenian Empire.


In some of the states Athens found it necessary to install military garrisons. There were a number of important reasons for this. In most Greek states there were political rivalries between Democrats and the few Oligarchs. Also to protect the majority of citizens who remained loyal to Athens. They also served a political purpose. They were there to protect Athenian officials who were sent out to install democratic governments or at least ones favourable to Athens. When peace was made with Persia the garrisons remained to protect Athens. The use of Oaths of loyalty and legal interference were also valuable to Athens success in these city-states.


"The Chalcidians took the following oath; I will not revoelt from the Athenians by any device or contrivance whatsoever, and neither by word nor deed will I obey anyone who had rebelled…If anyone does I will inform the Athenians… whosoever shall not swear shall be deprived citizenship and his property confiscated and the tenth part of his property shall be devoted to Olympian Zeus…..".


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A Cleruchy was a settlement of Athenian citizens on the territory of others. Cleruchies differed from earlier Greek colonies as they were not independent settlements but still apart of Athens. Their main purpose was to act as 'watch dogs' for Athens' interests and to maintain control over her empire by implanting among its allies a healthy fear of rebellion. Although the numbers of Cleruchies set up were under the leadership of Pericles, the Athenian statesman, it was the first time that they had been set up in allied territory.


" Besides this he sent 1000 cleruchs to the Chersonese, 500 to Naxos, half this number to Andros…In this way he lightened the city of an idle mob, who were trouble makers because they had leisure, and relieved the poverty of people, and by sending out settlers to live alongside the allies installed both fear and a garrison to prevent their rebellion". (Plutarch Perikles 11.4-6)


Athens was well known for its incredible navy. Since the Delian League was made up of almost entirely islands and coastal cities it could be easily controlled by Athens. After the defeat of the Aegina, Athens had the naval power to face the combined strength of all fleets is the Aegean.


The knowledge that Athenian triremes could appear in the harbour at any time was a great deterrent in anti-Athenian elements. Strong walls could have neutralised the power of the Athenian navy but in the signing of the Delian League most of these walls were dismantled. Yet if Athenian fleets were to block their harbours how could the states trade with other states?


The Athenian navy in peacetime acted as patrolling force, which gave confidence to Athens friends, and kept the pirates away.


After this there occurred the battles on land and sea at the Eurymedon river in Pamphylia, in which the Athenians and their allies fought against the Persians, and the Athenians were victorious in both on the same day under the command of Kimon son of Miltiades, they captured and destroyed some two hundred triremes, the whole Phoenician fleet". (Thuydides 1.100.1)


In 44-454 B.C. Athens under the influence of Pericles, the allies were not only expected to support but to engage in acts of aggression on other Greek states. This kept all states under a firm Athenian grip. In 457B.C Athens used the Delian League to help in the defeat of Aegina who was then forced to join the league. This gave Athens not only another state paying a tribute to them but also gave them supreme and unmatched naval control in the Aegean. Also in the battle of Tanagra in Boeotia, Athenians were joined by League troops in the defeat of the Peloponnesians. Not only did these incidents cause fear and resentment amongst many of the members of the league but also they now realised that they were governed by Athenian policies, no longer the league policies.


After this the Aeginetans surrendered to the Athenians, which involved destroying their walls and handing over their ships and agreeing to pay tribute for the future". (Thucydides Account (BK 1. 107.1-108.5)


In 454 B.C. the Athenians had the excuse they needed to transfer the Delian League funds from the Island of Delos, where it had been since 477 B.C., all because of a possible Phoenician raid. This was a major step in the development of the league to an Athenian Empire. Before this movement was controlled by Council of Allies but now it was apart of the Athenian treasury. From here on the Athenians supervised the annual income and assessed the amount of tribute that was due form each state.


The Athenians used the fact that the league treasury had been moved to Athens, and their power over other states to take military action against one another, to make all of the league members, by this time now they were known as "the cities which the Athenians control". To pay a tribute to them, this also included the states, which were defeated by the Athenians using League armies. This would help the Athenians to expand their navy and army, which would eventually expand their sphere of influence within the Aegean and the surrounding territory, which will eventually lead to more tribute paying states.


Shortly afterwards Aegina surrendered, and was forced to destroy her fortifications to hand over her fleet, and agree to pay tribute in the future". (Thucydides Account (BK 1.5-115)


Athens with complete control over the League army and navy, both of which were included into the Athenian forces had complete and utter control of the member states. With this power, the fear of military action if they didn't abide by Athens' Decree's, Athens was able to introduce certain decrees, which the city-states had to abide by or face the consequences. In 447 B.C. the Athenians passed the Cleinias Decree informing the cities of the league for their decision to continue demanding contributions and outlining details of their collection. Those who refused would have to go to Athens to plead their case. Athens then issued a coinage Decree in or around 466 B.C. This enforced the use of Athenian weights, measures and coinage throughout the area of her control. All currencies were to be melted down and the mints closed.


" Around the same time Clearchus proposed the 'Coinage Decree', which closed down all allied mints and imposed Athenian silver coinage, weights and measures on all of the allies. The economic benefits of this decree are not easy to ascertain, but the language is which it is couched is blatantly imperialistic." (Buckley, T. Aspects Of Greek History)


The subjection of the city states to the Athenians, came about by the tearing down of city walls in 'Athenian controlled area' and the contribution of city states' land and naval forces, meant that these city states became more and more inexperienced in and ill-prepared for war, therefore they began to rely on Athens for their protection.


" The alliance between us and the Athenians dates from the end of the Persian War. But the object of the alliance was the liberation of the Hellenes from the Persians, not the subjugation of the Hellenes to the Athenians. So long as the Athenians in their leadership respect our independence we follow them with enthusiasm. But when we saw that they were becoming less and less antagonistic to Persia and more and more interested in enslaving their own allies, then we became frightened". (Thucydides, .10)


The transition form League to Empire was definitely not accidental, but a deliberate movement by the Athenians to gain more power in the Aegean, though they became prosperous through much trade and tribute payed by various states, Athens was constantly at war with either Persia, Phoenicians or the Spartans, this was mainly due to its ever aggressive expansionistic nature. Though the methods used by the Athenians to bring the various Greek city-states under a single rule were very effective and eventually brought about the Athenian Empire.


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