On the translation of tcm texts

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characteristic of Chinese that a sentence is led by a topic, which makes the sentence loosely organized grammatically with very few connection words to show its grammatical relations. On the contrary, importance is attached to grammatical structures in English. So English sentences are well organized grammatically with recognizable connection words to show the grammatical relations. To do a good job in translation, one must parse the Chinese sentences first to find out the implied grammatical connections. Only by so doing can he (she) complete his (her) translation task satisfactorily.

Key words TCM Texts; the Laws of their English Translation

one of the comon symptoms in internal diseases, is a certain appearance caused by the imbalance of yin and yang in the struggle between human body and pathogens, which takes on a general reaction. £ºAs for its pathogeny, it is a strong belief of TCM that whether an exopathogen invades a human body depends on the result of the struggle between the vital energy and the exopathogen. When the vital energy is stronger than the exopathogen, the human body will be safe and sound. On the contrary, if the exopathogen wins an advantage, the human body will be infected with the diseaseCold is a common disease in all of the four seasons. But even if invaded by an exopathogen, whether one catches cold or not depends on different individuals.

The disease is not only closely related to the attack, exacerbation of cough or the acute paroxysm of chronic cough, but also has something to do with the deterioration of many diseases such as palpitation, precordial pain due to the obstruction of qi in the chest, edema and arthragia-syndrome.

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¡°precordial pain due to obstruction of qi in the chest¡±Promoting the dispersing function of the lung is a method used to relieve functional disturbances of lung-qi by using medicines as phlegm-resolvent and antitussive to smooth circulation of the lung-qi. Do not merely use diaphoresis to treat debilitated patient of his (her) cold, because he (she) is in the condition of deficiency of qi and blood. Pay attention to adopt the methods of consolidating both superficial and internal resistance and replenishing blood and qi at the same time.

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"Discuss the significance of nationalism for contemporary literature with reference to Seamus Deane's Reading in the Dark."

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"Discuss the significance of nationalism for contemporary literature"

Seamus Deane's novel "Reading in the Dark" centres around a catholic family in post-war Northern Ireland. The family are haunted by secrets and their story is told through the eyes of one of their young sons. The issue of nationalism features prominently throughout the novel and the political and religious conflict hangs over the whole community. I will discuss whether Deane writes with a deliberate nationalist agenda and assess the significance of nationalism, in this case the want of the main characters to live in an independent Ireland free of British rule, and the effect this has on the novel. I will also look at how, through the characters in the novel, Deane dissects the Irish national character and traces the development of nationalist attitudes.

Early in the first chapter of the novel the narrator recalls a conversation from his childhood which immediately aligns the family as nationalist and Catholic

"They had stories of gamblers, drinkers, hard men, con men, champion bricklayers, boxing matches, footballers, policemen, priests, haunting, exorcisms, political killings. These were great events…like the night of the big shoot out at the distillery between the IRA and the police, when uncle Eddie disappeared."#

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Uncle Eddie's disappearance whilst apparently fighting for the IRA demonstrates that the family have militant republican links. This obviously effects the attitudes of the characters throughout the novel towards the traditional enemies of nationalism, namely Unionists, the Protestant church, and especially the Protestant dominated, British government backed police force.

The fact that the political killings are described by the narrator as a great event is highly significant. Killing in the name of the nationalist cause is seen as justified, the victims as legitimate targets, and the killers as heroes. The political violence is glorified. Deane emphasises the volatile political situation in Northern Ireland, and how the family live with the violence on their doorstep. The family appear to be staunch republicans and these attitudes have clearly filtered down to their young son. Deane implies that the narrator is already hardened to the violence, he has lost his innocence and is already politicised despite being so young.

The issue of nationalism is intrinsically intertwined with the issue of political violence. Deane traces the development of violent nationalist attitudes in some of the peers of the narrator. The narrator witnesses Rory Hannaway getting accidentally run over and killed by a reversing lorry and he feels sorry for a policeman, who on seeing the body, vomited. A year later he is retold the story by one of his friends whilst hiding from police

"Danny Green told me in detail how young Hannaway had been run over by a police car which had not even stopped. 'Bastards' he said, shining the blade of his axe with the wet grass."#

The narrator goes on to describe how it was only after being told this incorrect version of the story he could begin to genuinely sorry for Rory's mother and the driver, and how this "allayed the subtle sense of treachery"# he had felt at the time for feeling pity for the policeman. The narrator expresses how he has almost been brainwashed to hate the police because they represent the enemy of the nationalist cause. Deane is expressing his own personal feeling here that at the root of much of the violence is misunderstanding and the tendency of both causes to blame each other for their plight even if it is unjustified and irrational.

The mistrust of the police is evident in the reaction to the acquittal of a Catholic man, the narrator's Grandfather, for killing a policeman, Billy Mahon. Brother Regan explains to the boys the surprise of the local community when the case was thrown out, even though the man was thought innocent, because he was Catholic "Innocence was no guarantee for a Catholic then. Nor is it now."# Everything that happened in Ireland had a political or religious subtext. The two sides polarized and all issues boiled down to matters of religion or political significance. Matters of justice were secondary.

In the example of the narrator's grandfather the real issue wasn't whether he was guilty or not, it was whether the police would frame him just because he was a Catholic. Another example of this is when the boy and his father and brother are arrested and beaten by the police over the incident with the pistol. The beating is more to do with their republican connections than the crime itself. This type of incident led to the hatred of the police. When the narrator is accused of going to the police, his mother describes them as "vermin"#. Bishop Coulter describes Sergeant Burke's idea of justice as "not…entirely Catholic"#, emphasising the split between the police and the Catholic community.

Regan delivers a powerful speech to the boys about the troubles urging them not to become involved "The whole situation makes men evil. Evil men make the whole situation."# Regan tells the boys that only God can judge them. Deane uses the priest to express hope for for the future and exposes the irony of two groups of people both fighting in the name of God. Brother Regan believes the political violence is morally wrong and is corrupting the younger generations. Deane in this example is perhaps indicating that he thinks that lack of education is to blame for young men taking up arms against each other.

Deane dissects the Irish national character in the section of the book in which the narrator reads The Shan Van Vocht. The fact that the cover is green is significant, representing Ireland. The title of the book, meaning The Poor Old Woman, a traditional name for Ireland is another dig at the almost self pitying attitude of the Irish. The heroine of the book has a Mediterranean, deliberately non-Irish appearance which the narrator finds instantly alluring. She was interesting and exotic whereas the male Irish hero was boring and morbid. The narrator talks to her and promises that he wouldn't go out to the rebellion. This shows that the boy isn't that committed to the nationalist cause and that there are more important things to him such as love. This is another optimistic passage where Deane hopes that the future can produce an Ireland in which people are less fuelled by hatred. Deane is suggesting that a man's love for a woman should be greater than his love for his country.

In "Katie's Story", Deane uses the two children as a metaphor for the problems within the Irish personality. They never left the house, only spoke Irish and had virtually the same name, Francis and Frances. Their supernatural behaviour leaves their nanny haunted. Deane implies that there is something inherently peculiar within the Irish personality that if left isolated with no contact with the outside world, manifests itself in inappropriate or depraved behaviour. There is a recurring "greenish light"# representing Ireland which indicates something supernatural or haunted. Deane is criticising the insular nature of nationalism, how it makes the Irish naïve about the world outside Ireland. James Joyce also used the colour green to indicate perversion or paralysis in a character. Deane is a nationalist, but he is able to see the flaws in many of the people who support the cause.

Throughout the book there is sense of mistrust directed towards the foreign or unknown, which is directly related to the hatred of having to live under British rule. Uncle Dan tells the narrator that the British bombed Washington, a meaningless tale to poison the boy against the British. America is talked about with a sense of awe by the boy, the promise of a better life. The uncles are too stupid and introspective to see beyond Ireland. They talk about never trusting McIlhenney, part of the reason being he "looked like an Italian."#.

Deane seems to infer that because of their hard-line support for the nationalist cause and the hatred of the British, this has left some of the older generation, such as Uncle Dan, with a total inability to see the bigger picture. They have become totally non-thinking pawns in the name of the cause and they are only interested in one thing- hating the British, but not because of any great political convictions on their part, but because as Catholics and they've been taught what to think. Later on in the novel the narrator talks about his need for a "global vision".#

In "Rats" Deane uses the story of the rat infestation as a metaphor for the occupation of Ireland and criticises the short-term thinking of the nationalist fighters. The fact that the rats live in the ruins of old air raid shelters is significant. The shelters are left over from the war, the British war. The extermination of the rats is really what the Catholic community would like to do to the British. The rats scurrying in to their homes are really the British invading and ruling their community. The narrator talks about the "battle"# as if they were fighting for freedom. He finishes by reflecting that perhaps the events of the afternoon had not solved the rat problem, just in the same way that continued battles with the British will not end the occupation, and how violence breeds violence. Fighting the Unionists would not make them go away. It serves to unite them and harden their resolve

"I imagined the living rats that remained, breathing their vengeance in a dull miasmic unison deep underground."#

In the story Crazy Joe tells the narrator about Larry McLaughlin and the disappearing woman, the haunting experience happens to Larry after he has crossed the border into the south and then crossed back again

"The world on the side you leave is never the same as the one you reach. And you know what else about the watery brook?"

"Yes. It marks the border."#

Deane is implying that there is more than a physical border between Northern and Southern Ireland. People in the north have an inability to escape and they are almost paralysed by fear. Crazy Joe goes on to say how it is a shame that people aren't shot at the border anymore. Deane emphasises the negative effect that these blind nationalist attitudes have on peoples' thinking.

Despite being the very symbol of the oppressor Sergeant Burke's conversation with the narrator's mother is very significant. Deane gives the policeman, frequently the bane of the family's life, a personality and he makes perhaps the most important statement in the novel "Politics destroyed people's lives in this place."# He also talks of the "poison"# of political violence spreading into the younger generations. Burke asks the narrator's mother why peace could ever be achieved. In her answer Deane is answering for the entire Catholic community "Injustice. The police themselves. Dirty politics."#

The narrator's grandfather dies wracked with guilt after ordering the execution of Eddie and rejects the church on his deathbed. He felt betrayed by the church "When he had fought for Ireland, who had condemned them more?"# He fought for the nationalism yet achieved nothing and died entirely disenchanted with Ireland. Deane uses him to comment on the futility of violence, and overall it is the nationalist cause that causes the family to be haunted by the past through the death of Eddie.

In conclusion, nationalism has huge significance throughout Reading in the Dark. Nationalism is at the core of all of the family's problems. All of the secrets and lies relate back to the killing of Eddie, a nationalist killed by his own people. Towards the end of the novel Deane changes to a reflective mood and the both the church and the political violence are questioned. At one point the priests are jokingly compared with the police, but the narrator's mother however insists that they belong in "different worlds"#. I think that Deane is trying to make a serious point here that like nationalism, both the police and the church were oppressive forces on Catholic society.

The novel ends on a very negative note with the death of the young British soldier on the family's doorstep during the resurgence of the troubles in 171. The narrator's father feels sorry for the boy's father when he comes to visit "Poor man…even if his son was one of those."# Deane brings the political conflict back down to a personal level. Like the young soldier many of the central characters in the book are in fact victims of the nationalist cause even though they supported it. Despite being a nationalist himself Deane does not glorify the nationalist cause and the characters in the novel are not propaganda pieces. Many are quite the opposite, haunted and flawed people who end up disillusioned with fighting for Ireland.

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Marie de France's, Laustic

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Relationships between Men and Women

Betraying a husband or a wife has been, is and, will be a major problem for human beings and their societies. Everyone is terrified of finding out that their significant other has cheated on them. In Marie de France's, Laustic and The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot the wives cheat on their husbands in different ways. Also in the stories there are two birds that get killed by the husbands, who were tricked by their wives into killing them. Even though the birds were killed they represented different things. The love that the two wives have for the men other than their husband is different. There are similarities in the two stories they lead to very different emotional reactions. In Marie de France's, Laustic the attraction between the wife and the young knight is a romantic and loving relationship, but in and The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot the relationship between of the wife and the lover is based only in physical attraction.

Both women cheated on their husbands, but both have different type of love for the other man. In The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot the love that the wife had for her lover was portrayed to be just a physical attraction. We learn that when the author says " the parrot gave him a day-by-day account of what his wife had done with her lover and how the two carried on in his absence." (p. 15 line 1) When a couple just " just carries on" it's for the sake of physical attraction. Also in my opinion if there was more than just a physical attraction the author would have gone on in detail to explain it, but he didn't. So it seems as if their relationship was based on sex. On the other hand, in the story Marie de France, Laustic the relationship between the young night and the wife was a romantic one. We learn that when the author says "They loved each other prudently and well" and " he loved his neighbor's wife and so persistently did he request her love, so frequent were his entreaties and so many qualities did he posses that she loved him above al things." (p 1775, line 11-15) Unlike the first story the author here goes in deep detail to show that two really love each other and they also love each other's qualities. Another reason why Marie de France, Laustic was a romantic story, because the author was a female and The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot wasn't romantic because the author was a man.

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In both stories there's a bird that is killed but in both cases it represents different things. In The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot, the parrot is used to keep an eye on the wife. I think the parrot represents the husband, because the parrot was used to keep an eye on the wife just like the husband had done all of his life. In Laustic the nightingale represents the relationship of the wife and the young knight. Just as the nightingale can only come out at night and sing, the wife and the knight can only see each other at night.

Also both wives are able to lie and trick their husbands in different ways and for different reasons. In The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot, the wife tricks her husband into killing the parrot. We learn that when the author says " she ordered one of her maid to take the grinding stone and grind under the cage, ordered a second maid to sprinkle water over the cage, and ordered a third to carry a steel mirror back and forth all night long." ( p 15 line 15-18) This made the parrot think there was a storm. When the husband asked the parrot what he saw the night before. The parrot said I couldn't see anything because there was a storm. The husband thought the parrot was crazy and killed him. The wife tricked her husband to get revenge on the parrot for telling on her. In Laustic, the wife didn't really want to kill the nightingale but that was a way into tricking her husband and making up an excuse for why she was staying at her window all night long. We learn that when the wife says "lord anyone who does not hear the song of the nightingale knows none of the joy of this world." ( p 1775 line8-41) The song that the wife is referring to is the love that she has for the young knight and she would do anything to go and see him. Including lying to her husband or using her surroundings to get to see him.

One major difference between the two stories is that Marie de France 's Laustic has a lot of symbolism in it and The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot has very little. One of the symbols used in the Marie de France Laustic is the structure of the house and the window. "Their houses, halls and keeps were close by each other and there was no barrier or division, apart from a high wall of dark-hued stone. When she stood at her bedroom window, the lady could talk to her beloved in the other house and he to her, and they could toss gifts to each other." ( p 1775 line18-) The author is trying to say that they were really close to each other and there was nothing keeping them from each other but the walls. To the wife the window was her favorite spot in the house because it was the place where she spent more time and the place where she could see her love. Another place where we see symbolism is in the end of the story where the author says " He had a small vessel prepared, jot of iron or steel, but of pure gold with fine stones, very precious and valuable. On it he carefully placed a lid and put the nightingale in it. The he had the casket sealed and carried it with him at all times." (p 1776 line 0-4) The reason why the vessel was made out of gold with fine stones and not of steel was to show how important the wife was to him and how much he loved her. Also the reason for carrying the casket with him was so he could have something to constantly remind him of the love of his love.

Overall these two stories had similarities but these similarities led to significant differences. During the whole human history people slept around and cheated on their husbands or wives. One major difference between the two stories is the change of women's role in society. In The Tale of the Husband and the Parrot the women seem like the weren't thought as much and weren't able to do what they wanted to do. In Laustic we see that women have began to write and moved up in the society. Up to this period women weren't able to do anything and the world was a world that was dominated by man. Now they are able to express themselves and their feelings.

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Elvis

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Elvis Presley revolutionized American popular music with his earthy singing style and became a hero to two generations of rock n roll fans.

Elvis Aaron Presley was born to Vernon and Gladys Presley in a two-room house in Tupelo, Mississippi on January 8, 15. His twin brother, Jessie Garon, was stillborn, leaving Elvis to grow up as an only child. He and his parents moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 148, and Elvis graduated from Humes High School there in 15. Raised in a religious atmosphere, Presley began his singing career by performing hymns and gospel tunes with his parents, Vernon and Gladys, at concerts and state fairs. His parents bought him his first guitar at age 11, and he remained close to them even after acquiring a rebellious image. Elvis' musical influences were of the pop and country music of the time, the gospel music he heard in church and at the all-night gospel sings he frequently attended, and the black R&B he absorbed on historic Beale Street as a Memphis teenager. Elvis Presley was 18 when he walked into a Memphis studio and paid $4 to record My Happiness and That's When Your Heartaches Begin as a present for his mother. And in 154 he began his singing career with the legendary Sun Records label in Memphis. In late 155, his recording contract was sold to RCA Victor. By 156, he was an international sensation and his sound came exploding out of every radio in the country. With a sound and style that uniquely combined his diverse musical influences and challenged the social and racial barriers of the time, he ushered in a whole new era of American music and popular culture.

He was a young, hip-thrusting singer and his first appearance on the Ed Sullivan show left many shocked. While millions of teenagers screamed in unison across the land, a Catholic priest in New York scorned Sullivan for this moral injury and condemned Presley for his voodoo of defiance and frustration. No American performer had so broad an impact on culture around the world. In 158, Communists blamed the influence of Presley for a riot in East Berlin as youths threatened to kill a border guard. In 164, Presley received a write-in vote for President. A Memphis businessman who got in a fistfight with the singer had to close his shop because fans picketed the place. Other performers were puzzled by the strong reaction the young singer got from audiences. Jerry Lee Lewis took to closing his shows by standing on the piano in an attempt to upstage Elvis. But it did no good. Presley was even able to take others' material -- like Carl Perkins' Blue Suede Shoes -- and make it a hit of even greater magnitude. Elvis had the looks on me, Perkins once told an interviewer. The girls were going for him for more reasons than music. Elvis was hittin em with sideburns, flashy clothes and no ring on that finger. I had three kids. There was no way of keeping Elvis from being the man in that music.

He starred in successful films, made history with his television appearances and specials, and knew great acclaim through his many, often record-breaking, live concert performances on tour and in Las Vegas. Globally, he has sold over one billion records, more than any other artist. His American sales have earned him gold, platinum or multi-platinum awards for 11 different albums and singles, far more than any other artist. Among his many awards and accolades were 14 Grammy nominations ( wins) from the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, which he received at age 6, and his being named One of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Nation for 170 by the United States Jaycees. Without any of the special privileges his celebrity status might have afforded him, he honorably served his country in the U.S. Army. His talent, good looks, charisma, and good humor endeared him to millions, as did the humility and human kindness he demonstrated throughout his life. He is regarded as one of the most important figures of twentieth century popular culture.

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This year marks the 5th anniversary of Elvis Presleys untimely death on August 16, 177. Today, his star shines more brightly than ever through his music, his movies and his mystique. Elvis legendary impact on popular culture is unmistakable and his influence continues to reach new audiences and new generations of performers.

Please note that this sample paper on Elvis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Elvis, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Elvis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Friends

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Friends

Friends. We all have many different types of friends even though you probably do not realize this. You encounter each of them everyday, whether in school, home, or at the gym. We rarely spend much time actually thinking about or classifying these people. There are your general acquaintances, who you basically only know their first name. You might not even remember what they look like if you go away for a short vacation. Usually, you meet these types of friends in school, at work, on the bus, in the gym, or anywhere else you might be. Another type of friend is a social friend. Social friends are closer than acquaintances, but nowhere near as close as a true friend. You would know their name, a little about their family and you would usually have a few things in common. Those two types of friends will always come and go, but the ones that will always be there for you are your best friends. You have probably known your best friends the longest and have grown up together. He or she probably knows everything about you and likewise you know everything about them. A true friend is like family. You would not mind if they stayed the night at your house or came out with you and your family. You know all of each other's strange little habits that no one else does, and all of those inside jokes that no one else understands. You can always tell when there is something wrong. A true friend is someone who you can always trust and share your deepest thoughts or feelings with. A true friend has no problems correcting you when you are wrong. They will always be there for you through the good times and the bad. You will always have the memories of the sleepovers, crushes, camping trips and the "What are we going to do tonight's." And even after all of the planning you would just end up going to watch a movie at someone's house. Sometimes those times would end up being the best because you get to spend it with your true friends and usually no matter what you do you have a good time. These memories will be with you forever.

We should appreciate and value all friendships that come into our lives, no matter how deep or superficial, we should always remember that all best friends started out just as acquaintances. You should never forget about your friends even of you have not talked to them in a while. A phone call or a letter goes a long way, just to let them know that you still care. Sometimes the greatest things in life are not the parties or the drinking or the hook-ups. It is the friendships, which will last a lifetime.

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Discuss the significance of the phenomenon of the phantom limb for Merleau-Ponty.What does the phantom limb indicate regarding the "in itself" of things in the world?

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Discuss the significance of the phenomenon of the phantom limb for Merleau-Ponty.What does the phantom limb indicate regarding the "in itself" of things in the world?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Discuss the significance of the phenomenon of the phantom limb for Merleau-Ponty.What does the phantom limb indicate regarding the "in itself" of things in the world? paper right on time.

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Maurice Merleau-Ponty begins his book "The phenomenology of perception" with the demonstration that a merely mechanistic physiology of the nervous system simply cannot account for the experience of our own body. Merleau-Ponty tries to show that the experience of our own body has its basis in our "existence" i.e. in our mode of "existing our body". Utilizing materials from recent psychopathology, his existential analysis deals first with the spatial and motor patterns of the body.

For Merleau-Ponty, my own body, before being an object that I can conceptualize or treat conceptually as a physiological thing, is a dimension of my own existence. The body is a lived body. Consciousness is not just something that goes on in our heads. Rather, our intentional consciousness is experienced in and through our bodies. With his concept of the lived body, Merleau-Ponty overcomes Descartes' mind-body dualism without resorting to physiological reductionism. For Descartes, the body is a machine but a living organism by which we body-forth our possibilities in the world. The current of a person's intentional existence is lived through the body. We are our bodies and consciousness is not just locked up inside the head. In his later thought, Merleau-Ponty talked of the body as "flesh", made of the same flesh of the world and it is because the flesh of the body is of the flesh of the world that we can know and understand the world.

To demonstrate this concept of the lived body, Merleau-Ponty uses the example of the phenomenon of the phantom limb the case where someone who has lost an arm or a leg still continues to "feel" it. How can this phenomenon be explained? A phantom limb would not be possible if our bodies were just machines. If a part of the machine were severed from the rest of the machine, it would not simply go without using the limb. Yet, people who have a limb amputated still feel the limb and they are still called to use this limb in situations that call for it's use, even though it is no longer there. In the same sense, the whole lived body is an intentional body, which is lived through in relation to possibilities in the world. Even when the limb is gone, the possibilities for its use remain but are unable to be taken up as a project in the world. "To have a phantom arm is to remain open to all those actions of which the arm alone is capable, it is to keep the practical field that one had before being mutilated". (Phenomenology of perception p. 81-).

The body is first of all a way of viewing the world and at the same time the way a subjective attitude both comes to know itself and express itself. The lived, phenomenal body must therefore not be thought of as an object in itself but as the way a subject is present in the world and is aware of it. Perceptual consciousness must be seen as a bodily presence in the world, a bodily awareness of the world. Here Merleau-Ponty is breaking with the Cartesian tradition and with a conception present in mush of modern philosophy that there are "two senses and two only of the word "exists" one exists as a thing or else one exists as a consciousness".

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(Phenomenology of perception p. 18). The relationship between the subject and his body is, so to speak, an inner relationship at the level of perception the subject is his body.

It is important to understand that Merleau-Ponty is not resorting here to physiological reductionism. The physiologist at least traditionally sees the body, as separate parts that work together like a machine. For Merleau-Ponty, however, the body cannot be understood as a whole, as it is lived. The body as it is lived is an experiential body, a body that opens onto a world and allows the world to be for us. Physiology is not pointless, it has value no doubt but it does not get at the lived body. If we want to understand the body as it is lived in our experience, we have to use a phenomenological method. Merleau-Ponty would go so far as to argue that physiology is a second-order, intellectual abstraction from the primordial, lived body. In this sense, phenomenology can understand and incorporate physiological insights.

The body considered merely physiologically is a body in itself; it is a body which belongs to no-one. The lived body, which is for everyone his way of inhabiting the world, is a mixture of being-in-itself ands being-for-itself. The phenomenal body escapes in a fashion from the realm of the in-itself and is already a kind of subject the subject of perception. Perceptual consciousness is not a pure-for-itself; it is a body-subject, a knowing body. For Merleau-Ponty the experience that he has of his body thus teaches him a new mode of existence which belongs neither to them in-itself not the for-itself. The lived body is not a "mechanism in itself" and perceptive consciousness is not a "being for itself". This examination of the lived or phenomenal body allows Merleau-Ponty to overcome "the traditional subject-object dichotomy". In summing up the first part of the phenomenology, he is able to say, "the experience of our own body…reveals to us an ambiguous mode of existing" (PhP 18). It is ambiguous because it calls into question the traditional distinctions of object and subject. "The body is thus not an object. For the, same reason, my awareness of it is not a thought". I can only know the phenomenal body by living it, for, not being an object, an in itself, it is me myself, it is what I am, me in so much as I am conscious of the world. "I am my body….and co-relatively my body is as it were a natural subject". (PhP 18)

The lived body is that place where the in-itself and the for-itself mix and lead an ambiguous life. The body is both transcendent and immanent. It is the "third term" between subject and object. I know that transcendent things exist because I can touch them, see them, hear them. But most importantly, I never know things in their totality, but always from an embodied perspective. The thing exists "in-itself" because it resists my knowing it with total certainty. However, the thing exists "for me" because I always experience it in relation to my own body. A chair for example, is something to sit on. A desk is something to sit at and write on. Things allow for certain bodily engagements while closing off others. In this sense, things are both transcendent and immanent, things as given to experience are each an "in-itself-for-me".

If we can understand this idea of the "in-itself-for-me" we can see how experience as it is given to us is always a subject-object dialogue. I can never experience things independent of my experience as a bodily engaged being in the world; the meaning I bring to my perception is a perceiving which is embodied. It is by virtue of my embodiment that I can experience things as being up or down, as having insides or outsides, as being close or far away.

Space is always in relation to my body as situated within the world. We discover ourselves in a world, as part of a world, but not as simple objects in a spatial world. For Merleau-Ponty, it also seemed as if the world is made to be discovered by, and to respond to, our sense organs. It is this mutuality of the relation between self and world which fascinated Merleau-Ponty. The same is true of time. I can never be two places at once as a body. I am always situated in the present, on the way somewhere, as having been somewhere. Thus, experience is always in the process of becoming. Just as I am aware of things as determinate and thematic, new possibilities emerge on the horizon and the past fades away as more ambiguous.

At the level of perception, consciousness and the body together constitute "the junction of the for-itself and the in-itself" (PhP 7) and thereby form a system which is approachable from two sides. This system which Merleau-Ponty calls being in-the-world, is thus one which could be termed circular. The knowing-body possesses the power of re-reflecting itself. There are times when the "body catches itself from the outside engaged in cognitive process". I am in the process of touching an object with my right hand, suddenly my two hands cross and I touch my right hand with my left one. The hand which was "touching" becomes at that very second "touched", it ceases for a moment to be a sensing "subject" and becomes a sensed "object". The body turns back on itself and takes itself for it's own object. In this situation the body is neither completely a subject nor completely an object, it manifests an ambiguous union of the two, it is a reversible circularity.

Even though the body can turn back on itself and in this way accomplish a kind of reflection, it never succeeds in coinciding with itself. This circularity never results in an identity. When for instance, ones two hands touch each other, there is always one which acts as a subject and another which exists as an object, a single hand is never subject and object at the same time. Being neither a simple object nor a pure spirit, the lived body is dialectic of the in-itself and the for-itself, and bodily existence is an ambiguous existence.

It is ambiguous, at the level of perception existence is not in-itself existence, as the being of things is, but it is still not a "personal " existence. My existence as perceiving consciousness is closely tied up with my existence as a body, and consciousness and body are two sides of a presence to the world. The conception of the lived body as a circular system wherein "consciousness" and the "body" are but two aspects which are to a certain extent reversible requires a new conception of the world in relation to which the perceiving subject is but a global and massive presence. If the perception of the body is at the same time the perception of the world as was seen in the case of the phantom limb the perception of the world must be the other side of the perception of the body. The lived body and the perceived body are seen as co-relatives by Merleau-Ponty "The lived body is in the world as the heart is in the organism it keeps the visible spectacle constantly alive, it breathes life into it and sustains it inwardly, and with it forms a system". (PhP 0) The relation of the perceived world and the lived body is thus an internal relation such that the world and the body together constitute a system.

Space furnishes us with a good example of the circular system that is constituted by the lived body and the perceived world together. In the second chapter of the second part of the phenomenology Merleau-Ponty attempts to show how "objective" space, "objective" movement etc.. are in reality founded on our being in the world and are "encompassed in the hold that our body takes upon the world". In the "in-itself" world there would be no here or there, no high or low. Everything would be an equal distance from everything else, nothing would stand out from anything else and there would be no movement since there would be no place a "here" and a "there" to change. The world we rediscover through reflection is a world we have always inhabited through our bodies and the body is that "I can" which gives structure to the world by dividing it up and making things stand out from each other. The perceived world is structured according to the hold the body has or can have on it. Thus "everything throws us back onto the organic relations between subject and space, so that hold of the subject on the world is the origin of space". (PhP 51)

Magnitude, height, depth and all other variations of the perceived worlds spatially are "existential dimensions". "Things co-exist in space because they are present to the same perceiving subject" (PhP 75) because things and subjects co-exist through the body. The body and the world form a circuit and co-exist internally. It is because of this that there can be something like space "we have been led to bring out as the condition of spatiality, the establishment of the subject in a setting, and finally his inherence in a world." (PhP 80)

The notion of the body-subject cannot be reached through the sciences, it is more like a specific characterization of what Heidegger more generally calls 'Dasein'. The body, for Merleau-Ponty has its own set of motivations, just as we have seen in the phantom limb phenomenon. The body discloses the world for us in a certain way. It is the transcendental condition for the possibility of experiencing objects at all, our means of communication with the world.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Merleau-Ponty, M The Phenomenology of perception (London Routledge, 18)

Madison, G The phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty (Ohio UP, 181)

Moran, D Introduction to Phenomenology (London Routledge, 000)

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Solving Problems

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Solving Problems

1.Suggest some changes to the system which would allow Bettina to reduce her workload while still maintaining good communication to all concerned.

Although it is always better to foresee and prevent a problem than to wait until they burst into the open it is sometimes a luxury all are not afforded. Bettina has just taken on a new position and a problem already exists within the company.

She is at the first stage of problem solving, recognising that an improvement problem exists within her company. As it is quite a complex problem a good starting place would be in drawing up a problem statement, a clear statement can be obtained by using a problem statement grid. If any distinctive features appear such as ¡§Branch managers never getting feedback¡¨ it will be highlighted and could give strong clues to the cause(s).

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It will help to gather as much information as possible, this will be useful when generating possible solutions and establishing what the constraints-the restrictions -are on the solution are. Therefore she needs to speak to the Chairman, branch Managers, Salesmen, and all staff concern who submit figures to her. This information will allow her to define the problem precisely and she will see it from more than one viewpoint.

With the consent and help of these people a Brainstorming session would be of great benefit. This could be carried out in two sessions

„h the first wide-spread, uncritical and creative;

„h the second critical and focused.

This route will help Bettina and her team avoid making false assumptions because all those concerned will be forced to consider all options and constantly ask the question -Why?

From these meetings her team can draw up an action plan showing who will do what, when and how.

Any solution that they may come to must be

„h effective

„h efficient

„h viable

The best solutions can be selected by testing them against objectives, which can be thought of in terms of levels

„h Must objectives

„h Want objectives

„h Would like objectives

It is obvious that too much information is being collated every week and very important figures have become irrelevant and meaningless. Feedback to all concerned is carried out rarely and sporadically.

Delegation of work is not being carried out by the branch managers and perhaps a possible solution that could be reached is as follows

To have all information entered on branch computers by those carrying out specific tasks i.e. salesmen enter discounts given, mechanics enter parts and serving details, receptionists log enquires made etc.

At the end of each calendar month these figures can be checked by branch managers prior to their sending to the accounts office.

Then Bettina will have a lot more time to process this information and send relevant and meaningful information to all parties on a monthly basis.

This would mean

„h branch Managers receiving information on how they are performing compared to previous months and against other branches in respects of sales.

„h Management teams seeing a more detailed breakdown of costs. They will be able to re-act to potential problems on a monthly basis rather than a once or twice yearly basis.

„h Workshops seeing how much they contribute to profits.

„h Individual Salesmen seeing how they are performing as a branch team and against each other.

A solution such as this will make

„h Staff more aware of their need to perform.

„h Branch Managers more aware of their need to motivate and lead their team.

„h Management teams more aware of the car sales they need to achieve within the car sector and the importance of giving regular feedback to branch managers.

„h Chairman more aware of where his company is in the market and therefore able to make more accurate decisions on the future of his company.

Once a solution has been implemented it progress should be monitored. An evaluation can be carried out in one of four ways, in this case- By making quantitative ¡¥before and after¡¦ comparisons i.e. . Are the figures you receive now more meaningful and helpful than before?

This will tell you whether or not it is working ,how it could be improved, how to solve the next problem quicker, better and more efficiently.

Please note that this sample paper on Solving Problems is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Solving Problems, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Solving Problems will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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