The Formation of the Solar System.

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Matter in the universe was born in violence. Hydrogen and Helium emerged from the intense heat of the Big Bang some 15 billion years ago. The more elaborate atoms of carbon, oxygen, calcium and iron, out of which we are made, had their origins in the burning depths of stars. Heavy elements such as Uranium were made in the shockwaves of the supernova explosions. Once formed the violent explosions returned the elements to the space between the stars. The gravitation moulded them into new stars and planets.

Stars supplied the universe with the heavy elements and the explosive force of supernovas then scattered them into space. Interstellar dust grains that were formed from the atmospheres of Red Giant stars allowed the development of heavier elements. Radio astronomers have detected nearly a hundred types of molecules in the interstellar medium - H, C, O, N, predominate. The Solar System was formed from elements synthesized by previous generations of stars.

About a third of the way in from the edge of one galaxy, the Milky Way, an interstellar gas cloud began to contract. Its interior temperature soared to 10 million degrees K, setting off the nuclear fusion of hydrogen. The gas cloud ignited and became a star.

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During the contraction phase, dust grains condensed out of the gas cloud and began to whorl about the sun eventually setting into rings. Within the rings the dust grains with slightly greater mass started to form into large clumps. In time gravitational forces clumped nearly all of the material in the rings into the nine spherical bodies called planets. Smaller clumps condensed to form satellites around every planet accept Mercury and Venus. Any left over dust clumped into asteroids, ranging from a few millimetres to several kms in diameter these circle the sun in an asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

MERCURY.

Inner most planet to the Sun. 6 Million miles from the Sun, 60,000km. 60 trillion tons of mass, 80% nickel-iron core. ,10 miles in diameter. 1 year is 88 earth days. 5 earth days to rotate on its axis. No known satellites. This planet has very little atmosphere being so small and having only a small mass. It is covered with many meteorite craters like our moon, which were formed when Mercury was newly formed. One side of the planet always faces outwards and is frozen -40 degrees celsius, the other side faces the sun 40 degrees Celsius but it is very cold at night, dropping to -170 degrees Celsius. Atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium gas. A day is 176 earth days long. Life as we know it could not live on it.

VENUS.

Lies between Earth and Mercury. It is called the evening star because it is usually seen soon after sunset. It is very bright because it is covered in cloud. 67 million miles from the sun, 108,00,000km. 5,60 trillion tons of mass. 1 year is equal to 5 earth days. No known satellites. Rotates once every 4 days, rotates backwards. Atmosphere contains sulphuric acid, carbon dioxide, some water, no oxygen gas. Surface temperature of +500 degrees Celsius. Very little sunlight is able to penetrate the atmosphere, greenhouse effect and blocks the escape of heat as infra-red radiation. The surface contains mountainous areas surrounded by flat waterless plains.

EARTH.

Lies between Venus and Mars. million miles from the sun, 14,600,000km. 6,50 trillion tons[6x10 power 1tonnes] of mass, iron core. 7,10 miles in diameter, 1,756km. 1 year to revolve around the

sun. 4 hours in one day. [ 1 known satellite, the moon, 84,400km from Earth, diameter of 456km. It has no atmosphere or water and its surface is covered with craters.] Solid surface. Atmosphere of

nitrogen, oxygen carbon dioxide gases and water vapour. / surface is covered in water Central core temperature of 4000 degrees Celsius from the decay of radioactive elements.

MARS.

Lies between Earth and Jupiter. Red coloured planet.141 million miles from the sun, 7,00,00km. 705 trillion tons of mass. 4,140 miles in diameter. 1 year is equal to 1. earth years long. 1 day is equal to 4.6 earth hours long. Two known satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The red hue, comes from old lava flows, no surface water exists. The surface is covered with sand and rock. The poles are covered with ice

caps largely of dry ice and frozen water. The atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide. There is no life on the surface. The surface temperature is below freezing point -0 degrees Celsius, averages -50.C.

THE ASTEROID BELT.

Lies 40 million miles out from the sun. There are 0,000 sizeable asteroids that are believed to exist, ranging from 480 miles in diameter to sand grains. Most move in a broad band between Mars and

Jupiter, it is Jupiter which controls their motion. Asteroids are fragments of cosmic matter. The gravity of Jupiter has prevented them from forming a planet. Collisions among asteroids are frequent and occasionally a chipped off piece accidentally intercepts the Earth, falling to the ground as a meteorite.

An asteroid is a minor planet which has a near circular orbit close to the plane of the ecliptic and which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It is estimated that there are about 100 million asteroids in the main belt and the total mass is 1.1 X 10 kg, about 15% the mass of the Moon. Present-day asteroids are fragments of what was a much larger group of Moon-sized minor planets. Todays asteroids have surfaces that range from rocky to metallic.

JUPITER.

Lies between mars and Saturn. It is part way to becoming a star but was too small for the nuclear process to occur in its interior. It is better described as a "Brown dwarf", a planet that is not quite massive enough to ignite thermonuclear reactions. The bulk of the planet is probably liquid hydrogen or helium. Central temperature of 0,000 degrees Celsius. Hydrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Along with carbon and nitrogen both ammonia and methane are produced. There is intense atmospheric disturbance due to intense spinning. Largest planet in our solar system, 1000 Earths could fit inside. It has about 16 moons. The Red Spot is a storm that has been raging for at least 00 years. Takes about 11.86 years to orbit the sun about hours and 50 minutes to rotate on its axis. It has a mass 18 times that of Earth. At cloud tops its temperature is -10.C It is 778,00,000km from the sun. Four largest satellites being Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. A ring system has also been found.

SATURN.

Lies between Jupiter and Uranus. A liquid planet containing a gaseous cloudy atmosphere, mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. It is a shrinking planet that could float on water as it has a very low

density. Rings extend 15,000km into space and are around 16km thick, the rings rotate at different speeds. They are composed of ice and grit. Saturn has 17+ moons, its mass is 5 times that of Earth.

Its diameter is 10,600km. At cloud tops its temperature is -185C. The largest and brightest satellite is Titan. The rings are made up of hundreds of thousands of ringlets, which are nestled one inside the other. Each consists of billions of chunks of ice.

URANUS.

Lies between Saturn and Neptune. Hydrogen is the most abundant gas in its atmosphere along with methane. Temperature is -170 degrees Celsius. It has rings discovered in 177. It has 15 moons. Takes about 84 years to circle the sun. It has a mass 15 times that of Earth, diameter of 51,800km. It is ,870,000,000km from the sun. Has a ring system. The two largest moons are called Titania and Oberon.

NEPTUNE.

Lies between Uranus and Pluto. It has an atmosphere of hydrogen, helium, and methane. Contains a solid core and ethane. Two moons. Takes about 165 years to circle the sun. Mass is 17 times that of the Earth.

At cloud tops its temperature is -00.C. It is 4,504,000,000km from the sun. The two satellites are called Triton and Nereid. Neptune has thin dark rings.

PLUTO.

Outer most planet from the sun. Temperature of -0 degrees Celsius. Pluto has one moon called Charon. Pluto has an erratic orbit. It is covered in solid, frozen methane gas. Pluto takes about 48 Earth years to circle the sun, it is 5,00,000,000km from the sun.

COMETS.

Roam the edges of the solar system. Approximately 100, million of them. They consist of an accumulation of frozen gases and grit, a ball of ice and dust that orbits the Sun.. As it nears the sun it forms a coma [a spherical halo of gas and dust that surrounds a comet.] and a tail and the ball is referred to as the nucleus, due to the solar wind carrying fragments of dust and ice back behind the comet. They travel around the sun in elliptical orbits, returning to the Sun at intervals ranging from a few years to many thousands of years.. Sooner or later comets will collide with planets.

A cloud of thousands of millions of comets, named the Oort Cloud, is believed to exist on the dim outer edges of the Solar System, about a light year from the Sun. The gravitational influence of passing stars nudges comets from this cloud into new orbits that bring them towards the Sun, where they become visible to us. A closer swarm of comets, term the Kuiper Belt, lies just beyond the orbit of Pluto.

When far from the sun, a comet shines only by reflecting sunlight. At that stage it is small - only a few kilometres across - and faint. As a comet approaches the sun it warms up, turning the ice into gas. Under the influence of the Sun's radiance the gases of the comet begin to fluoresce, increasing the comet's brightness. Gas and dust released from the warming comet produce a halo or coma 100,000 km or so in diameter. At the centre of the coma is the nucleus, only a few kilometres in diameter and the only solid part of the comet, consisting of a dirty snowball of ice, dust and perhaps some rock. It would take over a thousand million comets to equal the mass of the Earth.

Not all comets have tails, but many do. One part of the tail consists of gas blown away from the comet's head by the solar wind of atomic particles streaming from the Sun. The other part of the tail is made up of dust particles liberated from the head by the evaporating gases. Comet tails always point away from the sun. A comet's tail can extend for 100 million km or more.

The dust lost from a comet disperses into space. The Earth and other planets are continually sweeping up cometary dust. When a particle of cometary dust comes whizzing into the atmosphere, it burns up by friction at a height of about 100 km, producing a steak of light known as a shooting star or meteor.

Meteors.

Meteors are the remains of comets. Old comets, heated by repeated passages near the Sun, break up, evaporate and disintegrate. The debris spreads to fill the full cometary orbit. Where that intersects the orbit of the Earth, there is a swarm of Meteors waiting for us. Some part of the swarm is always at the same position in the Earths orbit so the meteor shower is always observed on the same day of every year. The streak of luminescence seen in the sky which results from a meteoroid entering the Earths atmosphere and burning up through friction with air particles.

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