An Introduction to Australia

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AN INTRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA

Mainland Australia, with an area of 4. million square miles, is the largest island and the smallest continent on Earth. It stretches some 00 miles from its most northern to its most southern point, and about 500 miles from east to west.

In area, Australia is the sixth largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. Its population, however, is relatively small (now estimated at just over million). Australias average elevation is 1100 ft, the lowest of all the continents, and its highest point, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 6400ft. What its landforms lack in height they more than compensate for in variety. The giant monolith Uluru (Ayers Rock) and the striking beehive mountains of Purnululu (the Bungle Bungles) in Western Australia attract visitors from many parts of the world

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Australia's federal government and the governments of the six States and two self-governing Territories share the responsibilities of governing such a vast land area.

European settlement began in New South Wales in 1788, at Sydney, the nations largest city and host of the 000 Olympic games. Sydneys Harbour Bridge and Opera House are national icons, and its airport is the countrys major international gateway.

Victoria is the smallest of the mainland States but the second most populous and the most densely populated. Its capital, Melbourne, Australias second largest city, hosted the Olympic Games in 156. Victorians enthusiasm for sport is legendary and the nation stops each November for the Melbourne Cup, Australias premier horse race.Queensland stretches from the tropical rain forests of Cape York into the temperate zone. Its northeastern coastline is fringed by the Great Barrier Reef. The capital of Queensland is Brisbane. Three international airports, in Brisbane, Cairns and Townsville, service visitors from overseas.South Australia was established by a private Colonization Commission and received no convicts. The Adelaide Festival, held in the capital every two years, is an international cultural event.

Western Australia is about the size of Western Europe. Almost three-quarters of the States population of 1.85 million live in its capital, Perth.

Separated from the continent by the waters of Bass Strait, Tasmania and its many companion islands form the smallest Australian State. Hobart, the capital, is the destination for the nations premier blue water sailing classic, the annual Sydney-Hobart yacht race.

The Northern Territory has more than twice the land area of France but only a population of less than 00 000. Darwin is the capital and Alice Springs the principal inland town. The Territory contains the Uluru-Kata Tjuta and Kakadu national parks.

The Australian Capital Territory was established within New South Wales in 111 as the site for the national capital, Canberra. It is home to a number of national institutions including the federal Parliament, the National Library, the National Gallery of Australia, the High Court and the Australian War Memorial.

Land area and population by States and Territories

Area in km Population Capital

New South Wales 800 64 6.40 m Sydney (. m)

Victoria 7 416 4.70 m Melbourne (.7 m)

Queensland 1 70 648 .50 m Brisbane (1.57 m)

South Australia 8 48 1.50 m Adelaide (1.0 m)

Western Australia 5 875 1.85 m Perth (1.4 m)

Tasmania 68 401 0.47 m Hobart (0.1 m)

Northern Territory 1 4 1 0.1 m Darwin (0.0 m)

Australian Capital Territory 41 0.1 m Canberra (0.1 m)

Australia 7 6 04 18.m

Source Australian Bureau of Statistics (figures as at 1 March 1)

The Australian landscape is highly distinctivevast stony and sandy deserts and tablelands in the west and the center, sweeping plateaus and plains flanking narrow coastal slopes to the east. The coastal areas feature broad sandy beaches and lush vegetation backed by a great variety of landforms, ranging from the steep cliffs of the Blue Mountains west of Sydney and the tall, graceful, eroded volcanic plugs of the Glasshouse Mountains north of Brisbane, to flat plains on the southern coast west of Adelaide.

The Murray and Darling Rivers, the longest river system in Australia, form the Murray-Darling Basin covering more than one million square kilometers or 14 per cent of the mainland area. Lake Eyre, a great salt lake more than 000 square kilometers in area near the center of the continental landmass, is dry for lengthy periods.

Much of the country, about 70 per cent, is arid or semi-arid, and a large part of the center is unsuitable for settlement. Eleven principal deserts make up some 0 per cent of the mainland area. More than one-third of the continent is virtually desert owing to its low rainfall.

The national average annual rainfall of 465 mm varies greatly year by year, and is distributed unevenly around the continent. The driest area is the Lake Eyre drainage basin, which averages less than 15 mm annually. The wettest regions are in the tropical northeast and in the southwest of Tasmania.

However, Australia does have well-watered fertile areas close to the coast, where the bulk of the population is settled. Here Australians experience a range of climates from wet and humid tropical conditions in the far north, through warm and temperate on the central east and west coasts, to cooler conditions in the southern coasts and Tasmania. All parts of Australia enjoy warm summers and relatively mild winters, and it seldom snows in or near the large centers of population.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Australia was at Cloncurry, in the northeastern inland, which registered 5°C in 188, while the coldest was -°C at Charlotte Pass, in the snowfields near Mount Kosciuszko, in 14.

A unique environment

When the 18th century English naturalist Joseph Banks first stepped ashore at Botany Bay, he would have felt the thrill of strangeness that succeeding generations have experienced in their first encounter with the Australian bush.

Australia is a land unlike any other. The uniqueness of its animals, plants and landscapes are consequences of a vast, slow accident of geology.

Over the past 45 million years, this old, thick, and very flat continental plate has inched away from Antarctica towards the equator. This journey isolated Australian life forms from other parts of the world and presented them with particular challenges.

Typical Australian landscapes are very old. Soluble nutrients have leached from the surface in many areas, making soils less fertile. Some plant communities may have accelerated this process to reduce competition.

Australia often presents a patchwork of different plant alliances growing side by side, specialized to survive on different types of mother rock and solar aspect. As they evolved, these specialized plant communities provided opportunities for new species of animals to evolve.

Did you know?

Of the 18 000 species of flowering plants found in Australia, 15 000 are found nowhere else in the world. Of the 5 species of mammals (including marsupials) 50 are unique to Australia. About 710 of the 800 Australian reptiles are found nowhere else, and 80 to 0 per cent of the insects and arachnids are unique.

Small relic communities of trees and ferns from the dinosaur era can still be found tucked away in damp, sheltered gullies in the Centre. The previously thought extinct wollemus pine was rediscovered in the Blue Mountains east of Sydney in 14

Australias weather is another driver of evolution.

As the continent moved north, cool moist areas became warmer and drier. The Red Centre now lies in the latitudes where the great deserts of the world occur.

The flat terrain and the El Niño weather system of the Pacific have amplified the effects of the slow drift into the arid zone. Much of Australia lacks reliable annual rainfall. In many areas droughts can

Last for years.

Surviving in Australia has meant enduring tough times, rather than expanding rapidly during favorable conditions. So the typical Australian ecosystem often has less total biomass and more species than ecosystems on other continents.

Tough conditions caused ecological systems to collapse on a large scale. Then landscapes were recolonised through the evolution of a small number of surviving plant families.

Eucalypt trees belong to the genus Myrtaceae. Over half the species of Myrtaceae in the world are found in Australia, where they filled ecological niches that belong to other plant families on other continents.

The need to be able to survive tough times has favored animals with lower metabolic ratesreptiles and marsupials. The fossil record suggests that placental mammals may have existed in Australia but failed to survive.

The arrival of humans

Humans arrived on the Australian continent more than 60 000 years ago.

Before people arrived, large marsupials and flightless birdsmegafaunabrowsed in forests and savanna grasslands that contained many fire-sensitive species. Some think that a recent ice age erased the big animals and their habitats.

Top predators in the megafauna era included a goanna-like lizard feet long, a very large python and a lion-like marsupial.

The nutrients in these ecosystems were quickly recycled through the guts of grazing animals. This builds up soils that can retain moisture and produce recycled rain. This may explain why the Centre was much lusher until recent times.Some think that a recent ice age erased the big marsupials and their habitats. However, according to Dr Tim Flannery, the Director of the South Australia Museum, the early hunters took out the big animals. The forests and savannas they ate became overgrown. Then widespread fires devastated these plant communities and fire-thriving species like eucalypts replaced them.There is some evidence that Aboriginal peoples burned a patchwork pattern in the fire-thriving bush to create habitat for different kinds of animals. But whatever the roles of early hunters in altering the ecosystems they entered, there is no doubt traditional Indigenous societies did develop a sustainable equilibrium with the country where they lived.

Conserving the natural heritage

In recent years, more attention has been given to using traditional methods to maintain the habitat for native animals.

Kakadu and Uluru-Kata Tjuta national parks in the Northern Territory and Booderee National Park in the Jervis Bay Territory south of Sydney are jointly managed with their Aboriginal owners.

Since the early 10s, ecosystem-based regional planning frameworks have been developed. This work seeks to ensure that the full range of ecosystems is taken into account in establishing protected areas to conserve biodiversity.

Indigenous people and private landowners are involved in this national effort.The total area under protection has grown rapidly, and a number of national parks have been declared, primarily to protect endangered species.This contrasts with the former policy of making parks out of areas considered useless for grazing, agriculture or forestry.Problems with algal bloom in river systems and rising salinity in irrigated land have prompted debate about sustainable agriculture. Coastal development has caused concerns about environmental degradation.

Australians concern about environmental issues is real and effective. In cities recycling is well established and household solid waste is being reduced

· Australia has about 5800 land and marine areas under protection.

· When Australian yachtsman Ian Kiernan saw garbage on the oceans he acted. He started the Clean Up Australia movement, which has gone global, changing behavior around the world.

Climate change

Australia has long recognized that climate change is a global phenomenon with potentially adverse implications for the environment. In particular, Australia is concerned about the impact on the Small Island states in the Indian and Pacific oceans, as well as the impact of Australias natural environment and economy.

With the adoption of the Kyoto protocol in December 17, Australia, along with other developed countries agreed to limit future greenhouse gas emissions. As part of this, the Australian Government has allocated almost $1 billion in funding to reduce emissions in areas such as energy production, transport, (Already today all of the buses and taxicabs in Sydney are fueled by natural gas), land use and forests through the development of new technologies and new practices. This builds on existing approaches that encourage greater energy efficiency, along with product reuse and recycling.

Australias position at ongoing international climate change negotiations is to ensure that the Kyoto protocol is effectively implemented in a way that encourages all countries to reduce emissions. This important environmental goal will be best achieved by minimizing the economic costs of emission reduction.

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How to make an aa page

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Plot Summary of A time to Kill by John Grisham

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"It is in justice that the ordering of society is centered" Aristotle

Justice; the word in itself means to conform to the law. But who or what does the law have to conform to? In the novel, "A Time to Kill" by John Grisham many questions are answered such as, do people have the right to take justice into their own hands? And, is the Criminal Justice system colorblind?

Clanton, Mississippi. The life of a ten year old black girl is shattered by two drunken and remorseless young men when she is brutally raped and left to die. The mainly white town reacts with shock and horror at this inhumane crime. That is until her black father vows revenge and takes justice into his own hands. As Pete Willard and Billy Ray Cobb leave the courtroom on the first day of their trial, they are shot and killed by Carl Lee Hailey the father of Tonya, the little girl raped. In shooting these men, Carl Lee also shot and wounded a police officer. Now the guilt is on Carl Lee, as he is arrested and put on trial for the murder of the two rapists. Young Jake Brigance, struggling to keep his law practice afloat, suddenly finds himself defending the now famous Carl Lee against murder charges. Ellen Roark, a top of the class law student from Ole Miss, offers her services to Jake, for no fee, just for the opportunity to become part of a most likely death penalty conviction, which she is so much against. The trial becomes nation wide news, and soon the Klu Klux Klan has become involved and begins threatening the county with burning crosses and death threats. Burning crosses, attempts the blow up his house, and even gun him down give Jake enough reason to make his wife and child leave to stay with their parents. With the news of the big trial, over one hundred citizens of Clanton are sequestered for jury duty. Form these one hundred, ten white and two black citizens are chosen.

An old boss of Jake's gives needed advice to prepare him for trial and also supplies the name of a psychiatrist who can be easily bribed. While on trial, the past of Dr W.T. Bass comes back to hurt the trial for Jake, when the courts become aware of his past statutory rape conviction. But Jakes enemy, Rufus Buckley, the district attorney, does not know that Jake can talk his way out of any situation. And because of this he is able to convince the jury that his witness is still credible. Meanwhile, the K.K.K is becoming more active and eventually Jake becomes aware of this when his house is burnt to the ground. The black churches around Mississippi show their support for Carl Lee by rallying in the court yard against the K.K.K. After two weeks of constant trials the jury cannot reach a verdict because the two black jurors will not allow themselves to convict a man for a crime in which he was, in their minds, lawful in doing. While in their final deliberation, the jury can hear the commotion outside the courthouse between the followers of the K.K.K. and the black people as they fight to let their opinions known. In a deadlock the jury has no idea on what to do, until Wanda Crowell steps forth and asks the jury to close their eyes, and picture something in her heads. A white girl being raped by two black men, who are later shot and killed by the father. They are asked to vote as if Carl Lee was the father of that little white girl. Court is in session and the jury is asked to read the verdict. Not only is Jake sweating but also the district attorney, Buckley. This decision not only affects the life of Carl Lee, but also can make or break their careers. The jury finds the "defendant not guilty." This is a win for the black citizens of Ford County, and also for Jake Brigance.

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The Hailey family reunites and they now can begin to heal the wounds that Willard and Cobb have inflicted. Not only does justice prevail but also the lives of every black in Mississippi have been changed forever.

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Video Games

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Each student will be required to experience withdrawal. This may be accomplished by abstaining from a regularly practiced behavior, regularly consumed substance, etc. acceptable responses include abstinence from chocolate, milk, sugar, salt, food, etc. After experiencing withdrawal, the student is required to write a description of the experience. Apply this exercise (in writing) to the challenges an addict must experience and why addiction poses such a perplexing problem.

I liked this assignment a lot. It reminded me of an experiment we did in my fourth-grade class. Each student was required to wear a blindfold every day for one hour. We did this every day for one week. Our teacher told us that this experiment was to help us understand-at least in part-what it was like to be blind. Looking back now, I realize that what was really important about this was the fact that we were forcing ourselves to see the world-or not see the world, as was the case-in a new way; in a way we wouldnt have considered otherwise. The experience of that experiment was one of fear, surprise, and dependency on others. I remember feeling so scared and so alone under that blindfold. Walking was especially unnerving, at least at first. But, I soon learned-as we all did-that the human animals capacity to adapt would serve us all well if we would simply learn to listen and pay closer attention to our surroundings. What I learned from that little experiment has stayed with me my entire life.

I think the reason that I liked this "withdrawal" assignment so much is that it also gave me the opportunity to experience the world in a slightly different way than I was used to; from a different vantage point than I was unaccustomed to. That, in and of itself, is almost always a good thing; especially academically. I believe that every now and then I need to be reminded of just how much I take for granted in my life. From the convenience afforded us through technology to the abundance of food, clothing, and shelter here in America to the sheer amount of free time that we as a society have when compared to the absolutely full workday that our forefathers had to muddle through in order to merely survive-all this and more could be taken away at any moment. Heck, when a little ice storm knocks our electricity out for a couple of hours, we go almost completely bonkers from sheer boredom! I mean, heaven forbid that we would have to live without our cable television, laptop, DSL modem, DVD player, Roland XP-0 synthesizer keyboard, central heat and air, indoor plumbing, microwave, telephone, or PlayStation for even a few minutes! Im not saying that there is anything wrong with these wonderful modern inventions; I love and appreciate them all. Im simply realizing more and more just how lucky we are to have what we have here in this country.

This leads me to what I chose to abstain from so that I might experience withdrawal video games. Thats right; I stopped playing video games for an entire week. This was the first time in over five years that I had gone more than a day or two without playing a video game. I grew up playing video games. When I was a kid, as soon as we got home from school we would eat a snack, go outside and play basketball for about three hours, come inside to eat dinner, and then...it was time to play Nintendo! So, I would play my Nintendo until I couldnt see straight and then I would go to bed. If I had a nickel for every magic sword that I have found or for every virtual touchdown that I have scored... well, lets just say I wouldnt be driving a Nissan Sentra anymore.

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Now, as an adult (well, sort of anyway), I dont play nearly as often as I used to. However, I must admit that I do still play video games anywhere from 5 to 0 hours per week. I currently own a PlayStation 1, a PlayStation , a Sega Dreamcast, a Nintendo Gamecube, and an old SNES (super Nintendo entertainment system) that one of my little sisters still plays on occasion. This video game addiction seems to run in my family as well. I have five younger brothers and sisters and each of them owns at least one videogame system that they play regularly. I even got my father hooked a few years ago when he started playing golf simulation games on his computer. He and Tiger Woods have become fast friends.

The thing that surprised me the most about this experience was the fact that I just couldnt seem to stop thinking about those stupid video games! After only a couple of days of abstaining from them, I felt like I was going to go stir crazy! No matter what else I did, my thoughts just kept returning to the video games. This helped me to realize that if this is, in fact, merely a sampling of what true drug addiction can be like, then I never want to experience the real thing...ever.

So at this point, I decided to ask myself this question are video games, in and of themselves, harmful? Without getting too deep into the violence and mature themes argument, I believe that the answer is no. I dont see that there is anything wrong with playing video games as long as they are age and content appropriate. So, perhaps a much better question is can being addicted to video games be harmful? I believe that the answer is yes. I think that any time we allow the technology to control us, as opposed to us controlling it, we have gotten our proverbial cart way out in front of the horse. Again, I love technology; but I have to remember that it is not the same thing as a person and I must assign the respective values accordingly.

After the full week of no video games, I guess I had finally begun to recuperate because I found myself thinking about them less and less. I guess I understand now that I could learn to live without them...if I had to. After the week was up, I definitely did go right back to playing them, but I now have a much better understanding of just exactly where I want them in my life. I want to enjoy playing them but I also want to avoid falling victim to anymore vices or addictions in my life.

Was I addicted to video games before this experience? I believe the answer is yes. Am I addicted to them now? I believe the answer is no. But we shall see. At least now, I am aware enough to ask the question.

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HOW STABLE WAS THE RUSSIAN SYSTEM IN c.1910

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Historians have long argued whether the events of 117 were due to a build up of tension between the Tsar and his people over a long period of time or whether they were due to the cataclysmic events of the years between 114 and 117 and the consequences that Russia felt because of these. But first, we need to establish what 'stable' means? One can define 'stable' as 'firmly fixed or established; firm in character' which in this context means whether the Russian system was carrying out its purpose to effect. Unstable would mean that the organisation and running of the country is a shambles and that nothing was safe and nothing could be predicted. Obviously, there are the examples of 'mildly stable' or 'superficially stable', which need to be considered as well. To consider the answer fully, it is essential to look at the social situation in the period between 100 and 110, the economic problems Russia was facing at this time, the political experiments carried out by various members of the 'government' and finally to look at the revolutionaries themselves and if their actions were having an effect on the population.

During this period, Russia was facing a major economic problem and in the years between 100 and 110, it had gone into a huge economic recession. This was largely due to the fact that the Tsars had not allowed any technological advances because to do this, the peasants would have to be taught, but the Tsars wanted to keep them illiterate so that their power could not be undermined. As a result of this, Russia had remained a backward society and while the other great powers of the time were producing more and therefore getting more money, Russia was producing less and therefore getting poorer and poorer. The economic growth between 184 and 100 was % whereas the growth between 100 and 114 was 5%. Due to the poverty, no improvements could be made in the country and so the working class were beginning to get angry, because they still had to live like serfs, in that they would be living in the factories where they worked with their families, alongside all the machinery. In one small room, there could be anything like 0 people, working, living, sleeping and eating day in, day out.

The peasants were just as bad because they were making no profit, so in effect it didn't make a difference whether they worked or not, because they had to rely on subsistence farming which means they sold their yield and bought their food. Therefore, they couldn't have any even minor luxuries and when they saw their Tsar and the aristocracy living in fancy palaces decked with the finest jewellery and clothes, they obviously got angry. To counter this problem, the new Prime Minister, Peter Stolypin encouraged the richer peasants to leave the 'Mir' or village community and buy out some of the poorer peasants to use the land more efficiently. These richer peasants were called 'kulaks'. Stolypin's idea basically made the richer, richer and the poorer, poorer. It may have helped Russia to get back on its feet, economically, but it didn't quell the peasants' anger, in fact, it probably made it worse.

To make matters worse for the Tsar, the middle classes and the nobility itself became angered. The middle classes felt that the Tsar ignored their pleas and problems and continuously pushed for a constitutional government. The nobility was angry because it had lost its power over the serfs as a result of the 'emancipation of the serfs'. They also resented the fact that the Tsar was hiding away from his problems at Tsarskoe Selo (Tsar's village) and leaving the nobles to try and sort out the pleas, which they couldn't. This would have left them feeling humiliated, because even though they had so much power, they could not control some 'petty' peasants. In their minds, it was the Tsar's fault that they were helpless, because he wasn't helping them. This would have made tensions between the Tsar and the nobles very high.

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The main reason for the 105 revolt was the defeat against Japan in the Russo-Japan War of 104. The Tsar had been contemplating whether to attack Japan to regain some popularity because it was most likely that Russia would win, but before they could launch an attack, Japan made a surprise attack on Port Arthur on 8 February 104. Port Arthur was a Russian naval base on Chinese land. A little before this time, the Chinese Empire had broken up and the Russians and Japanese both grabbed parts of the empire. The Russians faced a problem that the army was stationed in the west near the major cities, and it took six days to get the troops to the east on the single-tracked Trans-Siberian Railway. The Russian army was badly organised, and at some times, soldiers didn't get ammunition on time and would therefore be 'sitting ducks'. The Russian Pacific Fleet was shut up inside Port Arthur, and the Japanese laid siege to the Port and captured it in January 105. In February, the two armies met at Mukden. Within two weeks, the Japanese had defeated the Russians. The Russian Baltic Fleet had to sail halfway around the world to get to the rescue. After eight months it met Admiral Togo in the Straights of Tsushima. Togo had a much better equipped fleet and had an easy victory. Out of twenty-seven, three Russian ships remained. This caused uproar and outrage within the country because such a huge country like Russia had lost to a small island like Japan, but more so because it had made conditions at home worse rather than better. Also, someone had to be blamed for this and the obvious target for the revolutionaries was the Tsar. The masses would not see through these claims and would also blame the Tsar. This obviously made the Tsar very unpopular and the revolutionaries would have used this anger and spread it around the whole country.

Apart from this defeat, the event that made popular anger its highest in 105 was 'Bloody Sunday'. On January 105, a mass of 150, 000 workers, led by Father Gapon, processed to present a petition to the Tsar at the Winter Palace. Before they reached the Tsar, troops started firing on the crowd. They killed 1000 and injured a further 000. After this, the Tsar's image of the 'father of his peoples' had been destroyed. The anger sparked off strikes all over the country. In June, the sailors on the warship the Potemkin mutinied at the Port of Odessa. This sparked off street fighting in which 000 people died. In October, the workers, students and professional classes of St Petersburg went on general strike and brought the city to a standstill. This shows the extent that the people would go to get their own way.

On 17 October, the Tsar conceded to the opposition to buy some time for the army to get from the east to the west. In the 'October Manifesto' he gave freedom of the press, opinion, assembly and association; he gave permission for the election of a legislative Duma and he created a council of ministers under the presidency of Witte. By conceding, the Tsar shows that he cannot control the situation, and therefore is incompetent as a ruler, which is more 'fuel to add to the fire' for the revolutionaries.

The opposition consisted of a number of different groups who opposed each other as well as the Tsar. There were the Octobrists who were a conservative group who supported the October Manifesto. Even though they were the Tsar's most loyal supporters, they felt he had gone too far in removing the Duma's rights and they warned that if he didn't do something to give the Duma more rights there would be a huge catastrophe.

The constitutional democrats, or kadets, were liberals led by Milyukov. They worked for liberal reform and a republican constitution. When the Tsar summoned the Duma, the kadet party hoped to turn it into an instrument of government and change him into a constitutional monarch. The kadets became angered when the Tsar made it clear that he had no intention of sharing his power with the assembly.

The original socialist party was the Social Democrats (SD). They were a Marxist group who thought that a revolution was necessary to bring Russia back on its feet. They broadly agreed that the Tsarist reign would be over-thrown by an industrialising middle class, which in turn would be over-thrown by the working class. In 10, the party split due to a dispute of interests. It split into the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. The Mensheviks, led by Martov, wanted to have a party that included sympathisers for the peasants and middle classes. They were prepared to have a role in the Duma after 105. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ulyanov, or Lenin, wanted a small party that was immune from the police. It wasn't ready to enter the Duma and didn't want to cooperate with the middle class. The city workers had the same goals as the social democrats.

The far left party and most extreme party was the Socialist Revolutionaries. Its members included the peasantry. Its objective was to obtain equal land for the peasants and equality for peasants in general, but its agenda had a rather anarchist slant. Examples of this are the confiscation of noble estates, creation of self-governed groups and partaking in political assassinations.

These different groups opposed each other as well and the leaders stirred up trouble between the members as well. This caused chaos among the Russian population and these leaders of the groups could have blamed this chaos on the Tsar, and therefore the mob would become angry with the Tsar, and continuous unrest would lead them to make some drastic actions that were the continuous strikes during 105.

In December 105, there was the 'Insurrection in Moscow'. The socialist democrats urged for an armed uprising by trying to influence the military, but by this time, the military situation was much better. The Socialist Democrats rejected the October Manifesto, which forced the Tsar to dissolve the St Petersburg Soviet. This resulted in an armed revolt in the Moscow Soviet. There was two weeks of fighting leaving 1000 dead and the revolution crushed. Even though the Tsar had been successful, at this time, the feelings of the masses would still be against the Tsar, and a loss would just make them more anxious to get what they wanted and would be prepared to do it in any way they could think of..

A major problem the Tsar had to face was his own beliefs. Both, his parents and his tutor had taught him that reign other than Tsardom was impossible. Tsardom in Nicholas II's mind was total power. An autocracy. He chose his own ministers from his own close court circle. His mistake was that he didn't want to and didn't give any authority or power to the other classes. He didn't like the idea of the 'Duma' or parliament because they could easily undermine his authority and he knew it would become a constitutional monarchy, which he believed couldn't work. As the Duma disagreed with him, in June 106, he dissolved it. In March 107, he dissolved the second Duma but then he changed the voting laws anyway. Now, the vote of one landlord consisted of 00 peasants or 600 workers. After this, the third and fourth Duma remained for the full five years, as they backed the Tsar.

During the period between 107 and 11, it was relatively peaceful, but it can be questioned if this was actually a superficial feeling. The revolutionaries could have calmed the masses down so that they got some time to plan the next revolution. In April 11, 70 strikers were shot dead on the Lena Goldfields. Waves of strikes followed and the feelings of resentment against the Tsar were stirred up again by the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda (Truth). In 11, the Romanov family celebrated 00 years on the throne. This celebration went well, but it is easy to get 100 thousand royalists to turn up on the day and shout their happiness to the Tsar. This is superficial stability, because the actual masses' reactions and feeling were not seen or heard. What was actually heard was what the Tsar and the rest of the world wanted to hear, that the Russian population was happy with the Tsar and that the situation in Russia at the time was calm.

So, was Russia on the verge on revolution before the Great War? It is certainly likely that Russia was on the verge of revolution in 114 because even though the period between 106 and 111 had been spent relatively peacefully, it is evident that the feelings of the masses had not changed since 106, because any attempt to quell problems with the workers by the Tsar, would have stirred up the masses again, like it did in 11 on the Lena Goldfields. The success of the anniversary for 00 hundred years was evidently superficial because in 114, the masses were rioting again. If the First World War had not come, it is very likely that the revolution would have occurred in 114. Instead of the War being the cause, it seems like it was the prevention. Of course, the results of the War didn't help the situation but even without this extra anger, tensions were very high.

And so, it seems safe to say, that stability in Russia c. 110 was extremely unstable.

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Birth

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I have been in this liquid for so long and it is starting to get cramped in here. ahhh that hirt. I think that was a contrction. There is a very hard thing going past my head I think that is the pelvise. I have one of them too, It is the only thing that will be able to make me walk when I get older. Then my little heart started to pump my blood than it has so far it was like I was having a heart attack. I was so warm inside the liquid of the womb and then when I was born I got very cold very quickly and then I saw two large figers standing in front of me and I think that was my Mum and Dad. Then the doctor put a tag on my right ankle and it hirt for a little bit then it must of got comfitable or very numb. Because my feet and my noise were the coldest parts of my body and it was like they were going to fall off. I think I am a very lucky child because 1 in 0 in old English times. My heart is not ready because there is a hole in it because the inbilical cord needed to get blood from my Mum to me. then when I was born there was a massive rush of blood to clot it or I could have bleed to death. My head was not finished because I would not fit through the pelvies.

First 6 Months

10/0/88

Mental note never let your Mum take you near a big blue ocean or a horrible man with shiny metal in his hands.

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One day Mum picked me up and took me to the big blue ocean and she started walking closer to the big blue ocean and then she through me in without even telling me. Then she jumped in after me and we swam around together and then when I was just starting to like it we both poped up together and got another vittle breath. The only thing stopping the water going down my wind pipe and into my lungs is a very spiecal reflex and it closes a vulve to stop water going into my lungs and drowning me. If someone put a pipe in front of my face I would just have to grab it and then when I wonted to let go my fingers would just not open. Anything outside a meter would be bluied or I would be seeing double which is not a good idea because you can not focuss on something.

Crawling

Over the next few weeks you will learn to crawl and eventualy walk.

Crawling is a very powerful way of getting around and you average about two kilometers an hour and a distance of about two hundred meters in a day. You have no fear of hights when you crawl and you can mearsure a incline or decline to within two digrais by measureing it with your hands. I did the diaginal crawl how about you? The diaginal crawl is the most comine. But the Elephant crawl would be very slow and I would rather have the Elephant crawl because you wouldnt wont to get around fast.

Walking

The idea of walking is to get your hand free so that you can do other things. The way you stand up is by using the balance ogan in your eye and it feels very weard to start with because you fall over a lot.

1- years old

The best part of the first four years is you can start to move all by yourself. It hirts alot when your teeth come through and you need alot more food than you are getting at the moment to be exact more than double and half of the food you consum goes to your brain. I could now reach out and grab and then if I would like to I could let go. You grow more than double in size at this time in your life than you will in the rest of your life.

Talking

You learn to talk so you can get your food and your own way. I think the whole world is built on talking or way do we use it all the time. When you are very young you can learn to speak two or three diferant langurages at once. The only way you can talk is by waiting for your larix to drop. The reason way your larix is so low is because you can suckly and breath at the same time. If your larix that low for the rest of your life you can chook.

to 4 years old

When you are young you can learn 10 words or more a day. If you go to a preschool you should be haging your Mum because it was a good idea to go to preschool. A map is set in your mind to learn as many languages as you can because it gets harder as you set older. This is about the time you start lying so you can get out of trouble and you get very self confident and you dont think about anyone else.

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Young Goodman Brown

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Central Character

The story's central character is Young Goodman Brown. Young Goodman Brown is about a character and his faith in himself, his wife and his community.

Background

Young Goodman Brown must travel into the forest at night and return before sunrise. At first this trip is not explained, but as you read on you realize this trip is about resisting the temptations of evil and the devil. Young Goodman Brown is so sure of his faith in the beginning of his journey.

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Later in the story he runs into someone presumably evil. He does very well at resisting this evil person until they run into his childhood catechism teacher. Seeing that his teacher has turned to evil ways gave him his first doubt in his faith.

Goodman, however, still travels believing in his faith but all he hears is wind and evil noises. He hears other people traveling through the forest and hides. As the wind howls he thinks that the voices of the two travelers are the minister and the Deacon. This is the second blow to his already dwindling faith.

The last straw to break his faith was the hearing of his wife's voice in the wind. He finally reached his destination in the forest and found his entire community participating in evil antics. From this point on Goodman did not trust anyone in his community including his wife.

Action

The action in Young Goodman Brown is purely mental. Goodman has to keep telling himself over and over that he is strong in his faith. All the way through the forest he keeps looking behind him searching for evil to jump out at him. When he finally meets the evil person he resists temptation. His resistance is strong until he is shown his teacher who has given in to evil. Then he begins to hear voices through the wind showing him that others in his community have also given in to evil including his wife.

Situation

Young Goodman Brown thought good of himself and his community until this trip. After his trip he is convinced that they are all evil and he ends up trusting no one.

Dramatic Conflict

Whether he actually meets Satan, and the community is evil or he fell asleep and tricked himself, he turns out suspecting everyone. In the end we are told that Goodman is distrusting after his journey, so he either did met the devil or fell asleep. The story seems to lean toward him meeting the devil in person.

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