Legalization of marijuana

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Should Marijuana be legal in the United States?

Marijuana is by far the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States and in most other countries as well. More than seventy million Americans have tried marijuana, and more than twenty million have smoked it in the last year, but does marijuana really affect people and their thinking process, and should pot be legal in the United States. I believe that marijuana should be legal because people should live life how they want, even though it could lead to harm.

Marijuana hit the united states big in the 60's and 70's. Through this time period many people thought this drug was harmless. Today we know that pot is much more dangerous than previously believed. There are many slang terms used for marijuana, some are pot, weed, cannabis, Mary Jane, hash, dope, bud, green, smoke, to name a few.

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There are many pros and cons to the use of marijuana. Many people use this drug for medical use, and others use it for entertainment. In the United States, using marijuana for medical purposes is illegal. Since the 1970's thirty-five state legislatures have passed laws supporting marijuana's use as a medicine. People suffering from nausea and vomiting, who are unable to swallow and hold down a pill, smoking marijuana is often the only reliable way to deliver THC. Another pro to the use of marijuana is diminishing glaucoma; it also can be affective in stimulating appetite in AIDS patients. There is also evidence that smoked marijuana and THC reduce muscle spasms from spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis. Physicians have reported that smoked marijuana provides relief from migraine headaches, depression, seizures, insomnia, and chronic pain. I think marijuana should be legal because if people sold pot in their stores, pot smokers would buy it, and it would boost the economy. I also think some drug crimes and innocent killings would go down an enormous amount.

There are many cons to the use of this drug. Marijuana produces immediate, temporary changes in thoughts, perceptions, and information processing, even though there is no convincing scientific evidence that pot causes psychological damage or mental illness in either teenagers or adults. Many Americans believe that marijuana plays a role in violent acts while on this drug. Almost all human and animal studies show that pot decreases rather than increases aggression. There is a myth that pot interferes with male and female sex hormones, but in fact there is no evidence that marijuana causes infertility in men or women. Another con of pot is it could possibly be a gateway drug. Even if marijuana itself causes minimal harm, it is a dangerous substance because it leads to the use of harder drugs. One of the biggest cons of legalizing "Mary Jane" would be that a large amount of Americans would be smoking pot all the time, and they would end up going to work stoned, and not think straight while on the job.

Marijuana is rapidly increasing in popularity throughout the world. Many people find pot to be a gateway drug, like a stepping stone toward other harmful drugs. There are many reasons why young kids get into this drug at an early age, one reason I think this is is because of the types of music kids listen to. If your children listen to any CD with a parental advisory sticker, most likely that record will take about the use of marijuana and any other drugs that artists do. Marijuana is the most popular illegal drug in the United States today. Therefore, people who have used less popular drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and LSD, are likely to have also used marijuana. Most marijuana users never use any other illegal drug. For the large majority of people, marijuana is a terminus rather than a gateway drug. In a test of marijuana users ever trying cocaine, it shows that from 1975 to 1996 the highest it ever got was Twenty Five percent, and before that it was down ten to Fifteen percent. For every 100 people who have tried marijuana, twenty-eight have tried cocaine, only twelve have used cocaine twelve or more times, five have used cocaine more than one hundred times. One currently uses cocaine once a week or more.

I think people that get caught with marijuana should not be punished as hard as they do. Marijuana arrest in the United States has doubled between 1991 and 1995. In 1995, more than one-half-million people were arrested for pot offenses. Eighty –six percent of them were arrested for marijuana possession. Tens of thousands of people are now in prison for marijuana offenses. An even greater number are punished with probation, fines, and civil sanctions, including having their property seized, their driver's licenses revoked, and their employment terminated. Under federal law, possessing a single joint (or less) of marijuana is punishable by a fine from $1,000 to $10,000 and up to a year in prison .For people on probation or parole for any criminal offense, a marijuana arrest can result in their immediate incarceration. For people who live in public housing, the arrest of any family member for a drug offense can cause eviction of the entire family. Under state and federal law, mere investigation for a marijuana offense can result in the forfeiture of property, including cash, cars, boats, land, and houses. Despite these civil and criminal acts, pot continues to be readily available and widely used. In 1970, there were 188,903 total arrests. In 1995, there were 588,963 total arrests in the United States. I think that all those charges for one marijuana offense are harsh, even though pot is an illegal drug. An average of 3,677 marijuana offenders has been put in federal prison each year since 1990. This compares to an average of about 1,900 per year in the 80's and about 1,200 per year in the 1970's.

The average of marijuana seized by the police in 1980 was 1.96 percent and there were one hundred fifty-three seizures, compared to the 3.33 percent in 1993 and 3,354 seizures.

I believe that if pot can be legal in other countries, than it should be legal in the United States too. The marijuana policy in the Netherlands is a failure. Dutch law, which allows marijuana to be bought, sold, and used openly, has resulted in increasing rates of pot use, particularly among youth. For more than twenty years, Dutch citizens over age eighteen have been permitted to buy and use cannabis, also in Holland, anyone more than fifteen years old can buy marijuana as easily as different flavors of ice cream. In the Netherlands adolescent marijuana use has increased 250 percent. In the late 1970's law allowed the Dutch government to create a set of guidelines under which coffee shops could sell marijuana without fear of criminal prosecution. I think that the children of the parents living in the Netherlands would be hard to raise because of all the pot surrounding them.

Marijuana makes users passive, lazy, and uninterested in the future. Students who use pot become underachievers and workers who use marijuana become unproductive. Young marijuana users are less likely to achieve their academic potential; pot keeps a person from functioning at full potential. It makes an above average student average, and an average student below average. These are just some of the things that people say about marijuana users. Studies of college students have found few differences between marijuana users and nonusers. Marijuana users and nonusers are equally inclined to participate in sports and extracurricular activities, and place equal value on achievement and success. I don't believe that pot makes people lazy, or makes them underachievers.

Even though I think pot should be legal, it does cause harm to your lungs. The effects of one marijuana joint on the lungs are equivalent to four tobacco cigarettes, placing the user at increased risk of bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial asthma. A single joint contains the same amount of tar and other noxious substances as approximately fourteen to sixteen filtered cigarettes. Marijuana smokers typically inhale more deeply and retain smoke in their lungs longer than tobacco smokers. As a result, marijuana smokers get more dangerous material in the lungs each time they smoke. Smoking pot is very harmful to your health, family, and friends.

Some myths of marijuana and highway safety are marijuana-like alcohol- seriously impairs driving in some respects; pot is even more impairing than alcohol. I think this is true because marijuana does affect perception and driving ability. I believe that pot makes many people drive different, and it makes you a dangerous person at the wheel, while on this drug.

There are thousands of people around the world that are trying to prevent marijuana smoke. Drug education and prevention programs reduced marijuana use during the 1980's. Since then, our commitment has slackened, and pot use has been rising. There is no evidence that anti-drug messages diminish young people's interest in drugs. Anti-drug campaigns in the schools and the media may even make drugs more attractive. Marijuana use among the youth declined throughout the 1980's, and began increasing in the 1990's. This increase occurred despite young people's exposure to the most massive anti-marijuana campaign in American history.

Marijuana's persistence in the body varies from person to person, but normally the THC can stay in the brain for as long as two to five hours, although, pot stays in the blood stream for even longer. Many active drugs enter the body's fat cells too. The THC exits the fat cells slowly making traces of marijuana up to days and weeks following ingestion. The most important consequence of marijuana's slow excretion is that it can be detected in blood, urine, hair, and in tissue long after it is used. THC is eventually biotransformed into active metabolites. Thus if you have to take a drug test for a job you might not want to apply for that job a few weeks after you smoked. I think drug test are a good thing because, you don't want potheads working for you.

Marijuana is still the most commonly used drug in the United States and probably will be for years to come. Marijuana is on the rise and will increase in popularity throughout the United States. I'm sure that our government will eventually legalize marijuana, but not soon. Many people argue the pros and cons of pot. I think our government should at least try to see what would happen to the economy if pot was legal, even though it is a huge risk to take. This problem is argued as much as should the alcohol age be lowered again, many teenagers argue this because if there old enough to go to fight in a war, then you should be able to drink. Many younger kids smoke pot without a care and they don't realize the affects of the drug. America needs to start taking a larger action, and try to get the point across to the youth of America. This will always be a huge argument throughout the world. The question that everyone asks, should pot be legal in the United States.

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Asymmetry in the Brain and in the Intensity of Emotional Expression in the Face

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Asymmetry in the Brain and in the Intensity of Emotional Expression in the Face

Abstract

Composites created using only the left side of a face and only the right side of the face were judged by participants as one being more intense in emotional expression than the other. Roughly half the participants looked at composites expressing negative emotion, and the other half looked at composites expressing positive emotion. The left side composites were rated above chance as being more intense in emotion than the right side composites. The group observing negative emotion expression chose composites of the left side of the face at a rate significantly greater than the group observing positive emotion expression. The findings are consistent with previous research suggesting the right hemisphere of the brain is more involved in emotional processes than the left hemisphere. The results also suggest that emotional expression is assymmetrical in the face being more intense in the left side of the face and that this effect is stronger for the negative emotion condition.

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There is a basic crossing in the nervous system, particularly concerning sensory input and motor output. The right and left hemispheres of the brain have also been shown to be assymmetrical and differ in their function, which is called hemispheric specialization. There have been studies conducted in this area using patients with brain damage in different hemispheres, where movies shown to elicit emotions were viewed. Both the left brain-damaged patients and the participants without brain-damage often looked away from the screen when unpleasant material was shown, whereas right brain-damaged patients rarely did, suggesting that the right side of the brain is patricularly involved in the degree of emotional involvement or manner of coping with stress, which was reduced in these patients (A. Mammucari, C. Caltagirone, P. Ekman, W. Friesan, G. Gainotti, L Pizzamiglio and P. Zoccolotti, 187). There is also other evidence to suggest the right side of the brain is more involved in the processing and expression of emotions than the left hemisphere. It was proposed by Wolff (Wolff, 14 cited in Sackeim and Gur, 00) that the right side of the face is percieved as more similar to the whole face than the left side, however it was later discovered by Gilbert and Bakan (17, cited in Sackeim and Gur, 00) that rather than assymmetries in facial expression, these results were produced by a bias of the perciever having greater ability in the right hemisphere of the brain in facial recognition than the left hemisphere. However the possibility that facial expression is assymmetrical was not disproven.

Therefore the question arose of whether the expression of emotions in the face is assymmetrical and as there is a basic crossing in the nervous system, if the emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side of the face. It is also thought the right hemisphere could possibly be more involved in processing negative information than the left, and a second question was generated of whether this effect was stronger for negative emotional expressions as compared to positive emotional expressions. To test this, composites of faces were constructed using the left side of the face and its mirror image referred to as left-left composites (LL) and the right side of the face and its mirror image referred to as right-right composites (RR). Participants were divided into two groups, one group observing negative emotion composites of LL and RR and the other observing positive emotion composites, and were asked to choose which composite expressed emotion more intensely. It was hypothesised that the LL composites would be chosen more often that the RR composites as more emotionally expressive for both the positive and negative emotion condition. If supported, this would suggest that emotions are expressed more intensely in the left side of the face than the right. A second hypothesis was generated that the effect would be stronger for the negative emotion condition than the positive emotion condition, and if both hypotheses were supported it would suggest the right hemiphere is particularly involved in processing negative information.

Method

Participants

The participants were 484 undergraduates at the University of Western Australia. A coin was tossed by each participant which determined which group they were allocated to. One group looked at faces that expressed negative emotions which consisted of 8 students, and the other group looked at faces conveying positive emotions which consisted of 46 students.

Apparatus

Sixteen composites of faces were constructed for negative emotions and 16 composites constructed for positive emotions. They were created using black and white photographs of faces, the models of who deliberately conveyed a negative or positive emotion. These photographs from the study conducted by Ekman and Friesan (175) on recognition of emotions in faces, and the mirror image of these photographs were cut vertically through the midline of the face, and the left side and its reversal were joined to make a LL composite, and the right side of the face and its reversal were joined to make a RR composite, creating symmetrical composites using only one side of the face. Half of the faces were created from male models and the other half using female models. The faces were presented on computers and the data was entered into the computers.

Procedure

The group of participants determined by a coin toss to look at negative emotion composites of faces were presented with a slide consisting simultaneously of two faces being the LL composite and RR composite constructed from the original face and its reversal. These were positioned vertically to eliminate perciever bias. The faces remained on the screen for 10 seconds and the viewer was required to choose which face expressed the emotion more intesely. A 0 second inter-trial interval then followed and the process was repeated using different composites of faces expressing negative emotion. Eight slides of two composites were shown in total. The process was the same for those participants in the other group except positive emotion composites only were used. A forced choice format was used, requiring the participants to make a choice between the top or bottom composites and neither was not a given option. This was to reduce the number of responses so a measurable outcome was produced. The gender of the model in the photographs and the position of the faces (if LL or RR was on top) were ordered non-systematically.

Results

The data was screened for outliers to generate statistics more accurately representing the participants. For the purpose of conducting a general comparison, statistics for the entire sample size of participants were calculated as well as for both the groups who looked at negative emotion composites and positive emotion composites. The sample size of participants in the study overall was 484, with 46 of those participants in the positive image group and 8 in the negative image group. The mean number for the entire group out of 8 in which the participant chose the LL composite face was 4.74, with 4.64 being the mean number chosen for the positive image group and 4.5 being the mean for the negative image group. All groups performed above what would be considered chance.

In order to measure the dispersion in the distribution of scores, the standard deviation was calculated. For all the participants a standard deviation of 1.0 was calculated, the positive image group had a standard deviation of 1.15 and the negative image group a standard deviation of 1.00. To determine if the means were significantly different from each other, the confidence interval was calculated as shown in table 1. The confidence interval indicates a 5% probability that a given result lies within that range. TABLE and GRAPH

TABLE 1.

Statistics for the Number of Times Left-left Composites were chosen out of Eight in each Group.

Group Sample Mean Standard 5% CI 5% CI

Size Deviation Lower Bound Upper Bound

Overall 484 4.7 1.0 4.6 4.8

Negative 8 4.5 1.00 4.8 5.07

Positive 466 4.64 1.15 4.50 4.7

Discussion

The hypothesis that the left side of the face expresses emotion more intensely than the right side was supported by the results of the experiment as the number of times the LL composites were chosen was significantly greater on average at 4.7 out of 8, than the chance level of performance at 4 out of 8. This is also consistent with findings that right hemisphere is dominant in emotional processes. The lower bound of the 5% confidence interval of the overall sample mean was greater than four indicating a significant effect, implying that the left side of the face is more expressive of emotions.

The second hypothesis that the lateralization of emotion effect is stronger for the expression of negative emotions compared to positive emotions was also supported by the data collected. This was determined using a sample t-test. The mean number of times the LL composites were chosen in the negative condition was significantly greater than, t(48)= .0, p .01 (-tailed). Both the hypotheses were supported.

These findings have implications on the social adaptedness of emotional expression, as when face to face with another person, it is likely that the left side of the face is opposite the right side of the other persons face, meaning that the hemisphere inferior in emotional processes recieves information from the side of the face more expressive in emotion, which may be advantageous or disadvantageous depending on the situation (Sakeim and Gur, 178).

There were several limitations of the experiment. The models in the photographs used were asked to express certain emotions in their face however they may not have felt the actual emotions and this may have an effect on how well the research applies to a realistic situation. Only eight trials were used which seems limited considering the wide range of emotional expression possible. Black and white photographs were used which again is further from a realistic situation than desired. It is also a matter for future research to observe whether the right or left-handedness of models or participants have an effect on the results, and to apply the experiment cross-culturally.

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The Formation of the Solar System.

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Matter in the universe was born in violence. Hydrogen and Helium emerged from the intense heat of the Big Bang some 15 billion years ago. The more elaborate atoms of carbon, oxygen, calcium and iron, out of which we are made, had their origins in the burning depths of stars. Heavy elements such as Uranium were made in the shockwaves of the supernova explosions. Once formed the violent explosions returned the elements to the space between the stars. The gravitation moulded them into new stars and planets.

Stars supplied the universe with the heavy elements and the explosive force of supernovas then scattered them into space. Interstellar dust grains that were formed from the atmospheres of Red Giant stars allowed the development of heavier elements. Radio astronomers have detected nearly a hundred types of molecules in the interstellar medium - H, C, O, N, predominate. The Solar System was formed from elements synthesized by previous generations of stars.

About a third of the way in from the edge of one galaxy, the Milky Way, an interstellar gas cloud began to contract. Its interior temperature soared to 10 million degrees K, setting off the nuclear fusion of hydrogen. The gas cloud ignited and became a star.

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During the contraction phase, dust grains condensed out of the gas cloud and began to whorl about the sun eventually setting into rings. Within the rings the dust grains with slightly greater mass started to form into large clumps. In time gravitational forces clumped nearly all of the material in the rings into the nine spherical bodies called planets. Smaller clumps condensed to form satellites around every planet accept Mercury and Venus. Any left over dust clumped into asteroids, ranging from a few millimetres to several kms in diameter these circle the sun in an asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

MERCURY.

Inner most planet to the Sun. 6 Million miles from the Sun, 60,000km. 60 trillion tons of mass, 80% nickel-iron core. ,10 miles in diameter. 1 year is 88 earth days. 5 earth days to rotate on its axis. No known satellites. This planet has very little atmosphere being so small and having only a small mass. It is covered with many meteorite craters like our moon, which were formed when Mercury was newly formed. One side of the planet always faces outwards and is frozen -40 degrees celsius, the other side faces the sun 40 degrees Celsius but it is very cold at night, dropping to -170 degrees Celsius. Atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium gas. A day is 176 earth days long. Life as we know it could not live on it.

VENUS.

Lies between Earth and Mercury. It is called the evening star because it is usually seen soon after sunset. It is very bright because it is covered in cloud. 67 million miles from the sun, 108,00,000km. 5,60 trillion tons of mass. 1 year is equal to 5 earth days. No known satellites. Rotates once every 4 days, rotates backwards. Atmosphere contains sulphuric acid, carbon dioxide, some water, no oxygen gas. Surface temperature of +500 degrees Celsius. Very little sunlight is able to penetrate the atmosphere, greenhouse effect and blocks the escape of heat as infra-red radiation. The surface contains mountainous areas surrounded by flat waterless plains.

EARTH.

Lies between Venus and Mars. million miles from the sun, 14,600,000km. 6,50 trillion tons[6x10 power 1tonnes] of mass, iron core. 7,10 miles in diameter, 1,756km. 1 year to revolve around the

sun. 4 hours in one day. [ 1 known satellite, the moon, 84,400km from Earth, diameter of 456km. It has no atmosphere or water and its surface is covered with craters.] Solid surface. Atmosphere of

nitrogen, oxygen carbon dioxide gases and water vapour. / surface is covered in water Central core temperature of 4000 degrees Celsius from the decay of radioactive elements.

MARS.

Lies between Earth and Jupiter. Red coloured planet.141 million miles from the sun, 7,00,00km. 705 trillion tons of mass. 4,140 miles in diameter. 1 year is equal to 1. earth years long. 1 day is equal to 4.6 earth hours long. Two known satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The red hue, comes from old lava flows, no surface water exists. The surface is covered with sand and rock. The poles are covered with ice

caps largely of dry ice and frozen water. The atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide. There is no life on the surface. The surface temperature is below freezing point -0 degrees Celsius, averages -50.C.

THE ASTEROID BELT.

Lies 40 million miles out from the sun. There are 0,000 sizeable asteroids that are believed to exist, ranging from 480 miles in diameter to sand grains. Most move in a broad band between Mars and

Jupiter, it is Jupiter which controls their motion. Asteroids are fragments of cosmic matter. The gravity of Jupiter has prevented them from forming a planet. Collisions among asteroids are frequent and occasionally a chipped off piece accidentally intercepts the Earth, falling to the ground as a meteorite.

An asteroid is a minor planet which has a near circular orbit close to the plane of the ecliptic and which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It is estimated that there are about 100 million asteroids in the main belt and the total mass is 1.1 X 10 kg, about 15% the mass of the Moon. Present-day asteroids are fragments of what was a much larger group of Moon-sized minor planets. Todays asteroids have surfaces that range from rocky to metallic.

JUPITER.

Lies between mars and Saturn. It is part way to becoming a star but was too small for the nuclear process to occur in its interior. It is better described as a "Brown dwarf", a planet that is not quite massive enough to ignite thermonuclear reactions. The bulk of the planet is probably liquid hydrogen or helium. Central temperature of 0,000 degrees Celsius. Hydrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Along with carbon and nitrogen both ammonia and methane are produced. There is intense atmospheric disturbance due to intense spinning. Largest planet in our solar system, 1000 Earths could fit inside. It has about 16 moons. The Red Spot is a storm that has been raging for at least 00 years. Takes about 11.86 years to orbit the sun about hours and 50 minutes to rotate on its axis. It has a mass 18 times that of Earth. At cloud tops its temperature is -10.C It is 778,00,000km from the sun. Four largest satellites being Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. A ring system has also been found.

SATURN.

Lies between Jupiter and Uranus. A liquid planet containing a gaseous cloudy atmosphere, mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. It is a shrinking planet that could float on water as it has a very low

density. Rings extend 15,000km into space and are around 16km thick, the rings rotate at different speeds. They are composed of ice and grit. Saturn has 17+ moons, its mass is 5 times that of Earth.

Its diameter is 10,600km. At cloud tops its temperature is -185C. The largest and brightest satellite is Titan. The rings are made up of hundreds of thousands of ringlets, which are nestled one inside the other. Each consists of billions of chunks of ice.

URANUS.

Lies between Saturn and Neptune. Hydrogen is the most abundant gas in its atmosphere along with methane. Temperature is -170 degrees Celsius. It has rings discovered in 177. It has 15 moons. Takes about 84 years to circle the sun. It has a mass 15 times that of Earth, diameter of 51,800km. It is ,870,000,000km from the sun. Has a ring system. The two largest moons are called Titania and Oberon.

NEPTUNE.

Lies between Uranus and Pluto. It has an atmosphere of hydrogen, helium, and methane. Contains a solid core and ethane. Two moons. Takes about 165 years to circle the sun. Mass is 17 times that of the Earth.

At cloud tops its temperature is -00.C. It is 4,504,000,000km from the sun. The two satellites are called Triton and Nereid. Neptune has thin dark rings.

PLUTO.

Outer most planet from the sun. Temperature of -0 degrees Celsius. Pluto has one moon called Charon. Pluto has an erratic orbit. It is covered in solid, frozen methane gas. Pluto takes about 48 Earth years to circle the sun, it is 5,00,000,000km from the sun.

COMETS.

Roam the edges of the solar system. Approximately 100, million of them. They consist of an accumulation of frozen gases and grit, a ball of ice and dust that orbits the Sun.. As it nears the sun it forms a coma [a spherical halo of gas and dust that surrounds a comet.] and a tail and the ball is referred to as the nucleus, due to the solar wind carrying fragments of dust and ice back behind the comet. They travel around the sun in elliptical orbits, returning to the Sun at intervals ranging from a few years to many thousands of years.. Sooner or later comets will collide with planets.

A cloud of thousands of millions of comets, named the Oort Cloud, is believed to exist on the dim outer edges of the Solar System, about a light year from the Sun. The gravitational influence of passing stars nudges comets from this cloud into new orbits that bring them towards the Sun, where they become visible to us. A closer swarm of comets, term the Kuiper Belt, lies just beyond the orbit of Pluto.

When far from the sun, a comet shines only by reflecting sunlight. At that stage it is small - only a few kilometres across - and faint. As a comet approaches the sun it warms up, turning the ice into gas. Under the influence of the Sun's radiance the gases of the comet begin to fluoresce, increasing the comet's brightness. Gas and dust released from the warming comet produce a halo or coma 100,000 km or so in diameter. At the centre of the coma is the nucleus, only a few kilometres in diameter and the only solid part of the comet, consisting of a dirty snowball of ice, dust and perhaps some rock. It would take over a thousand million comets to equal the mass of the Earth.

Not all comets have tails, but many do. One part of the tail consists of gas blown away from the comet's head by the solar wind of atomic particles streaming from the Sun. The other part of the tail is made up of dust particles liberated from the head by the evaporating gases. Comet tails always point away from the sun. A comet's tail can extend for 100 million km or more.

The dust lost from a comet disperses into space. The Earth and other planets are continually sweeping up cometary dust. When a particle of cometary dust comes whizzing into the atmosphere, it burns up by friction at a height of about 100 km, producing a steak of light known as a shooting star or meteor.

Meteors.

Meteors are the remains of comets. Old comets, heated by repeated passages near the Sun, break up, evaporate and disintegrate. The debris spreads to fill the full cometary orbit. Where that intersects the orbit of the Earth, there is a swarm of Meteors waiting for us. Some part of the swarm is always at the same position in the Earths orbit so the meteor shower is always observed on the same day of every year. The streak of luminescence seen in the sky which results from a meteoroid entering the Earths atmosphere and burning up through friction with air particles.

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Understanding the Many Different Interpretations to Two Sonnet.

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In trying to get to the root Shakespeare's sonnets, one literally must go on a ceaseless scavenger hunt, from book to book, article to article and scholar to scholar. Perhaps we the modern critic can be blamed for going way out on limbs making speculations in what others have classified as "over analyzing". Although this is not necessarily the case, one can't help but be confused when each writer takes you on a detour from the one idea unto another. And so this scavenger hunt seems to get no answers as many of the ideas are in fact credible. And so perhaps the best thing to do must be to understand just more than one perspective to be able to come up with ones own. And so the sonnets go from real to deliberately mocking, or just literary fun.

Throughout the 16th century, the Petrarchian sonnet style became the backbone and structure rigorously followed by all British sonneteers. However although this literary form of excess flattery and hyperbole reached its hay-day in the 16th century, it was also a trend that began to wear off by the end of the same century. Essentially, the Petrarchian sonnet is composed "of 1) comparison by simile and or metaphor ) hierarchizing, and ) valuing by a standard."(Vendler, 557), all of whom heterogeneously fuse together to form the Blazon.

The popularity of the blazon during the 16th Century can be credited to have brought an extension of the Medieval styles of courtly love into the Renaissance. The blazon is in essence an excess form of flattery used in wooing the virtuous and unattainable woman, by mode of the sonnet form. From this style a myriad of conventions were formed, that had become all too common and for some even rather boring. The woman, whose eyes went far beyond the luster of the sun, and whose cheeks captured the rosy pigment and soft texture of a single rose petal. This mode of adulating the woman had begun to seem repetitive, foolish, asinine and unreal. It wasn't long till this style would be demoted, and so in writing as early as 150, the satirical Petrarchian sonnet/ anti blazon begins to emerge, amongst whose followers would be William Shakespeare.

There are those whom say that some of Shakespeare's Dark Lady Sonnets can be seen as a direct mockery on the style that has in modern day been termed the "Petrarchian" sonnet. Others claim that he may not have been altogether familiar with Petrarch's sonnets enough to have been able to form a collection of satires parodying him (Weiser, 140). And so it is believed that his sonnets became a mockery more so on the style itself and the literary clich that had been formed amongst his contemporaries. However some will go as far as to argue that no such form of mockery is being employed in the description of his mistress in such sonnets as in 10. While others will attack him for misogyny and even harassment (Burnham,4 ), some will go as far as to say that his approach was merely one aiming for a less floral, and made up sonnet, in attempts at creating something real. All arguments can be seen a feasible, each with an extensive amount of facts and speculations to back them up. But there is no concrete evidence to prove any of this true or untrue.

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However from whatever perspective we choose to view the sonnets, and from what ever speculation we choose to include in our interpretations, the fact remains that there are still many similarities between the Shakespearean and Petrarchian sonnet. Of course they are both sonnets and so they both adhere to the fourteen line rule, but there use of metaphor although used differently adheres to some of the same rules. In sonnet 10 his use is similar although it has achieved a different affect. There is the obvious comparison between the lady and an object which in a sense transcends her into a being of perfection and or a deity. Shakespeare does the same thing while in a sense bring the female figure down to earth. They both use the formula described above by Helen Vendler. However, although there is a likeness between the two it seems fitting to describe sonnet 10 within the context of all of the plausible situations described above.

Perhaps amongst the most popular speculation would be that Shakespeare was aware of the so called "Petrarchian" format; however that he chose to parody some of his contemporaries. If so "The Dark Lady" sonnets can be considered the perfect antiblazon. Sonnet 10 can be and has been seen as the most directly satirical sonnet in relation to the Petrarchian sonnet, mocking the most obvious forms of convention. However if we are to concentrate on a more direct form of mockery we can see the similarities existing between William Shakespeare's sonnet 10 and Thomas Watson's sonnet 7. Katherine Wilson points this out in pages 8-85 of her book Shakespeare's Sugared Sonnets. Line two in Shakespeare sonnet 10 one states "Coral is far more red than her lips' red;" which we can see as referring to the absence of color found in Watson's sonnet 7 line 11 "Her lips more red than any Corall stone." There are few other similarities, in which Shakespeare's lines to be an exact mockery on Watson's lines. Watson described his lover's cheeks as being lily-like as well as like roses, which in line 5 of Shakespeare sonnet appears as the opposite. However many of the lines which bare no correlation to Watson's sonnet's can be found in the Sonnet 48 of Barnabe Barnes in which he speaks of the female's "hairs no grace of golden wires want" and her eyes as the "heaven's bright sun." both lines of witch Shakespeare mocks in his poem (Wilson, 85).

Traces of these same conventions, (perfumed breath, a golden tressed beauty, with roses for cheeks) can be seen in many other writers of the time, among them Spencer. Even traces of Spencer and Sydney are said to be found in the poem, by those whom believe these sonnets to be made up. Shakespeare was not the first to speak of a dark woman. Sydney is said to have been amongst the first very popular sonneteers to compose a sonnet about a brown eyed beauty. And although the woman wasn't of dark complexion similar to Shakespeare's this is still from were this sense dark and morally dark woman, emerge in sonnets. Sidney develops several conceits on the color of Astrophil and Stella in sonnets 7 and .

However in Poem 11 Shakespeare still takes his poem yet again one step farther.

Her blackness here refers to the conventional tyranny of the loved on who enslaves and torments her lover by her beauty. "This is confirmed in 11, where the lady's eyes are said to have put on black in pity because they know that her heart torments the poet with disdain" (Wait, 114). However this is a play on the traditions of courtly loves. The very thought of the tyrannous lovely woman derives from the rules of courtly love courting. The woman's beauty is both internal and external and so in preserving her chastity and virtue, she must not give into her lover. This is true also in Spencer's Amoretti of whom Paul Innes also has makes the claim Shakespeare may have been in a overall borrowing if not entirely mocking Spencer. In a sense that can also be seen as plausible. In sonnet 11 Shakespeare tells her in a sense, why are you treating me so tyrannously you act as if you were beautiful or something, as if you had the right to do so. He can be seen in the above lines as making fun of his mistress, and yet he may just be poking fun at the rules that previous sonneteers had "over"-used.

Shakespeare once again can be seen as mocking his lover. The word groan in lines 5 and 10 have been understood to have double meanings. Although groan is initially thought of has having meant a groan of despair, cried out to his unattainable and beautiful tyrannous lover, when Shakespeare finally does groan in line 10 it can also be thought as a groan on her ugliness.

However if we are to take the mockery out of these sonnets and read them in the perspectives of both Helen Vendler and Kenneth Muir, both sonnet 10 and 11 begin to take on a new meaning. Sonnet 10 is still a mock blazon, however he is not necessarily saying anything negative about his lover, the word reek for in stance, Muir defends that fact that in the sixteenth century the word reek did not necessarily mean what we associated it with today, it merely meant a smell. In saying that his mistress eyes are nothing like the sun, he is not in a sense mocking her, they are dark and not bright, so is this necessarily insulting? In line 11, and 1 they defend that she is not necessarily less than a god, however deities are control-freak whom are not at all time accessible to the flesh, however in making her more earthy, he unlike the courtly lover can attain his woman. Perhaps this may not be thought of as a compliment, that's for sure but can we discredit the fact that they from this perspective they are not particularly disturbing either, they nearly seem to be turning the sonnet into something real.

In a reading of sonnet 11 by both Helen Vendler and Paul Innes they have found perhaps that same need to turn it into something real. Both have noted that in sonnet 11 "Shakespeare's language is legalistic, similar to the language of the court room, with words such as swear appearing twice in both lines 8 and , linking the second and third quatrains; false occurs in line ; witness' appears in line 11 and line 1 has the word judgments" (185, Innes). Here we can see the way her tyranny is taken a step further, now this love becomes in a sense legalistic, and the oaths become far more than compassion to idle object, but legal oaths. In paying close attention to this, one can see a more realistic approach at swearing, or begging to a lover, these oaths go beyond mere hyperbole in this sonnet and into something legally binding the speaker.

Lastly there are those who have tried to make historical sense out of Shakespeare's sonnets. Many scholars have rearranged the order of the sonnets to attempt to make sense out of the "love triangle." However amongst these dying scholars in search of the truth, on goes as far as accrediting himself with having found the infamous dark lady stating that perhaps a Mrs. Aemilia Layner may have been Shakespeare illustrious "dark lady", an argument which has been developed by A.L. Rowse as far back now as 178. He claims that the infamous dark lady was indeed an "olive-skinned, dark-dark haired, Italian Jew" (qtd. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies p77v7).

And so we can see the way just two sonnets can become a thing of thousands of debates and endless scrutiny. From every angle of the poetry different scholars find different things. And so who is to say which one is correct, which one to believe and follow or which one not to believe, when all the information out there for the readers is similar to reading the book of the book of the courtier is just throws you around from one direction to the next, never getting at any concrete answers.

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A fallen hero

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Tragic Hero

The tragic hero's nature is exceptional, and generally raises him in some respect much above the average level of humanity. The tragic hero also has a fatal gift that carries with it a touch of greatness. Admiration, terror, awe, pity, and sympathy are all felt as we watch a tragic hero's life unfold.

Aristotle stated that a tragic hero must be of certain qualities: a man of noble stature, good, though not perfect, have a fall that results from committing an act of injustice, which is his own fault, and receive a punishment that exceeds the crime.

Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato being considered the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher.

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When Plato died in 347 BC, Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, where a friend of his named Hermias was the ruler. He counseled Hermias and married his niece and adopted daughter, Pythias . After Hermias was captured and executed by the Persians, Aristotle went to Pella, Macedonia's capital, and became the tutor of the king's young son Alexander, later known as Alexander the Great. In 335, when Alexander became king, Aristotle went back to Athens and established his own school, the Lyceum. When Alexander died in 323 BC, strong anti-Macedonian feeling was felt in Athens, and Aristotle went to a family estate in Euboea. He died there the following year.

Aristotle, like Plato, used his dialogue in his beginning years at the Academy. Aristotle also wrote some short technical writings, including a dictionary of philosophic terms and a summary of the "doctrines of Pythagoras". Of these, only a few short pieces have survived. Still in good shape, though, are Aristotle's lecture notes for carefully outlined courses treating almost every type of knowledge and art. (http://www.academiclibrary.com//view.php?url=dn/English/)

By Aristotle definition MacBeth was a tragic hero. A tragic hero is one of noble stature, and is good. Macbeth is known as the Thane of Cawdor. He receives this honor because he has just returned from a military success that has covered him in glory. Macbeth can be considered "good" at the start of the work. He is good, although he is not perfect. He has a good heart and is in a keen state of mind before he hears the witches' prophecy. Macbeth does not begin to become evil until he is convinced to act on the prophecy by Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is the evil one who poisons Macbeth's mind; although, she is only encouraging her husband to do what she feels is in his best interest. (http://www.allshakespeare.com/plays/macbeth/)

The hero's downfall is his own fault, the result of his own free choice, not the result of an accident or fate. An accident and/or fate may be a contributing factor in the hero's downfall, but are not alone responsible. Macbeth's downfall is entirely his fault. He chose to listen to the witches' prophecy. Banquo heard the same prophecy, but chose not to allow himself to be duped. Macbeth could have done the same thing. He, instead, chose to accept the prophecy and act upon it. Macbeth spends most of the play in moral indecision. Lady Macbeth encourages him, but it is he that chooses his actions. (http://global.cscc.edu/engl/264/TragedyLex.htm#GENERAL)

A tragic hero can also be seen in the life of Darryl Strawberry. The sadness with Strawberry is twofold. One is the diminishment of what might have been one of the great careers in baseball, from one kind of sickness that he might have had control over. The other is the tragedy of the physical cancer that he may well have had no control over.

Darryl Eugene Strawberry was born on March 12, 1962, in Los Angeles, California. Darryl graduated from Crenshaw High School. At Crenshaw High School, Darryl hit .371 with 4 home runs as a junior and .400 with 5 home runs as a senior. Darryl was a gifted young athlete. When not playing baseball, Darryl helped his high school basketball team win the city championship.

Darryl Strawberry was the first player in the nation to be selected in the 1980 draft. Drafted by the New York Mets and assigned to Kingsport in the Appalachian League, Darryl responded by getting a hit in his very first professional at-bat. In 1982, Darryl led the Texas league in home runs, walks, and slugging percentage, and he was named the league's Most Valuable Player. He was elevated to Tidewater of the International League in 1983 and helped the Tides capture the International League post-season Championship. The next stop for Darryl was the major leagues.

Big things were expected from Darryl right from the beginning. As a number-one draft choice in a city that placed high demands on its athletes, Darryl Strawberry became a household name even before he set his eyes on Shea Stadium. Darryl was frequently compared to the likes of Hank Aaron, Willie Mays, and Ted Williams. A long way from his Los Angeles home and under such pressure to perform well, Darryl put together an excellent first season. Voted the National League Rookie of the Year, Darryl set several Mets club records, including most home runs by a left-handed batter, most home runs by a rookie, and most runs batted in by a rookie.

Darryl hit 81 home runs during his first three years in the major leagues. Baseball experts were amazed at his home-run power. Although his swing looked effortless, Darryl hit some of the longest home runs recorded in baseball history. During a home run hitting contest at the 1986 All-Star Game in Houston, for example, Darryl showed his power by striking a speaker hanging from the roof in center field.

The 1986 baseball campaign was a year neither Darryl nor any baseball fan will likely forget. The top vote getter in the major league All-Star balloting with a record number of 1,619,516 votes, Daryl led the Mets in home runs and runs batted in. In 1986, Darryl led all players in the League Championship Series against Houston with 2 home runs and 5 RBIs and inspired his team not to give up. The Mets rallied from behind on several occasions, including a 2-out, 3-run rally in the sixth game of the World Series against the Boston Red Sox. Many fans still remember the chanting of "Darryl, Darryl" by the Boston Red Sox fans, a custom that has now become a baseball ritual in many ballparks.

As he clearly emerged as one of the New York Mets' all-time best power hitters and reached superstar status after only a few seasons, life in New York, both on and off the playing field, was not easy for Darryl. Coaches, fans, and even some of his own teammates often criticized Darrly. No matter how well he performed, the New York fans and media never seemed satisfied and wanted more and more from the tall, lean right fielder. (http://baseball.espn.go.com/mlb/players/profile?statsId=3216)

Difficulties in his personal life did not help the young superstar. On February 3, 1990, Darryl, after admitting an alcohol problem, entered a rehabilitation center for alcohol abuse in New York. Having taken the courageous step to admit his problem, Darryl rejoined the team in time for spring training. After starting the season slowly, Darryl put together an 18-game hitting streak, hit 18 home runs in the month of June, and never looked back. Often credited with single-handedly carrying the team, Darryl kept the Mets in the pennant race until the last week of the season and ended the year with one of his best home-run production and drove in 101 RBIs.

At the end of the 1990 season, Darryl realized a lifelong dream by signing a five-year contract worth $20.5 million to play with the Los Angeles Dodgers. The pressures of playing in New York were behind him. Beginning in the spring of 1991, Darryl would play every day in front of his family, his childhood friends, and the enthusiastic Dodger fans, all waiting for big things from their hometown hero. He also began to talk openly about his recent conversion to Christianity-the source, he said, of a newfound sense of peace that now influenced him both as an athlete and as a person.

During the 1991 season, Darryl got off to a slow start. By mid-season, he was still hitting poorly, and his well-publicized conversion came under some criticism by those who claimed that he had lost his competitive, aggressive nature. Near the end of summer, however, Darryl somehow found it in time to kindle the Dodgers' playoff hopes. His teammates rallied around the rejuvenating presence of this superstar, and the resulting esprit de corps carried them through the last days of a close divisional race. They eventually lost the National League West division championship to a fired-up Atlanta Braves team by a single game. For the season, Darryl contributed 28 home runs and 99 RBIs.

Darryl developed more than baseball skills during his eight years with the New York Mets. He learned that great champions have a great price to pay because so many people who want them to be so many different things look them up to. Darryl learned he could no longer let these unrealistic outside expectations bother him. He has one person to please and that is himself, and to accomplish his goals, he must go out and play as hard as he can and let his physical skills speak for themselves.

During his eight seasons with the New York Mets, Darryl Strawberry averaged more than 30 home runs each season and led the Mets to two National League pennants and a World Championship. Although the subject of intense pressure during his stay in New York, once he put on his uniform, he gave everything he had, and that Mets fans and baseball fans will never forget.

Strawberry has fought many battles. He has had problems with drugs, with alcohol, with the I.R.S., and with a paternity suit. He has lost many of these battles. He was in rehab centers, under house arrest, released from the Dodgers and the Giants, suspended on a number of occasions, clearly trying to make it all right again, trying to come back time and time again. He became a born-again Christian with a look in his eyes at times that made him appear nearly hypnotized, and then lapsed. He sought to become a rededicated family man, a total team player, and to perhaps hang out with a better class of people than in previous times. (http://www.sportingnews.com/baseball/players/3216/)

However this season Strawberry has been seen attending a sex club in Florida, which, in addition to being questionable judgment on his part, may have also been off-limits behavior because of his parole stemming from the sentencing on the cocaine charge last year. Strawberry has also decided to leave early from the drug rehabilitation center he had been in for the last two months. And then, grievously, it was learned that his colon cancer may have returned.

The fall of what could have been a long and awesome baseball career is a tragedy. Strawberry's talent is rare and because of the drug abuse, his personal life, and the cancer it makes one wonder what "could have been." The cancer Darryl had no control over yet he overcame it once. However the drugs and the other personal problems are something that he let interfere with his game and life.

Darryl Strawberry choose to live his life one way and he will pay the price.

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Life in the 1930's

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Introduction

Welcome to our page of the Life Styles of the 10s , The Depression Era. You will be reading about the life styles of The Upper Class, The Middle Class , and The Lower Class, In how the Depression affected them economically.

The Upper Class

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Family Life

The upper class had big and beautifully mansions with an extensive gardens that required an on-going care and maintenance for weeks. The wealthy people dressed well, ate well and lived well. There family life was one of their most grateful time. The family spend time with each other, on trips, outings or any kind of adventurous activities. The family life was uncomplicated, and really laid back and unstressful. Ladies mostly spend their time going for walks, playing bridge or going out for tea and some, had conversation of what was happening in the community. The upper Class always wanted valuable things that such they made children to go to private school. Their private school were located in the most wealthier areas. Many of this families had a numerous of servants to supply them with all of their needs. There servants had to cook, prepare the meals for the whole family. Chauffeurs had to drive the expensive cars and take the owner anywhere he wanted to. Nannys were require to take care of the children. Gardeners lived with the family either in a designated area set aside in the house or in and additional cottage.

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These were servants that worked for the upper class

Those families particularly with large mansions usually hosted elaborated parties in their ballrooms or parlors. Mostly of the time parties were held at clubs. The atmosphere of the parties was light and carefree with intelligent talk of politics or other matters of time. Many dancing occurred with the movement of the music that allow people to entertain their selves. Many small instrumental groups were available. Champagne, wine and many other delicacies drinks were serve by all the servants in the house. They work all day and night to make the rich people feel good.

The wealthy familys entertainment was mostly attracted by young adults. But their entertainment was always interrupted by the depression that they were going trough in those days. But they said that there was always money to enjoy life. Many people occur to enjoy movies, magazines, books or drama. Mainly they prefer to go to the theater and see their famous Hollywood stars. Theater and plays were pleasant break from movies that were all the rage at the time. Families were happily entertain by the stories of young, vibrant men and women falling in love, or just experiencing new adventures or taking pride in a sudden fortune during a time of desperation. Those movies were filmed about riches, romanticism or comedies. Horse racing was enjoyable during the summer months.

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The Middle Class

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Neighborhoods

The typical middle class neighborhoods barely survived the depression years. Families lived in single detached houses that had electricity, a flush toilet and a bath or shower. Many owned a car that either was parked on the road or in the garage. The difficult time brought neighbors together to lend each other support. Wage cuts became a fact of life, families found it harder to stretch the dollar. The Dirty Thirties were the most difficult and spare time to buy the common necessities of life. But people could of survive without all of this item.

The middle class possessed many things but not like the upper class. families with a secure income and a decent job afforded to pay any bill of their homes. during the depression money went a way like water. They had to buy all the things that were require to live. Many prices were low and things were considerably cheap because of deflation. But some people of the middle class owned automobile, good homes and good clothes to wear. almost all owned a radio , and also had telephone, a vacuum cleaner or an electric iron.

Automobiles were most taken by families that needed and had bought it during the 10s. Those that didnt had money, bought one during the depression because car prices were low due to deflation. cars had become very popular even though flat tires and engine troubles were common. People took their cars on picnics, trips and any kind of visits.

Family entertainment was an average of people that during the depression enjoy many different activities. Few of them would go to the movies and it only cost them 10 cents. Some families would stay at home and not go out. The food would be barbecued and hot cocoa would be served, then everyone would sit around a fire and sing songs and eat their food. Another popular form of entertainment was to go camping, many families went camping for 1- weeks and not spend much, only $500 a week. To go camping they usually use an old ,second hand war tent, swim in the creek and use a whole in the ground for toilet. They also went often to picnics, to the beach and enjoy all day on summer in the sunny afternoons. They would also play games such as Monopoly, this made them pretend that they had a lot of money and could afford all of the luxuries in the game but not in real life.

Father, mother, teenagers, and children entertainment were valuable for the middle class; fathers listened to the radio or read magazines, this was their way of relaxing after a hard day of work. The most popular thing they loved was boxing, and many boxing fights were broadcasted over the air. Those who could afford it would go to the occasionally baseball game. Some people couldnt afford to go and have fun, so they decided to make their own activity of a golf course out of old junk and started their own business. This was really cheap because they didnt have to buy a lot of stuff to start. Mother were often at home taking care of the children and listen to radio, but in some days they went to the theater to chat and trade cooking or knitting secrets. Teenagers means Young adults and they stayed in school longer for preparations for the future. Teenagers went to the movies frequently. They would also attend a mature night at the theater. Mostly all teenagers listened to music, just as they still do now. The beaches were popular with teens. Children had most fun out of any age group during the 10s because they didnt worry about anything. Mainly they didnt care about what was happening in the world as long as they got their dolls or comics. Bolo was the new rage during the depression. It was a paddle with a ball attached to it by a string and they would try to hit the ball. Most children had one bicycle or tricycle in their homes. Boys were fans of baseball and basketball. Children went out to movies and also listen to the radio. Their most popular entertainment was comics. The girls had dolls to play with and they all enjoy their way of living in the desperation that all the adults had.

Education in the 0s was kind of difficult for students. The schools were much like the school we have now. Many of the schools had sport team, and clubs to join on. School was consider a preparation for life, but for many student it was just an escape. Some will consider school important by getting an education that would help them open up the job market, while other just didnt want to face the reality of depression. The role of women in the schools changed quite a bit, and many new education techniques were added through out the year.

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The Lower Class

Poverty During the 10s

The Great Depression was a night mare for everyone who lived during those times. People who survived the dirty thirties remember the hell their lives became. For example; people where losing their shelter, food, and many children died of hunger. The Roles of a Poor Family Member

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During the Depression families in the lower class had a difficult time surviving the hard hits. Depression was so bad that the increase in divorces was high among lower class families.

The Father

During the Depression the father had a duty to support their families. Many of this men where losing their jobs because of the great depression, because of the lost of their jobs they thought that they had fail to come trough for their families. Many of them in time became criminals because they need some money to survive and so did their families, but some men were so a shame that they committed suicide.

The Mother

In the 10s women could maintain a job with out any problems, but they were being paid 1/ of the salary that men were being paid. During those times men where mad because they were losing their jobs and women were not. Men where outraged because they thought that they disserve all the jobs because of the crisis.

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The Children

During the 10s children first and most important thing was his education. Many of them were so a shame of telling their friends that their parents lost their jobs that they were determent to succeed in school, but many of them dropped out of school to help their parents.

Food and Nourishment

10s was so hard that many families where concerned of what was going to be the next meal. If you were in a relief camp you would eat few pieces of bread and soup and some potatoes. Many people got sick because their diets where missing some of the vitamins and minerals.

Housing Conditions

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Living conditions where very bad during the 10s. Many poor people lived in shacks or in boxes. Many people lived in a shack a shack is so small that people live in them as though they are animals. Many rented shacks with hopes that those shacks would have a bed, but many didnt have beds so people slept on the floor. The 10s was hard for each person but the people who got the worst was the lower class families because only the father worked and he had to find a way to support his family. People lived off canned foods and potatoes because of mal nutrition many people got sick. Many of them couldnt afford clinical needs. Therefore, they were not examine at all for a long period of time.

The Slave Camps

The relief camps where known as slave camps. One reason was because this camps where worst than the army. They made people work every single day for only 0 cents a day. But because people wanted some justice they rebelled so the government would act and do something to help them. Government paid attention and began paying people a little bit more and more clinical assistance.

Peoples Response

People spoke what their hearts desire. Many people survived the dirty thirties because they didnt let the bad situation get to them no matter how hard it was. People felt different from people who didnt let the economical crisis get to them. They felt as though they are less than anyone else. The Possessions of a Poor Family

The average person in the 10s would lose their homes if they couldnt pay. In those times people could only afford their clothes and food. During the 10s till 16 many properties where taken from people who couldnt pay. The only relief for the people was the TV, radio, and dancing halls.But many of them couldnt even afford that too, so they when to a friends house that had those things of entertainment. ʏ

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Gender

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In many ways, people identify themselves, or are identified by their gender. "I am a man" or "I am a woman." Gender is undeniably the most defining characteristic of all creatures. Since the dawn of time, women and men have played distinctly different roles in society, simply because they have a different anatomy. Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres and Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior both explore ideas concerning the role of women in society. Although culturally and stylistically dissimilar, both books reveal significant insight into themes concerning the role of women as victims of a male domination, the masochistic nature of women to accept positions of in-superiority and the emergence of women as strong, independent beings.

The role of the male has always been indisputably dominant in the society of nearly every culture. China, like most societies, has its shameful history in regards to the treatment of women. Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior, which takes place dually in China and America, addresses the treatment of women in the Chinese culture. Kingston's first story of the No-Name Woman particularly addresses the foul treatment of women by men. Simply because No-name Woman was a female, she was forced to accept her fate as not only a rape victim, but also as a disgrace to her family. Her predator's "demand must have surprised, then terrified her. She obeyed him; she always did as she was told" (Kingston, 6) No-name Woman was well conditioned to behave the will of the man, and although he may have been taking advantage of her, her fear of him kept her silent. "If you tell your family, I'll beat you, I'll kill you. Be here again next week." (Kingston, 7) And when No-name Woman declared to her assailant, "'I think I'm pregnant.' He organized the raid against her." (Kingston, 7) This type of threatening and misogyny is typical of a patriarchal society the women are to blame, with no regard to the way men behave.

Even in the United States, where millions of immigrants flee to in order to escape persecution and injustice, women of the Chinese culture still faced the domination of men in their society. Maxine was well aware of the priority men took in her life from an early age. When her brother was born, an egg was rolled on his face, an honor secured only to boys. Maxine was outraged that "because I'm a girl" (Kingston, 46) she was not held at the same level as her younger brother. Maxine was constantly bombarded by misogynistic sayings as she was growing up. During meals, Maxine's uncle would stare at the table full of Maxine and her sisters, declaring "Maggots! Where are my grandsons, I want grandsons! Give me Grandsons! Maggots!" (Kingston, 11) Maxine's femininity was so intertwined with negativity that she believed in order to be "not a bad girl," she must also be "not a girl." (Kingston, 46) In Maxine's experience, all Chinese women were treated with this same amount of respect. "I read in an anthropology book that Chinese say, 'Girls are necessary too'; I have never heard the Chinese I know make this concession." (Kingston, 5) Maxine's experience portrays the cruel role that male domination played in Maxine's experience of Chinese culture.

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The significance of male domination also plays a large role in Smiley's A Thousand Acres. The women in the novel live under the fear and control of the men in their lives. The Cook girls' domination by their father is apparent early on in the novel. When Caroline disobeys her father's wishes, he replies with an act of power that forbids her from having a part in the rest of the family's inheritance. "You don't want it my girl, you're out. It's as simple as that." (Smiley, 1) Caroline is then seemingly disowned because she simply disagreed with her father. However, the Cook men's domination over women began long before the argument between Caroline and Larry. The Cook men saw women as a way of obtaining land, and in that sense, the women became nothing more than objects, which like the land needed to be controlled and maintained. Larry's father John married Edith Davis to obtain "a share in the Davis farm." (Smiley, 15) Ginny and the other girls were conditioned that they were "born to serve their elders, and that their service was to be directed rather than requested" (Smiley, 5). In this type of society, being a woman was tolerable, as long as she was "oblivious" (Smiley, 1). Ginny also faced domination by her husband. Ginny's obvious position was domestic, while Ty's was to do the more difficult farm work. Ginny was allowed to disagree with Ty's point of view, as long as she did not attempt to fight with him. (Smiley, 11) Ginny's complacency was a common characteristic of the Cook women. She learned how to keep her opinions to herself with Ty as well as her father. When Larry "asserted his point of view, (Ginny's) vanished." (Smiley, 18) When Ginny does finally stand up to her father, he is publicly humiliates her, saying "How can you treat your father like this? I flattered you when I called you a bitch!" The Cook women were programmed by their male dominated upbringing to accept this misogynistic treatment. Smiley uses the Cook women as an example to portray female mistreatment on a micro-scale and reveal the horrors behind male supremacy.

Another similar theme running between The Woman Warrior and A Thousand Acres is the woman's neglect to recognize dominance and accept her position as a lower class citizen. In the Woman Warrior, many of the hateful comments Maxine is influenced by are made by women. These women are conditioned from childhood to believe that women are below men. A female neighbor comments to Maxine's mother, "there's no profit in raising girls. Better to raise geese than girls…when you raise girls, you're raising children for strangers." (Kingston, 46) Even the word for "I," as referring to women in Chinese means "slave." (Kingston, 47) Most girls were sold as slaves in China, at different prices depending on age. (Kingston, 8) Maxine's mother goes on to explain that in China, a girl like Maxine would have been much cheaper, but "I was in the United States paying two hundred dollars for you." Maxine's own mother puts a value on her life. Although brave Orchid was a well educated, accomplished women, the opinion of women in Chinese culture was so engrained in her nature that she too believed women were worth less than boys. Maxine's parents were embarrassed to take her and her sister out together, for fear of the ridicule from the other villagers. (Kingston, 46) Her parents would also comment that "when fishing for treasures in the flood, be careful not to pull in girls." (Kingston, 5) The women of the Chinese culture were taught to detest themselves, as well as other women. Maxine refuses to allow this type of self-hatred continue in her family and vows to "never hit or scold (her) children." (Kingston, 46)

Similarly, in A Thousand Acres, the Cook daughters are ignorant and complacent toward their treatment on the farm. As long as the Cook girls are obedient and do not oppose or second guess the men, they are considered good wives. Rose comments that "When we're good girls and accept our circumstances, we're glad about it…when we are bad girls, it drives us crazy" (Smiley, 106). The girls initially accept that this is their position and do nothing to change it. Rose, who recognizes this complacency before Ginny exclaims, "You're so slow to judge, it's like stupidity. It drives me crazy" (Smiley, 16). Although Rose may be more aware of her domination, she remains bound to her condition. "I thought it was okay, that it must be okay if he said it was, since he was the rule maker. He didn't rape me, Ginny. He seduced me" (Smiley, 06). By reconciling with herself that her encounters with Larry were not rape, Rose made herself believe that this behavior was acceptable. This self-created domination is what made it so difficult for the Cook girls to escape their life on the farm. If they were able to believe they were worthy of their treatment, then it made it all the easier for the men to treat them that way.

Another similarity between both books is that the repressed women are able to rise above the demeaning behavior of their oppressors. The 'Woman Warrior' in Kingston's memoir is symbolic of a character that transcends gender and is accepted by not only her village and country, but family as an equal to a male. By asserting her martial superiority, Fah Moulan proves herself as a woman and a warrior. While fighting the Baron and listening to his misogynistic claims that "girls are maggots in the rice" (Kingston, 4), Fah Moulan rips her shirt off to show her breasts and "I slashed him across the face and on the second stroke cut off his head" (Kingston, 44). Fah Moulan, unlike men has the superior ability of not only destroying life, but also returning it. "I bled and thought about the people to be killed; I bled and thought about the people to be born" (Kingston, ). The warrior woman was greeted by her family as a boy would be, with chickens and excellent food to eat (Kingston, 4). Kingston strives to make herself in the image of Fah Moulan. "I could not figure out what was my village. And it was important that I do something big and fine" (Kingston, 45-46). Maxine felt the need to prove to her parents that she is similar to the woman warrior, that she too is valuable. "When I visit my family now, I wrap my American success around me like a private shawl; I am worthy of eating the food" (Kingston, 5). Maxine even goes on to claim that "the swordswoman and I are not so dissimilar" and "what we have in common are the words at our backs" (Kinston, 5). By comparing herself to the honored warrior woman and finding a common ground in their strength to overcome and stand up to injustice, Kingston is able to produce strength in her readers.

Like the Warrior Woman and Maxine, Ginny is able to defeat her dominators and emerge as a stronger, self-governing woman. Ginny Realizes she cannot live under the dominance of Ty any longer. As she runs out the door to leave him he yells, "I gave my life to this place" (Smiley, 57). Ty's exclamation is not one that begs for Ginny to stay, but simply a pathetic declaration that his true love in life had been the farm, not Ginny. This statement further asserts the idea that Ginny was dominated by Ty, since her position in his eyes was less important than the land. Later Ginny explains to Ty how she once "saw it all your way…the proud progress from Grandpa Davis to Grandpa Cook to Daddy" (Smiley, 70). By admitting that she had been dominated and allowed herself to be, Ginny is finally able to free herself from the grasp of the men in her life. She tells Ty, "I wasn't like this, I was a ninny" (Smiley, 71). Ginny's realization allowed her to escape the cycle of domination that plagued the Cook women for decades.

Male domination is irrefutably a commonality in the lives of many women. For many women, the only way to deal with this authority is to accept that it is a part of life that will not go away, as the women in The Warrior Woman have been conditioned to do. For these women, being controlled is simply a consequence of being born into the culture. But only through the realization and acceptance that such a condition exist can women begin to break free of their bindings by men. Jane Smiley and Maxine Hong Kingston both strive to emancipate women readers from their conditions by helping them recognize their positions.

Please note that this sample paper on Gender is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gender, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Gender will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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H.G. Wells

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The father of modern science fiction, Herbert George Wells, lives a life of poverty and wealth, writing stories (or Bildungsromans) like Tono-Bungay, and relates life questions and experiences to various themes and motifs throughout most of his works. Born into a working class family, Wells struggles to alleviate his family through difficult times after the collapse of his father's business ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 1, 418). Wells' first breakthrough came from a conjunction between himself and his mentor; T. H. Huxley based on the theory of evolution. As Wells' developed as an esteemed writer, he published which is now regarded as one of his most insightful works, Tono-Bungay, a novel which served as a relation between his character and expository fiction ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 5). Throughout Wells' substantial array of fiction and non-fiction works, the themes and ideas he considers and explores range from life on other planets to man playing God. Wells acquires an interest in literature at the age of seven, after becoming bedridden with a broken leg ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 5).

Born in Bromley, a suburb of London, England on September 1, 1866 Herbert George Wells came into the home of Joseph and Sarah Wells as their third son. Wells' father, Joseph Wells, owned a china shop while his mother worked as a lady's maid (Bloom, ed., 167). The first struggle Wells encountered occurred between his two older brothers, Frank and Fred, "My childish relations with my brothers varied between vindictive resentment and…aggression,...I made a terrific fuss if my toys or games were touched…I bit and scratched my brothers and I kicked their shins, because I was a sturdy little boy who had to defend himself." the grown-up Wells recalls (Nardo, 8). While Wells grew, his parents as well as his siblings all ingrained in him British customs, ideas, and values of the Victorian Era, such as the class structure of British society which determined people's worth as humans by how much money they have, job classification, and family lineage (Nardo, 11). This idea explained his family's poverty, yet Wells wondered why his family accepted this concept of social structure, despite their poverty. Wells found it strange that his parents never desired a better way of life as he did. At the age of fourteen, Wells left school to attend to family financial troubles, and for two years held a job as an apprentice to a draper. ("H. G. Wells Background", 1). Though Wells acquired little education, at seventeen, he became an assistant teacher at the Midhurst Grammar School. A year later, Wells gained a scholarship to learn biology at the Normal School of Science in South Kensington London, England, where he found a mentor, T. H. Huxley, who brought Wells' attention to the theory of evolution. (Bloom, ed., 167). Wells graduated in 180 with a B. Sc. ("H. G. Wells Background", 1-). Some years later, Wells marries his cousin, Isabel Mary Wells, but that marriage soon turned sour. Distraught, Wells elopes with a former pupil, Amy Catherine Robbins in 185 (Bloom, ed., 167). The presentation of the ideas of evolution to Wells by Huxley leads Wells to develop works based on a subject very controversial in the Victorian Era.

Wells' introduction to Huxley had a profound effect on his induction to the literary field, "I believed then he was the greatest man I was ever likely to meet,... And I believe that all the more firmly today. The year I spent in Huxley's class was, beyond all question, the most educational year of my life." (Nardo, 1-0). Wells' first novels were motivated by Huxley's ideas of evolution. Since evolution occurs through thousands upon millions of years, Wells ponders what the future could hold for the human race. Wells envisions humans as having huge brains and shrunken bodies, floating in tubs of liquid nutrients under a great crystal dome, and even people adapting to absorb chemicals and sunlight as plants do. With these new and strange ideas running through Wells' mind, he wrote The Man of the Year Million. The minor success of Wells' first story let him know that he had a knack for storytelling. Wells took this as a sign of good fortune and a way to escape his distressing childhood (Nardo, 1). In the midst of the 180's, Wells wrote one of his most successful fiction works called, The Time Machine. Incorporating the ideas of how man might evolve, Wells creates a satire of the English class structure with the Elois, representing the lower class, and the Morlocks, representing upper, mentally and physically superior class ("H. G. Wells", 1). The Morlocks symbolize the evolution of the impoverished, uneducated industrial workers of Great Britain, while the Elois signify the descendants of the rich, well-educated upper classes. (Nardo, ). This social structure in The Time Machine concerns the evolution of man, assists in Wells' criticizing life and society for its intricate difficulties (Magill, ed., 80). Though Wells forte seemed to encompass the science fiction genre, his most insightful novel, Tono-Bungay, demonstrates to the literary society that he can write something more akin to Charles Dickens.

In 10 Wells publishes Tono-Bungay, a novel that holds many parallels with Wells' own life. The plot revolves around a young man named George Ponderevo who ascends from the lower classes of Britain and discovers a healthier life (Nardo, 58). The novel begins by describing George's life, coming from an impoverished family, to obtaining a scholarship to London University. George leaves school in order to assist his uncle, Edward Ponderevo, a chemist. Edward and George develop a medicine which they patent called Tono-Bungay. Edward becomes rich and soon after gets into financial troubles. Edward then goes to trial for fraud and forgery, but before anything can escalate further, George hurries Edward off in a hot air balloon to Southern France, where, before long, he dies. George then goes to back to school where he creates a substantial reputation for himself. The novel ends with George working as an engineer for a shipbuilding company, overseeing the construction of destroyers ("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 540-1). The themes presented in this novel are typical of both Wells and the Victorian style.

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Like many of Wells' other novels, the theme of Tono-Bungay revolves around an individual (George Ponderevo) who battles to establish himself in a world more comfortable for the unquestioning, unadventurous, follower rather than the rebel ("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 546). George battles poverty through his discovery of Tono-Bungay, a medicine that makes him rich beyond his dreams. Since the novel plays out Wells' life, the characters experience the same things Wells experienced. Bernard Bergonzi states

Wells suggests further that the author has no emotional

or logical right to objectivity. Certainly he has no moral

right. For Wells, the author's personal involvement in his

novel is a moral obligation. Once he identifies within the

events of his own life the sources of the social, moral, or

political problems he is to treat, he must realize that they

also exist in his readers. Logically, if the characters, episodes, themes are drawn from life, they must be fixed in structures

which resemble life as closely as it is possible for the written

word to do so. To do otherwise is not to confer life on the work,

but death. Life is loose, formless, unpatterned, filled with irrelevancies, discursive, and lacking completeness.

("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 546).

Bergonzi writes that Wells can not object to these happenings (that take place

In the story) and that for a story to become successful it must reflect reality (unpredictability) to identify with the reader. Another theme depicted in the novel stems from Wells' anthology of science fiction works that concern the advancement of medicine, as seen through "Tono-Bungay", the mysterious, bogus herb that heals the sick. As with The Time Machine, Wells criticizes English society with the financial rise and fall of Edward Ponderevo, as shown with George Ponderevo's amazement with how society allows his uncle, Edward, to wield so much power because of his vast riches ("Tono-Bungay", 1). Like with many authors, Wells' themes venture deep into the human psyche.

The many themes and motifs throughout the works of H. G. Wells emerge from many of life's age old questions, while others transpire from Wells' imagination and with warnings of things to come. An example of life's age-old questions materializes in The War of the Worlds, which bears the question Are there other life forms besides men in the universe? The answer is, yes. Martians, as Wells calls them, come from Mars and intend on conquering Earth. Just as the Martians finish reducing the human race to but a few, the Martians reveal a vulnerability, bacteria. The common cold seems to kill the remaining Martians left on Earth and humanity triumphs ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 1, 4-4). In The Invisible Man, Wells explores the dangers of scientific experimentation. Dr. Griffin makes himself invisible and goes insane, killing anyone he wants. Wells shows the reader what could go incredibility wrong with a risky scientific experiment ("H. G. Wells Programme Outline", ). Another theme deals with man playing God in, The Island of Dr. Moreau. A scientist, Dr. Moreau sets about creating the ultimate human- creature hybrid. Once again, Wells begs a question Is it ok for man to play God? This question serves as a warning to man not to play with nature. Another theme circulated in the novel deals with respect. Dr. Moreau forces respect from the human- creature hybrids through fear, while Kate, the leader of the human- creature hybrids earns her respect through admiration and love for the her fellow creatures. Another example of respect becomes apparent from the beginning of the novel, the lack of respect for life. Dr. Moreau experiments on innocent animals without regard for pain he causes, which leads to his eventual downfall ("Discussion The Island of Dr. Moreau", ). Herbert George Wells leads a revolution toward writing, not only in terms of content, but in the use of his creativity.

In short, Herbert George Wells experienced a life of poverty and wealth, published the critically acclaimed book, Tono-Bungay, and journeyed deep within himself and pose questions about life on other planets and man playing God. Even as a young lad, Wells worked hard to sustain his family as well as himself. His works like The Man of the Year Million and The Time Machine make him a pioneer for the Victorian Era and make the reader use their imagination to think about the future. Tono-Bungay, shows Wells' boldness in his satirical portrayal of societies ills with his past as the plot. Through many of his books, such as War of the Worlds and The Island of Dr. Moreau, Wells invites the reader to ask questions about the direction of society, to tell the reader more about themselves, and imposes that the future lays in the hands of the people. All in all, Herbert George Wells captivates the mind with his futuristic ideas of science and makes the reader What if?

Please note that this sample paper on H.G. Wells is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on H.G. Wells, we are here to assist you. Your essay on H.G. Wells will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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