Abuses of the Roman Catholic Chruch during the 14 and 1500's

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As a consequence of the explosion of culture and religion through the Renaissance period of the 16th century, the church went from crise to crise culminating to the time of an Augustinian monk called Martin Luther. The Renaissance period saw the rebirth of critical thinking against the church and when this was applied, it led to relationship discrepancies between Popes, Kings and the relationship between the clergy and the people. There were huge expectations placed on the Roman Catholic Church at this time, however during this period the cultural and religious unity of Europe was decimated. Martin Luther would later go on to be one of the greatest challenges towards the church.

Corrupt Renaissance Popes, the scandal of the Great Western Schism, nepotism, and the selling of Episcopal offices weakened the papacy. Christians wanted reform in the leadership of the Church. Although all of these factors contributed to the demise of the church, the selling of indulgences by Pope Leo X was by far the most controversial. An indulgence was the remission for the living and for the dead of punishment incurred by sin. The selling of indulgences was a huge revenue raised for the Basilica of St Peter's in Rome. The Dominicans preached these indulgences throughout Germany and crowds gathered and heard the preachers declaring that "Another soul to heaven springs when in the box a shilling rings " . As the papacy counted their shillings other powers were also being exploited and abused. Corruption within the church was continuously evident as the Papacy was blamed for Simony and Nepotism. 'Nepotism' was the preference of employment by Popes of their friends and family members and 'Simony' was the selling of Episcopal offices by the papacy which was also seen as another revenue raiser.

The Black Death was a disease that swept through Europe during the middle ages killing hundreds of thousands of people. The black death brought a dark fear of death and gave rise to a religion of emotion and superstition. Images of the last judgement filled the faithful with dread and terror. People turned to relics and magical practices in order to guarantee safety, salvation and this surely was a tough time for the Church. Nationalism became more and more evident as the abuses of the church continued and as papal taxation became absurd. Nationalism meant that Princes and Kings in the newly reformed nation states resented the control the Pope exerted over their territory. They increasingly fought with the Popes, who were often interested only in increasing papal power in Italy.

Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany in the year of 148. He was educated in the schools of Magdeburg and Eisenach and the University of Erfurt. In 1505 he entered the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt and was ordained a priest in 1507. The next year he became a lecturer at the University of Wittenberg and after a short visit to Rome on business for his order, was made doctor of theology and professor of Biblical literature in 151. During the next four years Luther engaged in a severe spiritual struggle as he became more keenly aware of the deep gulf between god's demand of righteousness and his own unrighteousness. His continued study of the epistles of Saint Paul sharpened this conflict but he also drew enormous amounts of motivation from one of St Paul's letters to the Romans which entailed that "Man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law" . In 1517 the Dominican monk Johann Tetzel arrived in the neighbourhood of Wittenberg. Pope Leo X as discussed earlier authorized Tetzel and others to raise money for the reconstruction of Saint Peter's basilica in Rome and were to do so by inviting church members to contribute funds promising them a remission of temporal punishment for the individual's sins. Luther was outraged by the hypocrisies of the Papacy and reacted on this by drawing up ninety-five theses, in which he had tacked not only with the abuses connected with the granting of indulgences, but also their doctrinal basis. On October 1, 1517 he nailed his theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. Although Luther had no intension of opposing the authority of Rome or of causing a schism in the church, this act is regarded as the beginning of the reformation.

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Boniface VIII stated that "outside the church there is no salvation" , Luther provided an alternative to this, however, he attached three key elements, which he believed was the key to true salvation. These three elements was faith alone, scripture alone and grace alone. Faith alone meant that you had only a belief and trust in the saving action of God for Luther continuously stated that "as long as you have faith in God that's all you need for life" . Scripture Alone meant that you would have to reject catholic practices and the authority of bishops and councils. He declared the bible to be the soul source of authority for the Christians and once again stated that "the bible is the guiding light of our faith" . Grace alone meant that grace was a free gift from God which ignores the sinfulness of human beings and saves them regardless. Humans were corrupted by original sin and could therefore do no good, hence meaning that nothing a person did in the way of works could earn them salvation. Luther affirmed Grace alone by stating that "grace is god's gift you can't buy it, you earn it" .

As Luther's theses had a huge effect in Germany, it quickly reached Rome via the printing press, however, the church was initially slow in reacting to this challenge. The nobles of Germany and other surrounding countries, supported Luther and suddenly he gained political strength. Coincidently it was rather obvious that the nobles would encourage Luther, as they would be able to skip the excessive papal taxes, which would have been incurred on their country at that time, this factor also contributed to nationalism which was discussed earlier. With growing and heated arguments between Luther and the Pope he was excommunicated in 151 as a result of his antagonism towards the Papal bull.

Although the actions of Luther may be seen as the commencement of the reformation, it was extended beyond this point by a man called John Calvin. Calvin took the belief of Luther one step further however he also created and published some doctrines of his own. The doctrine of predestination which was one of Calvin's central beliefs was that Christ died only for the elect. The elect cannot resist god's grace. Nor can they backslide. One of the many similarities was that both Calvin and Luther accept only two sacraments, those two being Baptism and Eucharist and they both rejected whatever was not in the bible including sacraments, images, organs and hymns.

Towards the mid to late 150's the church began its response towards all of the challenges including the ones from Luther and Calvin. The year 1540 saw the introduction of the society of Jesus also known as the Jesuits. The Jesuits were founded by Ignatius of Loyola who had a significant religious conversion in 151 after being wounded by the French while defending the Spanish town of Pamplone. The Jesuits represented the new spirit of Catholicism and their main mission was to go out and preach and they gave direct loyalty to the Pope through a forth vow of obedience. They worked directly to set up schools to educate priests and laymen and through this they also gained political strength as they often would be educating the son's of nobles. In 1545 Pope Paul III called the council of Trent and their aims were to define large number of points of dogma, demanding reforms in pastoral care and also to reaffirm papal supremacy. Although the council began in 1545 and ended in 156, three attempts were made to bring the council to a conclusion however as a result of European wars and heated arguments the council only sat between 1545-1547 under Pope Paul III where it was moved to Bologna in Italy, 1551-155 under Pope Julius III where it moved back from Bologna to Trent, 1555-155 under Pope Paul IV where he tried to reform the church using his own methods, through inquisition and index and finally in 156-156 where the fathers that were present affirmed all decisions taken since its commencement in 1545. At the conclusion of the council of Trent Luther's beliefs of faith alone, scripture alone and grace alone were responded to and decisions were made so that the abuses were stoped and the church was no longer corrupt.

Shortly after the time of the council of Trent three men restored the faith of the people in the papacy. Popes PiusV (1566-157), Gregory XIII (157-1585) and Sixtus V (1585-150) were the three popes that followed during a recovering time for the church. Pius V was seen as the believer who fought against the heretics and the Turks and published the Catholic church Catechism which was originally intended for priests. Gregory XIII was seen as the organiser whom created the Gregorian calendar and chants and Sixtus V was seen as the man of actions he established stable parishes and seminaries as well as setting up a central government for the church which is also known as the Roman Congregations to assist the ministries of the Pope and cardinals were distributed amongst these congregations. Although the Catholic inquisition was a negative effect producing fear, anger and hatred the church was able to control it's enemies as it felt extremely under siege.

The aim of the counter reformation which lasted between the years 1540-1568 was to recover the 'lost souls' and the council of Trent, the Jesuits and the reforming popes assisted in doing just that, however, this did not eventuate and the spirit was irreversible, yet the church had gained many 'new souls' through missions throughout the world. The church was smaller in size and authority at this time but 'leaner and fitter' in its ability to evangelise and care for its faithful. The council of Trent and the implementation of its reforms halted the self destruction of the church and led to many successful factors and outcomes of the catholic-reformation. Simony and Nepotism was outlawed, there were clear doctrinal statements of belief, papal supremacy was reaffirmed marriage laws were tightened, seven sacraments defined and suddenly faith in action was deemed necessary for a Christian life. Despite the reform the Protestant and Catholic Churches were never re-united but on the contrary to its relationship with society the church fortified itself, it became solid in foundation and was able to attack and defend itself through the Jesuits, the popes foot soldiers and the council of Trent. After the counter reformation the church was able to show how it was One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic by following the teachings and examples of Christ in a more authentic way. This model of the church was sustained through many centuries all the way up until the Vatican II council in 16 where the windows of the church was opened.

In conclusion, the challenges towards the church by Luther and Calvin, improved the church and in conjunction with the response at the council of Trent through the Jesuits and the reforming Popes, created the effect which is significant and meaningful as these events helped to shape and sustain our beliefs, which under the guidance of the holy spirit will continue to be sustained forever.

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Scent of A Women (Film) - Theme - Friendship

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Think five to ten years down the track, who will play a vital role in your life? Will you still be friends with the ones you call friends now? What really is the definition of true friendship? And how do Charlie and Slade portray this, in the film Scent of a Woman by Martin Brest? Furthermore, why is friendship so important in society? Why does it have such a big impact on our lives? I believe it gives us security and a feeling of wanting to be needed, but is that all we really need?

Charlie and Slade are two men, polar opposites it would seem, each struggling with life choices. One is plagued with a moral crisis while the other is a walking crisis, yet these two seem to find in each other the strength to face their particular problems.

Charlie Simms is a seventeen-year-old boy, who goes to a private, rich boy's New Hampshire boarding school, and is on a full scholarship. He crosses paths with Lieutenant Colonel Slade, an obnoxious retired colonel with a very limited appreciation of women. He intensely despises himself, and is undergoing a rapid physical deterioration as he mentally contemplates his forthcoming death. The link between the mind and the body is clear as he programs his body to slow down it's functioning in preparation for its final demise.

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Charlie first thought of Slade as a misanthrope, a person who dislikes people in general. But later discovers that Slade and his cross roads were destined to meet each other.

"Two may talk together under the same roof for many years, yet may not really meet; and two others at first speech are old friends." I believe this is a good saying for the movie Scent of a Woman, because it shows the relationship between Charlie's School friends with Charlie himself, and Slade with Charlie.

However, is the relationship between Charlie and Slade a true friendship? I believe true friendship is extremely rare, even though most of us will make lots of friends throughout out lifetimes; very few will be true friends. Well, in the movie Scent of a Woman, Charlie Simms, after taking a job for babysitting a blind man, meets maybe his first true friend. Lieutenant Colonel Slade, even though he may not realise it at first, Charlie soon finds out that they are two lost friends both with problems that they can both conquer if they work together.

The more time these two spend together enjoying fine clothes, fine dining, the best accommodations, a tango with a beautiful woman, a ride in a ten thousand dollar sports car, they discover other treasures of life, which are being a friend, being needed and being able to make a difference in someone elses life, no matter how hard it is to do. They wind up doing something phenomenal for each other, giving each of them a life-changing experience.

Slade changes his attitude and finds purpose to his subsistence, rather than death being something separate and apart from life, it is very much a part of it. Rather than the fear of death, it is more often the fear of life that determines our existence. By brutally facing death, he is able to begin to confront his fear of life. Meanwhile Charlie learns that there is more than a front cover on a book. First impressions of Slade through Charlie's eyes were to be forgotten. Charlie now sees Slade as a changed man, as well as himself, both clearly for the better.

Although, unlike the film, is friendship in society needed? Yes, the communication of emotion and ideas is vital to the progress of society. Friendships are at the core of interaction throughout society. Friendships are established on the basis of common interests and desires, augmented through the exchange of information and emotions. Friendships help to alleviate pain and suffering and to spread joyful emotions. Friendships, however, often end in disaster when they are terminated. Nevertheless, friendships play an essential role in society and communication, effectively propelling society forward.

But I have come to realise there is no such thing as always in a friendship and will not be there forever. People change and feelings towards each other change and what was said earlier meant nothing because everything was new and that was the feeling at the moment. I am realising that people say one thing and even though they were serious and sincere with their feelings but what they meant will disappear slowly and they will eventually do what they want and will not care about your feelings or how it will affect you.

People like this will always look out for who is most important to them and that is themselves. They are only concern for their own happiness and what makes them feel good and they do this at the expense of others. In todays world of the Internet, friendship is just a brief moment in time and does not last that long. When I was growing up, all I dreamed of was having a friend that would be there always when I needed them, and that it would last a life time. But I soon learnt that was not to be the case in any friendships that I have had ever had.

Friendship is crucial in the film Scent of a Woman because it shows a true understanding of how two polar opposite actually do attract, and now, the bond between them is currently stronger than ever. Friendship is also a fundamental part of society; it is the core of interaction, but even though your feelings towards friends change, there is no reason why you can't change with them. Friendship is an ever-changing system. You never quite know who you might cross roads with next.

To find a friend, one must close one eye. To keep him--two

--Norman Douglas

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Richard Cory : Hidden Hazards

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Richard Cory Hidden Hazards

Wouldn't it be great to have everything and be the one everyone longed to be? Edwin Arlington Robinson's poem "Richard Cory" describes Richard Cory as being wealthy, generous, handsome, and courteous. Most of us have these characteristics set in our mind of being the "perfect" person, but this poem illustrates that you cannot determine another person's happiness by their appearance. The elements of hazard in this poem are inevitable because of the shocking outcome at the end of this poem.

Beginning with the first stanza, Robinson describes Cory "We people on the pavement looked at him / He was a gentleman from sole to crown / Clean favored, and imperially slim"

(-4). This gives the reader a glimpse of what Richard Cory is all about, or at least how he is perceived. Line three states "He was a gentleman from sole to crown," which tells us that he was a man of good manners from bottom to top. Perhaps Robinson used the word 'crown' for his head to symbolize royalty or someone above all of the rest. Line four also uses the word 'imperially', a term that to symbolizes royalty, to describe his build. These characteristics are admired by the townspeople.

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From the outside, Richard Cory seems to have a life that everyone dreams of living. He appears to have no flaws. In the second stanza we learn more about Richard Cory. Robinson now tells of Cory' s nature

And he was always quietly arrayed,

And he was always human when he talked;

But still he fluttered pulses when he said,

"Good-morning," and he glittered when he walked.

(5-8)

He doesn't appear to have any problems such as having stress, being tired, or even being hungry. Cory seems to be living comfortably without any problems or worries that usually plague the outside world. He is described as a pleasant and admirable man. The fifth line states that he is "quietly arrayed" which means that doesn't dress to stand out in public like a man of royalty may; it may also show us that in on the streets he carries himself well. When saying that he is "always human when he talked", Robinson

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Cultural Imperialism

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Cultural Imperialism

The forces of cultural imperialism are so strong that assimilation or elimination is inevitable. In Leslie Marmon Silko's story Lullaby, Ayah's children are taken away and learn of a new culture. Also in Lullaby, Ayah finds that after her children come back to visit many years later, the children have changed a lot and are not connected with their original culture anymore. In A Red Girl's Reasoning by E. Pauline Johnson, cultural imperialism is seen taking place in Christie and her family, and how Christie is accepted throughout the community like a white woman.

In Lullaby, a Navajo woman, Ayah, is taught how to sign her name in English by her husband. This is showing cultural imperialism in two ways one is that Chato, the husband, has learned English and has already been affected by the white man's culture; and two that Chato spreads the white man's culture to Ayah by teaching her how to sign her name. When the doctors come to Ayah's house, they ask her to sign papers. Although Chato is not home at the time and Ayah could not understand English, she is able to understand that the doctors want her to sign papers. She did not know what she was signing her name for, but she did not think that it was for a bad cause. The next day, the doctors come back and ask Chato and Ayah for their children. The doctors show Chato the papers that Ayah had signed which allowed the doctors to take their two children.

Many years from the day when Ayah's children were taken away, the children were allowed to come back and visit their parents again. Ayah saw her children and she spoke to them in Navajo, but the children did not understand much of the Navajo language anymore. They had been taught English and could not speak back to their mother in Navajo. This example is showing that cultural imperialism eventually took over the family. First, the father had been taught some English. Then he taught his wife how to sign her name in English. Finally, because Ayah signed her name on papers from the doctors that visited, her children were taken away to learn about a different culture. The children were not connected with their true culture afterwards, they had been changed into Americans.

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In A Red Girl's Reasoning, a Native Canadian woman, Christie, is marrying a white man named Charles. Cultural imperialism is seen here because Christie has already been taught English, and she acts like a white woman. She wears velvet and blue dresses, and she became Christian. She married Charles with a white person's ceremony. There was a priest who spoke in Latin, but he also congratulated the couple in Indian as a compliment to the Indian's that were at the ceremony. In the community, Christie is accepted like a white woman and is friends with everyone. Christie was born from a couple of which the mother was Native Canadian and the father was white. Her father taught her everything he knew, but she still kept part of her original culture in her. The author describes her and says, "One unfamiliar with Native Canadian life would find it difficult to determine her nationality" (Johnson ). Although Christie has held on to her roots as an Indian, she has been changed and affected by the white people that are in Canada.

In summary, I believe that the forces of cultural imperialism are so strong that assimilation or elimination is inevitable. Cultural imperialism from a large culture can be resisted and fought against, but it cannot be stopped, only slowed down. People who resist the forces of cultural imperialism will eventually be killed by the larger culture or they will change their beliefs in order to live. As seen in Lullaby, Ayah's children were taken away in order to be changed. The children were too young to resist, and Chato knew that he alone could not stop the doctors. Cultural imperialism can be deferred and disliked, but eventually a culture will dominate over another culture and take over.

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Compare and Contrast the difference in beliefs between atheism as a non-religious perspective and one religious tradition of your choice in relation to the origins of the universe and life after Physical death.

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There are a variety of differences and similarities within the beliefs of those who are atheist and those that are Christian in regards to the origins of the universe and life after the physical death.

Atheism is not a religion. It is the denial of the existence of God or gods. It includes both the rejection of any specific belief in God or gods, and the view that the rational approach to claims about divine existence is one of sceptism. Justification of atheism is often made on the grounds that some branch of science or psychology has rendered belief in God or gods as unnecessary, or that observed proof of the religious belief is not there.

Christianity is a community, a way of life, a system of belief, a liturgical observance, a tradition- Christianity is all of these and more. It is the belief in one God and the son of God Jesus Christ who is the central figure of Christianity according to the bible.

Atheist do not believe one created that universe. Instead they support scientific theories regarding the creation of the universe. The Big Bang Theory and evolution assume that natural processes evolved the earth. They believe Evolution occurs in a gene pool over the course of generations. As a result, individual organisms do not evolve, in the sense of biological evolution. Evolutionary changes are those, which affect distinct populations of organisms, which constitute a gene pool. If these changes are heritable and passed along, it can be said that this population has evolved.

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However the Christian religious tradition believe that God created the world. This is seen in the bible in the fist chapter of Genesis as it states that God created the world in 7 days. Some Christians do not take this story literally, although there are some that do. Similarly both Atheists and Christians is believe in evolution. Some may believe that it is not only a scientific theory but has take place naturally, but only after God created the world. Therefore Christians believe that evolution has nothing whatsoever to do with the origins of life - evolution is about the changes that happen when life exists and makes no claims about where life may or my not have come from.

The Afterlife is an area of human consciousness we all enter upon leaving the physical world at physical death. For the entire existence of mankind what happens after death?

In the Christian religion it is believed that there does exist life after death. The argument to support it being that after Jesus died he rose from the dead, proving that the soul is not destroyed after death. All of the Christian teachings and beliefs come from the bible; and in the Bible it states For God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son so that anyone who believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. (John 16)

Those who hold to the worldview of atheism believe that, at death, one ceases to exist. There is no afterlife or eternal soul that continues to exist. All there is to look forward to is our inevitable death. Scientists tell us that the universe is expanding, growing farther and farther apart. As it does, its energy is being used up, and eventually the stars will burn out and all matter will collapse into dead stars and black holes. It is in the face of this future that the atheist must seek to find meaning and purpose for his own existence in this universe.

However, the Bible gives us a unique, contrasting view of death. Scripture makes it clear in Hebrews 7,

"…Man is destined to die once and after that to face judgment.."

The Bible makes it clear that once our life here on earth is done, we will stand before God to receive our destiny, either eternal life with Him, or the second death in separation from Him.

In human history, only Jesus has conquered sin and death through His resurrection. For Christians, death is not something we fear. Instead, at death we arrive home in heaven.

In conlclusion It is seen that there are significant differences but also similarities within the beliefs of those who are atheist and those that are Christian in relation to the origins of the universe and life after the physical death.

Please note that this sample paper on Compare and Contrast the difference in beliefs between atheism as a non-religious perspective and one religious tradition of your choice in relation to the origins of the universe and life after Physical death. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Compare and Contrast the difference in beliefs between atheism as a non-religious perspective and one religious tradition of your choice in relation to the origins of the universe and life after Physical death., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Compare and Contrast the difference in beliefs between atheism as a non-religious perspective and one religious tradition of your choice in relation to the origins of the universe and life after Physical death. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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John Donne's Broken Heart

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John Donne's poem "Broken Heart" describes a man who fell in love with love but love gave him the boot. "I brought a heart into the room, but from the room I carried non with me." The man had his heart ripped from him. Love is seen as a decaying disease. Every stanza uses strong imagery to get the point across. John Donne's poem "The Broken Heart" is an exempla nary example of imagery and figurative language. John Donne says once he loved and he'll never love again.

"He is stark mad, whoever says, that he hath been in love an hour, yet not that love so soon decays." The speaker in the poem says he felt connected to a ball and chain when consumed with his love. To him love doesn't last it decays and it only comes once. "That I have had the plague a year," love to his is a plague. This line gives not only an image of being sick from it, but also giving an extreme example of what love has done to him.

"I brought a heart into the room, but from the room I carried non with me." In the third stanza he describes meeting his love with open hear, then leaving with nothing but should haves'. He tells us he wished he could have taught himself pity. This stanza shows us personification of his thoughts. The speaker never directly talks about his love, only that it will never happen again.

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"My rags of heart can like, wish, and adore, but after one such love, can love no more." Imagery is used to describe his heart now. His heart like Cinderella is rags that can do everything but love again. He feels at lose from her leaving. A void is in place of his heart. "But after such love, can love no more." Here in the last line of the poem he not only rhymes with the line before but also expresses his deep sadness.

John Donne's poem "Broken Heart" describes a man who fell in love with love but love gave him the boot. This poem used imagery and figurative language to give the inner workings of a man and his broken heart. The speaker tries to convey to its audience that love is dangerous and that it destroyed his ability to ever to it again. "The Broken Heart" is an exempla nary example of imagery and figurative language. John Donne says once he loved and he'll never love again.

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Anxiety

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Diagnosis Generalized Anxiety Disorder Definition Anxiety is the uncomfortable feeling of dread that occurs in response to extreme or prolonged periods of stress (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). It is commonly ranked as mild, moderate, severe, or panic. It is believed that a mild amount of anxiety is a normal part of the human being and that mild anxiety is necessary to change and develop new ways of coping with stress. Anxiety is a reaction to an internal threat, such as an unacceptable impulse or a repressed thought that is straining to reach a conscious level or a real, threatened, or imagined threat to the patient's self-esteem. Overwhelming anxiety can result in a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) - uncontrollable, unrealistic worry that is persistent. Risk Factors/Incidence Onset is usually before age 0, and the patient usually has a history of childhood fears. It's equally common in men and women. More than 80% of patients with GAD suffer from major depression, arrhythmias, or social phobia (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Physiological Process/Etiology of the Disease or Condition Anxiety can indicate a primary psychiatric condition, be related to a primary medical disease, or be related to a medication adverse effect. In GAD, an alteration in benzodiazepine receptor regulation is thought to occur (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Serotonin abnormalities also appear to play a part in anxiety (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Increased serotonin levels have been associated with obsessive compulsive disorders. Etiological Theories Psychoanalytical theory says that anxiety is a conflict between the id and the superego, which was repressed in early development but which emerges again in adulthood (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Biological theory looks at this situation differently. Biological theories consider the sympathoadrenal responses to stress and observe the blood vessels constrict because epinephrine and norepinephrine have been release (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Blood pressure rises. If the body adapts to the stress, hormone levels adjust to compensate for epinephrine-norepinephrine release, and the body functions return to homeostasis(Smeltzer and Bare, 000). If the body does not adapt to the stress, the immune system is challenged, lymph nodes swell, and risk for physical illness increases (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Signs & Symptoms (Smeltzer and Bare, 000) The patient admits to worrying excessively about minor matters, with life-disturbing effects. Physical examination of the patient with GAD may reveal symptoms of muscle tension, including trembling, muscle aches and spasms, headaches, and an inability to relax. Autonomic signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, tachycardia, and sweating, and abdominal complaints are rare. The patient may startle easily and complain of feeling apprehensive, fearful, or angry and of having difficulty sleeping, eating, or concentrating. Other signs and symptoms may be a feeling of restlessness or feeling on edge, shaking, palpitations, dry mouth, nausea or vomiting, hot flashes, chills, polyuria, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnostic Criteria (Smeltzer and Bare, 000) When the patient's symptoms match the following criteria documented in the DSM-IV, the diagnosis of GAD is confirmed The patient has an unrealistic or excessive anxiety and worry about two or more events or activities for 6 months, during which he has been bothered most days by these concerns. The patient finds it difficult to control the worry. The focus of the anxiety and worry doesn't have the features of an Axis disorder. The disturbance doesn't occur only during the course of a mood disorder, psychotic disorder, or pervasive development disorder; nor is it due to direct physiologic effects of a substance ( drug abuse or medication) or a general medical condition (such as hyperthyroidism). Anxiety and worry are linked with three or more of the following symptoms present over the past 6 months (only one is required in a child) -restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge -being easily fatigued -difficulty concentrating or mind going blank -irritability -muscle tension -sleep disturbance. The anxiety, worry, or symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Because anxiety is the central feature of other mental disorders, psychiatric evaluation is necessary to rule out phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorders, depression, and acute schizophrenia. Treatment Treatment is individualized for the patient and may include one or more of the following psychopharmacology, individual psychotherapy, group therapy, systematic desensitization hypnosis, imagery, relaxation exercises, and biofeedback (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Drug treatment and psychotherapy is most effective in treating a patient with this disorder. Complete symptomatic relief is rare, however. The benzodiazepine antianxiety drugs relieve anxiety but should only be prescribed for 4 to 6 weeks because of the potential for abuse (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Buspirone, an antianxiety drug, causes less sedation and less risk of physical and psychological dependence than the benzodiazepine (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). However, it takes several weeks to take effect. Psychotherapy can help the patient identify and deal with the cause of anxiety, anticipate his reactions, and plan effective response strategies to deal with the anxiety. The patient may learn relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, focused relaxation, and visualization (Smeltzer and Bare, 000). Complications Anxiety can impair social or occupational functioning; effects can range from mild to severe and incapacitating. GAD patients often abuse substances. Alcohol or sedative and hypnotic abuse is common. Nursing Process Assessment Head to toe nursing assessment to identify the signs and symptoms of the disease and potential presence of complications described above. Areas of focus psychological status (on edge, easily startled, sad, fatigue easily, fearful, angry, mood, any changes in behavior, altered thought processes, including patient's explanation of problem, onset, duration, participating events, past coping, present coping, insight, motivation to change, anxiety level (+1,+,+,+4),Current stressors, results of mental status examination, and personal abilities, talents, and strengths, ect.), nutritional status ( nausea, vomiting, intake, output, IBW, weight loss, weight gain, anorexia, ect.), immune status (fatigue, malaise, vague underlying complaints, delayed healing, ect.), respiratory status (vital signs, SOB, ect.), skin status (rash, lesions, ect.), cardiovascular status (tachycardia, palpitations, rapid pulse, ect.). History of panic symptoms (choking feeling in throat, hyperventilation, light-headedness, dizziness, and other physical signs and symptoms of anxiety). Medication history (response, effectiveness, and adverse effects), sociologic status, including support systems, hobbies, interests, work history, family makeup, family roles, family coping mechanisms, lifestyle, ect. Problems Anxiety related to unexpected panic attacks Decisional conflict (excessive worry) related to anxiety level Impaired social interaction related to embarrassment and shame associated with symptoms altered thought process related to inability to function Interventions Interventions include the assessments identified above and may also include the following Establish relationship with unconditional positive regard and respect (Miller, 1) Competently maintain universal precautions Maintain strict confidentiality Administer medications as prescribed by MD Refer to appropriate agencies (related to health, finances, support groups,, ect.) Active listening/allow time for expression of feelings (empowerment) Teaching (Medication actions and their adverse effects, relaxation techniques, ect.) Stay with patient when he is anxious, and encourage him to discuss his feelings, reduce environmental stimuli, and remain calm. Help patient develop effective coping mechanisms to manage his anxiety Suggest activities that distract patient from anxiety

Please note that this sample paper on anxiety is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on anxiety, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on anxiety will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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