Close-Up

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Imagine a world where studying marine biology meant taking a trip under the ocean, a foreign language class took place in that country, and you could take a Magic School Bus into the human body to learn about anatomy. This world would make things come alive and tingle your senses to the point of no return. We could delve into topics and get a better sense of what we are learning. This is exactly the kind of learning I am talking about when I mention the Close-Up program.

The first night we got into Washington, D.C. we were given a night on the town to explore and figure out our nations capital by ourselves. We toured the Lincoln Memorial where we learned that the monument isn't just a big statue of Lincoln. There are huge inscriptions along the walls. History is not only in facts and numbers and dates. It's in experience the people those making it had and trying to feel those same emotions for yourself.

In government class we discuss a broad range of issues as you very well may know. During Close-Up we had this same opportunity to debate. The discussions at Close-Up, however, provided for a nice change of pace from our regular talks and gave us a wider range of opinions on the issues. This fact can most evidently be attributed to the wide diversity in students attending the week-long seminar. In my group alone we had students all the way from Maine to the coast of California. We got more perspective

on how other people in the nation feel on issues rather than just our sprawling little communities point of view. Although we talked about a lot of issues and court cases that we had went over in class, we also discussed a range of topics that were new to us. We talked about international affairs and new legislation.

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During the week we had a topical seminar where we got to pick seminar we wanted to go to. The seminar I decided on attending was called the Patriot Act. This of course is the slew of legislation focused on terrorists. Most of this legislation I found to be quite funny, but I found the punch-line to come at the end of the bills. One bill proposed that it was alright to perform searches and seizures in areas where no warrant has been issued. Another proposed the examination of high school student's essays to learn if they plan any attacks. Another said we should make it legal in times of crisis to lock up any and all foreign persons visiting our nation. Another said we should suspend terrorists suspects right to habeus corpus while another said we should give them mandatory time in jail. Note that this last bill said nothing about terrorists suspects being convicted of anything, just that they are suspected and should be punished.

As I read through these bills pointing out the inhumanity and insanity of whoever wrote these bills I started thinking to myself. Since when is our court guilty until proven innocent, since when do we not cherish the freedom of expression during the learning process in our schools, since when do we not treat everyone fairly under the law. I soon found out that the bills were not laughing matter. Everyone one of the proposed bills I just mentioned had already passed Congress.

During the seminar I found people who strongly supported these bills. During this trip I was able to attain a heightened sense of the importance of debate in our government. Although I strongly disagreed with the other side, the question arises, "What if there were no opposing forces?" We would have a government with no controversy and only one person or a small group of people would make the decisions. These decisions can be viewed as either good or bad on whether they coincide with your beliefs and ideas or not. Debate causes you to confront another idea on an issue it causes you to defend why you believe what you do and eventually helps you explain to yourself why you want certain things. Debate is good for America. It gives everyone a say. Close-Up gives you this better handle on government by showing you how difficult, slow, childish, ugly, and wonderful our government really is and I would suggest to anyone to go on it, if only for the sight-seeing.

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Metaphysical analysis nocturnal poets

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Metaphysical poetry is a writing form concerned with things beyond the physical world. Poems of this variety are deep meditations on subjects such as love, spirituality, human experience and emotion. Two metaphysical poems I am comparing and contrasting are John Donne's 'A nocturnall upon S. Lucies day' and Andrew Marvell's 'To his Coy Mistress'. Very typically of this genre both poems are about love although in its different forms. Through analysis of these works in my opinion, 'A nocturnall upon S. Lucies Day' is the better poem. Although initially I found it much more challenging to interpret and understand than the other, its complexity and tragedy made it more appealing and intriguing to me.

The two writers of these poems existed in a similar period of writing. Donne was a successful priest and wrote about spirituality as well as human love. 'A nocturnall upon S. Lucies day' was not in line with the tones and themes of many of his other poems but rather was one of the few of his known works to cover the topic of grieving for a lover and the tragedy of how he finds himself, in sadness yet at a joyous festival, which ironically is celebrating darkness, "…the yeares midnight…" Marvell on the other hand was highly educated but had less of a religious influence in his life than other metaphysical poets and certainly Donne, which shows in his writing. This may be a reason he writes mainly about human love and in this poem about the freedom and love that should be experienced in youth. More religiously orientated poets may be less inclined to do this, especially to encourage the joy of passion.

The structure of Marvell's work is reasonably simply. The rhyming pattern is in couplets and is kept consistent for the length of the poem. There are four obvious feet per line and it also stays very constant in rhythm making it easier to read. There are three unseparated stanzas with a different number of lines in each. Each stanza has a certain tone and theme in what is essentially an argument in the form of poetry. In the first the man states, using lush and impressive language, the grandeur of the potential love he could have with his mistress and how his feelings for her will simply grow if he is rejected. The second expresses how they cannot experience this when they are old or dead and it talks much of mortality while the third rolls up the spirit of the entire poem which is 'Carpe Diem', seize the day. It uses many phrases beginning with 'Let us…", as the man is especially trying to encourage the woman to engage in sex with him as well as passion and love saying

"Let us roll in all our strength, and all

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Our sweetness, up into one Ball"

In contrast to this, Donne's poem has a more complex structure with five stanzas. There are nine lines in each, the first, second and final four being iambic pentameters while the third and fourth have four feet and the fifth has only three. The rhyming pattern is in couplets with the exception of the fifth line which rhymes with the sixth and seventh. Again each stanza is generally focussed on something a little different but importantly the first and last images are similar, talking of the festival, the happiness of others who can enjoy their love and his misery.

One of the many clever conceits in Marvell's 'To his Coy Mistress' is a flattering compliment comparing the mistress to himself, the narrative voice. He says of her

"Thou by the Indian Ganges side

Should'st Rubies find…"

using the reference to an exotic river and rich jewels. While he comments that

"…I by the Tide

Of Humber would complain…" ,

the Humber being a commercial waterway on the east coast of Britain which is farmore dull and ordinary than the Ganges. Many other amusing conceits follow including the man's feelings described as his "…vegetable Love…" relating to its growth and him remarking that

"The Grave's a fine and private place,

But none I think do there embrace."

Along with many other serious images 'A nocturnall…' presents it repeated mentions of the dead lover being a sun, and one that is greater than the one we know. The man speaks of his sun

"…nor will my Sunne renew.

You lovers, for whose sake, the lesser Sunne…"

The tone of Donne's poem is sombre and tragic from the beginning. Although he begins commenting on the St Lucy's festival of light, it is also the longest period of darkness of the year, "Tis the yeares midnight…" In the opening stanza he describes the crowd at the festival

"…yet all these seem to laugh,

Compar'd with me, who am their Epitaph."

This reference to a message on a tombstone is unquestionably differing to the mood of Marvell's work which has references to lush, exotic and refined things of the world. Throughout the entire poem we hear of the unresolvable despair and grief that the man is experiencing. 'To his Coy Mistress' is simply an argument both serious and light. The way the writer is talking to his mistress is encouraging passion from her, her coyness and perhaps even frigidity is certainly apparent. The tone changes throughout but overall it is encouraging and persuasive.

Through analysing the two poems which had many contrasts despite being on the same very general subject of love I decided that I preferred 'A nocturnall upon S. Lucies day' by John Donne for varied reasons. It was less 'obvious' to me than the other as a reader and that made it more intriguing. It was interesting and more difficult to interpret and to find meaning in as well as including a more complex structure. The short and witty conceits in 'To his Coy Mistress' and charming attitude of the narrative voice gave it appeal as well as its lightness compared to the other but I found a liking in the more serious, complex poem of the two.

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Analysis of TS Eliot's "The Journey of the Magi".

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A cold coming we had of it,

Just the worst time of the year

For the journey, and such a long journey

The ways deep and the weather sharp,

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The very dead of winter.

And the camels galled, sore-footed, refractory,

Lying down in the melting snow.

There were times we regretted

The summer palaces on slopes, the terraces,

And the silken girls bringing sherbet.

Then the camel men cursing and grumbling

And running away, and wanting their liquor and women,

And the night-fires going out, and the lack of shelters,

And the cities hostile and the towns unfriendly

And the villages dirty and charging high prices

A hard time we had of it.

At the end we preferred to travel all night,

Sleeping in snatches,

With the voices singing in our ears, saying

That this was all folly.

Then at dawn we came down to a temperate valley,

Wet, below the snow line, smelling of vegetation;

With a running stream and a water-mill beating the darkness,

And three trees on the low sky,

And an old white horse galloped away in the meadow.

Then we came to a tavern with vine-leaves over the lintel,

Six hands at an open door dicing for pieces of silver,

And feet kicking the empty wine-skins,

But there was no information, and so we continued

And arrived at evening, not a moment too soon

Finding the place; it was (you may say) satisfactory.

All this was a long time ago, I remember,

And I would do it again, but set down

This set down

This were we led all that way for

Birth or Death? There was a Birth, certainly,

We had evidence and no doubt. I had seen birth and death,

But had thought they were different; this Birth was

Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death,

We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,

But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,

With an alien people clutching their gods.

I should be glad of another death.

The Journey of the Magi is possibly one of the easier Eliot poems to interpret, if aspects of his personal life are considered, as it is essentially a poem about Eliots own journey from atheism to faith. Written around the time of his baptism and acceptance into the Anglican Church, in 17, the poem describes the journey of the three wise men from the East towards Christ, and symbolically, towards Christianity.

This narrative poem, while not employing a typical poetic tendency of rhyme, has a relatively steady pattern of around four beats in a line, in an almost comforting style, similar to the way verbal stories are told, and handed down. Also given this style and the religious topic of the poem, it becomes quite reminiscent of the way in which the Bible is written.

The narrative of the poem follows the journey of the three wise men, from the perspective of one of them, to Bethlehem to pay homage to the newborn Jesus Christ. As they journey on their way towards the saviour they begin to learn that the world around them has become full of corruption, with very little good left in either the world or humanity. Slowly, after time, the wise men realize that a death from this materialistic world is the only way to be born into the Kingdom of paradise - heaven.

This poem touches mainly on the theme of a journey as I've said, it speaks of not only the physical journey of the magi to Jesus, the magi's spiritual journey to the worship of Christianity, but also the journey from innocence to realisation about the world and finally to redemption.

This last theme can be seen most readily in the three-stanza structure of the poem. The first stanza is about innocence. Both spiritually and mentally innocent, the Magi have no perception of the adversity that a journey to praise baby Jesus will involve. To their alarm, in this stanza they begin to see the state that their world is in, corrupt and hostile, with little good apparent.

This leads into the second stanza, which develops the magi's realisations about the world and it's corruption. Despite this, they still have high expectations of a grand birth of their saviour, and when they arrive at His birth, it is apparent that they did not expect an event so humble.

The third stanza deals with the magi's redemption. The wise man, whose perspective the poem is told from reflects on the events of the journey that have passed. The magus is contemplating, and finally comes to an understanding of the paradox that one must die; leave this world in order to be born into true paradise.

This structure, which follows quite a traditional style of a classical journey, strengthens Eliots story of the spiritual and physical passage of the Magi.

There are quite a few major images that appear throughout this poem that bear quite a significance to the meanings found in the poem.

The first five lines are taken from Lancelot Andrewes Nativity Sermon, of 16, which was used by Eliot as a second, quoted voice to begin the poetic drama. These lines must be understood as being read to, or by the magi, and so causes the magus to recall his journey. The use of these lines from this sermon are particularly pertinent to Eliot, as at the time when he wrote this poem, he was very interested, and strongly influenced by Andrewes, one of the bishops and scholars responsible for the development of the King James translation of the Bible.

Another image that Eliot uses is that of the 'cities hostile' in line 14. These cities are the places that remind the travellers, by their hostile and violent contrast, of the places of contentment that they have left in search of spiritual fulfilment, such as the "the summer palaces on slopes, the terraces, and the silken girls bringing sherbet."

Many of the major images used in this poem refer to significant Christian events. The main images that allude to the biblical events include the arrival into a "temperate valley"(line 1), and the "three trees on the low sky" (line 5). The early morning descent into a temperate valley evokes ideas about three significant events the nativity and the ideas of the dawning of a new era, the empty tomb of Easter, and the image of (as stated in the "Confrontation with Christianity" review) the 'Second Coming and the return of Christ from the East, dispelling darkness as the Sun of Righteousness'.

The Magi's dawn arrival is also symbolic of the new life, attained through their penance, and their actions of searching for Christ.

"The three trees" appear to refer to the three crosses of the crucifixion, while the line "six hands at an open door dicing for pieces of silver" recalls both the Roman soldiers gambling over Jesus robes and the price of Judas betrayal.

One of the more ambiguous, and therefore one of the most discussed images of the poem is the image of the old white horse (line 5). While some hold to the suggestion that the white horse represents Christ's purity (by the colour), and the militaristic and conquering Christ of the biblical book of Revelation, some feel that the horse is symbolic of the death of paganism under the arrival of Christianity. However, it is also felt by some that as the description of the horse has included 'old', it could perhaps represent the death of the 'old dispensation', that is, the old way of life, that would come with Christ's birth.

While Eliot does not use many obvious poetic techniques, he does greatly employ the use of sound in his work. The most observable sound techniques he uses in this poem are assonance and repetition, which create smooth and gentle lines, which all flow quietly together. One example of assonance is in line the summer palaces on slopes, the terraces, / And the silken girls bring sherbet, with the assonance appearing in the repeated 's' sound. This use of assonance and repetition creating a flowing and moving work, works with the structure of the poem as a journey, reinforcing the idea of continuity.

The third stanza contains the best example of use of repetition, and through this creates a significant, and quite noticeably different part of the poem leading to the Magus realizing the moral of the story and the journey.

And I would do it again, but set down

This set down

This were we led all that way for

Birth or Death? There was a Birth, certainly,

We had evidence and no doubt. I had seen birth and death,

But had thought they were different; this Birth was

Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death (-)

The repetition of the words 'set down', 'birth' and 'death' emphasizes the presence and meaning of these words, and how they apply on the whole to the Magi's journey. These lines bring the whole journey into perspective spiritually, and reveal the greater message of the poem, that with the birth of Christ came a death of the old ways of life, and also shows the magi's understanding of the paradox of having to die to be born into eternal life. This paradox is one that runs through the whole poem, appearing most notably in one of the earlier discussed images of the three trees on the horizon, symbolizing that even before Christ was born, images reflecting his death and the significance of this, were apparent.

This poem is quite representative of not only Eliot's work in general, but also of his changing attitudes in his life. In most of Eliot's early poetry, the explored themes are typically ones of criticism of and disillusionment with humanity and the way in which people live, an example of this criticism being 'The Waste Land'. While 'The Journey of the Magi' still shares Eliot's cynicism about the corruption and deceit in the world, it offers some hope for the future, through the confidence in the fact that after this corrupt mortal world, we will arrive somewhere better in Heaven. This confidence can be seen mainly in the last few lines

We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,

But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,

With an alien people clutching their gods.

I should be glad of another death.

Show that with the birth of Christ, and the birth of the new world and the new way of life, among the old ways of life, the greed and corruption, the magi no longer feel content with this world, and are looking forward to that day when they die of this existence, and are reborn into eternal life.

This poem reflects the changes that Eliot was going though in his personal life, also. In the early 10's, Eliot began visiting churches to admire their beauty, later visiting them for the sae of peace, contemplation and spiritual refreshment. According to Peter Ackroyd (the author of one of the foremost Eliot biographies), Eliot had a sense of tradition and an instinct for order within himself and found the church and faith gave him this security within a life of frustrations and struggles.

Ackroyd stated that, He was aware of what he called the void in all human affairs--the disorder, meaninglessness, and futility which he found in his own experience; it was inexplicable intellectually . . . and could only be understood or endured by means of a larger faith." Eliots faith continued to grow and in 17, he was baptized in the Anglican-Catholic church. Journey of the Magi, was the first in a series of poems Eliot wrote reflecting his religious growth, and was published shortly after his baptism. It has been suggested that this poem reflects Eliots state of mind in transition between his old and new faiths, and tells one part of Eliots story in that it reflects his being ill-at-ease in the old dispensation after his conversion.

Through this poem, it is clear that Eliot wants the reader to learn the same lesson that the Magi, and indeed Eliot himself, have, that happiness and paradise can never be achieved on this deceitful, violent and hostile earthly world. To transcend the corrupt mortal world, we must first leave behind our old belief system and embrace the idea of rebirth into the holy Kingdom, and become 'glad of another death'.

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Analyzation of three major occurrences in John Steinbeck's novel "The Pearl"

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Because Kino finds the pearl in the aptly titled book The Pearl by John Steinbeck, three major occurrences result. Kino's entire life, which has been affected by the hardships of poverty, is suddenly, seemingly transformed when he discovers a monstrous pearl within the folds of a clam at the bottom of the ocean. Kino's finding leaves the townspeople deeply desiring his new treasure, leaves the doctor of the city wishing he had agreed to help Coyotito and his scorpion bite, and leaves Kino himself imagining the vast possibilities of a brand new life sprung from the pearl itself.

Firstly, Kino himself dreams of a new life. He wants to give proper schooling to Coyotito, wear fine clothing, properly marry the mother of his child, and live a rich and prosperous life. Kino also dreams of owning a rifle, a definite luxury in his small town. Kino seems to become a bit obsessed over the pearl, as described in paragraph three. These dreams lead Kino to become extremely determined to sell the pearl, which is the main reason Kino decides to go to town to the pearl buyers to become rich off the pearl.

Secondly, the doctor of La Paz, the city where Kino and his family reside, wants to help Kino's baby, Coyotito, after previously denying him help. When Kino finds the pearl and the doctor gains knowledge of this the doctor rushes as fast as he can to Kino's residence. Because of Kino's discovery, the doctor decides to 'help' the baby, and then demands payment. The doctor demanding payment is what furthers Kino's wish to sell the pearl. Kino then goes to the town pearl buyers, expecting to get a huge amount of money from them for his treasure. Kino is severely angered when he is cheated and the pearl buyers offer him hardly any money at all. Because of this deviation, Kino, much to Juana's dismay, then decides to sell his pearl at the capital, which is fairly far away. The night that Kino gets cheated by the pearl buyers and decides to journey to sell the pearl, Juana attempts to throw the pearl into the sea to rid the family of what she calls the pearl's 'evilness'. However, Kino catches Juana and beats her for trying to toss away his beloved pearl. This leads directly into the events described in paragraph three.

Thirdly, the townspeople desire Kino's newly discovered treasure. They have never seen a pearl so large and spellbinding. Kino knows that the townspeople want his pearl, and this knowledge leads him to become almost paranoid and obsessed over the pearl. No one does steal the pearl, but some townspeople do try. The night Kino beats Juana he hears noises and, upon an investigation, he ends up killing a man outside his home and finding his precious boat destroyed. Someone then sets flame to his house. Having killed a person and having his house burned to the ground, Kino, along with Juana and Coyotito, flee the next day. They are tracked by people from the village and one night, as Juana and Coyotito hide, Kino attacks the three trackers. Unfortunately, one of the tracker's guns is shot in the direction of Juana and Coyotito, and Coyotito is killed. Despaired, Kino and Juana return home, only to throw the pearl back into the sea, ridding themselves of any further evils.

All in all, this book is a fine example of cause and effect. Virtually every event in the story leads to another event, and then another, and so on. The townspeople desiring the pearl, the doctor slyly giving aid to Coyotito, and Kino being strongly influenced by the power of the pearl are all major events that, in the end, lead to the death of Kino's son.

Please note that this sample paper on Analyzation of three major occurrences in John Steinbeck's novel "The Pearl" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Analyzation of three major occurrences in John Steinbeck's novel "The Pearl", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Analyzation of three major occurrences in John Steinbeck's novel "The Pearl" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Biblical Reference to Grapes of Wrath

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The plot of John Steinbeck's novel, The Grapes of Wrath, can easily be related to many biblical references as well as it could be applied to the daily struggles of the lives of Christians. Two particular portions of this novel stick out more than any other. Those are the characters of Jim Casey and Pa Joad. Many say that Jim Casey's character could possibly be symbolically tied into the biblical hero of Moses. In the Bibles book of Exodus, Moses guided thousands of people (God's family, the Israelites) out of severe slavery and harsh treatment in Egypt. From there he led them into the promised land of Canon that flowed with milk and honey. Much is the same when looking at The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck could possibly be trying to infer the Joad Family as being the struggling Israelites. Casey acts as a leader who directs the Joads out of famine and hard times during the 10's in Oklahoma and into California where they can begin a new life with hope and future. This book can also be symbolic to the day by day walks in Christianity. For example when Pa Joad needs helps and seeks guidance, it is Jim Casey who he turns to. Those who follow Christ call upon God in desperate times. Steinbeck infers that Casey, who happens to be a preacher, is somewhat of a Christ figure to the Joad family. He even throws a hidden clue in his name. The initials of Jim Casey are the same of those of Jesus Christ. Steinbeck implies that Pa Joad is symbolically a typical Christian who is struggling in a world of sin. The famine and horrible conditions of the great depression stand for the sin that is surrounding this battling Christian. So as a final resort this child of God turns to Jesus Christ for salvation and release from the sin in his life. These two characters display both the giving and receiving sides of God's love towards his children. Jim Casey gives his guidance and direction as Pa Joad and his family takes in his advice. The same is for Christians. Steinbeck shows us plainly when we are in need of help we should not stay in sin but instead turn to Jesus for our answers. Just as Moses guided the Israelites into Canon and Casey helped direct the Joads to California, Jesus shows Christians the way to salvation.

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Elizabeth I

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†An analysis of the religious issues in England 1560-1600 reveals Elizabeth I acting with consummate political skill.” Discuss

Probably Elizabeth’s most striking examples of moderation can be seen with her religious policy. The Settlement of Religion 155 had her facing one of the hardest questions she had to answer during her reign. Was England to be a Catholic or Protestant country? Elizabeth had political and personal reasons for choosing Protestantism. Although she had abided by the Catholic faith during Mary’s reign she had been raised a Protestant and was committed to that faith. But she also believed in Religious toleration and that Catholics and Protestants were both part of the same faith. She had no toleration for radicals of either faith.

In April 155 the Act of Uniformity was passed. Everyone in England was to conform to Protestantism. Elizabeth chose the 155 Prayer Book of Edward VI and incorporated wording from the 1554 Prayer Book so that both Catholics and Protestants could both participate in the Communion Services. Church attendance on Sundays was compulsory and twelve pence fine was collected if people did not attend.

The Act of Supremacy 155 involved a compromise. Both her father and brother had been â€Head of the Church in England”. Under Elizabeth this had been modified to â€Supreme Governor of the Church in England”. This may have been to appease Catholics who would not accept monarch as â€Head of Church” and men who were uncomfortable about the idea of a woman being in charge. Elizabeth publicly acknowledged that as a woman she was inferior. This act also included an Oath of Supremacy to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take. If they didnt they would lose their office. A High Commission was established to ensure the oath was taken.

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Although passing the Act of Supremacy through Parliament had been quite easy, passing the act of Uniformity was much more difficult as a large number of the Parliament were still Catholic and opposed the bill and it was eventually passed by only three votes.

The Vestment Controversy of the 1560‘s created a problem. The Protestant puritans did not like the dress of the Catholic priests, calling them â€filthy popish rags”. The Catholic priests liked to dress up and be thought of as higher than the average man is. The Protestant puritans disliked this immensely. To resolve this matter, in 1565 Elizabeth ordered the archbishop to set out a uniform for the priests to wear (a dress code). The uniform decided on was to be a cap and a surplice (cloak). 7 ministers refused to conform. They were stood down. Three months later only still refused.

Thomas Cartwright’s views on Presbyterianism presented a challenge to Monarchal Supremecy in the church. He said that the church structure, under Elizabeth, was not spelt out in the bible. If this was true then it has no moral authority. This was a threat to Elizabeth as Presbyterianism represented a power inversion, a challenge to Royal authority. Thomas Cartwright was forced to give up his professorship at Cambridge and fled the country to Germany before he was executed.

Catholics did not have an easy time during Elizabeth’s reign but it could have been much worse. Catholicism was effectively illegal. Attendance at mass was to be punished by a fine of 100 marks but arranging for it to be said and the saying of mass carried the death penalty, however this was not implemented until 1577 as Elizabeth disliked such extremism. As far as she was concerned as long as Catholics were loyal to her, behaved themselves and attended church now and then, they were free to believe what they wished. Elizabeth was satisfied with outward conformity and had no desire to put ordinary men and women to death just because of their faith.

Only as the Catholic threat from Europe heightened did the Elizabethan government take a harsher stance against Catholics. The new Pope, Pius V, did not like Elizabeth and like all Catholics, believed she was illegitimate and had no right to the English throne. Catholics believed the true Queen of the land was Mary Queen of Scots. The Northern Revolt in 156 was the first of many attempts to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. In 1570 the Pope issued a Papal Bull, against Elizabeth, excommunicating her and absolving all her subjects from allegiance to her and her laws. This was a drastic step, and one that King Philip II of Spain and some English Catholics disapproved of. The Papal Bull made things difficult for Catholics in England (It was believed that an excommunicated person was unchristian and therefore would go to hell). They were faced with a dilemma, torn between two loyalties. Their loyalty to the Queen, who many of them respected and maybe loved and their loyalty to the Pope, who to them was Gods representative on Earth. From this moment on Catholics were seen as a great threat to the Queen and the realm.

After 1574 a far greater threat came from missionary priests. Inspired by the teachings of the Counter-Reformation these young Catholics were willing to give their lives to win the country back to the true faith. In 1580 Jesuits joined them. To counteract this, in 1581 Elizabeths government increased the fine for non attendance at church from 1 pence to 0 pounds- a phenomenal amount considering the annual income for a knight was only about 50 pounds. In 1585 law prohibited the entrance of Jesuits into the country but they still came hoping to convert the English population to Catholicism. They bore the brunt of Catholic persecution and many were executed for treason. The Elizabethan government genuinely believed that Catholics posed a serious threat to the Queens life and reign.

However, although some English did convert to Catholicism, even during the difficult years of the 1580’s, they no longer posed a threat to the security of Elizabeth’s church or rule. By 160 there was an estimated 8,570 who still refused to attend church and 100,000 who attended once in a while in order to avoid fines.

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Asthma

Asthma in a Fitness/School Setting

For some, the agony of asthma may be an affliction only during childhood; for others, the illness persists throughout adulthood. The least fortunate are those who fall mortal victims. Asthma can kill. Medical science can offer only temporary relief at best. The deviousness of the disease defies almost all attempts at discovering a cure. Asthma can be mild; it can be devastating. Sometimes the symptoms disappear for many years but surface again with even greater severity.

In an asthmatic attack the diameter of the small bronchi is diminished as a result of spasm of the muscular coat, active congestion of the mucous membrane and excessive secretion of tough mucus. In inspiration the small bronchi are pulled open and the obstruction is thereby reduced. On the other hand, forced expiration tends to compress bronchi and increase the obstruction. Consequently inspiration is much easier than expiration; the difficult breathing of asthma differs in fact from all other forms of difficult breathing, in being mainly expiratory in character (Mezei, 188). Not to be confused with asthma is a similar, but less intense, tightening of the bronchial muscles that occurs in people who are exposed to large amounts of noxious fumes, tobacco smoke, and other pollutants. The body attempts to protect itself against invasion by dangerous substances flowing into the lungs. The asthma victim, however, usually hypersensitive, overreacts with severe symptoms (Renard, 16).

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Asthma deaths in the country are steadily rising at an ever-increasing rate. Statistics indicated that about 4,000 Americans died from the disease in 185, more than double the number only a decade ago. Society became more involved into the process of

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determining why asthma death were increasing. A task force of immunology, chemistry, pulmonary medicine, and epidemiological researchers were charged with finding an answer, but their preliminary report only raised more questions. The rise in asthma deaths during the past decade has puzzled scientists and physicians. But while the severity of the disease appears to be increasing, many asthmatics are unwilling to lead the sedentary lives that some say their condition requires (Asthmatics, 1XX).

As seen in many studies and research done in the past exercise can be both beneficial and deleterious to an asthma patient. New research showed that a health and fitness program called, The Eagles Circle improved flexibility, strength, aerobic fitness and quality of life for children with asthma involved in the program. Although children with asthma often avoid physical activity for fear that it will trigger an asthma attack. Studies have shown that regular, moderate exercise can actually be helpful to children with asthma in addition to controlling weight problems. Lack of exercise can lead to physical de-conditioning as well as obesity, in turn, can cause asthma to worsen (Amsterdam News, 18).

For some asthma sufferers, a proper diet is more than a wishful goal, its a necessary step in leading a normal life. In addition to common triggers, food-triggers asthma affect in 6%-8% of asthmatic children but less than % of asthmatic adults. Often the triggers is sulfites, sulfite additives or a food allergen such as milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish or shellfish. Dr. Ron Simon of Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, CA, stated, sulfites in or added to food can cause potentially life-threatening reactions for asthmatics (Medical Information, 18). Further research by

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Harvard Medical School have found that instead of being a by-product of asthma, extra pounds could make people more vulnerable to developing the disease (Tufts Diet, 18).

Even though physical activity has been found to be beneficial to asthmatics. Exercise-induced asthma have been prevalent in our society. As Arateus, in the second century, stated, If from running, gymnastics exercises, or other work the breathing becomes difficult, it is called asthma. The phenomenon of shortness of breath after vigorous exercise has been recognized for centuries and for decades; it has been recognized that bronchi-constriction occurs after exercise, it most likely occurs after running. Many athletes and non-athletes have dealt with E.I.A. About 70-0% of asthma suffers discover that exercise and sometimes only exercise can trigger an attack. Before research began, many E.I.A. prone people were unaware of why they were having trouble breathing during exercise, and not inform about treatments. The symptoms, which usually begin after three-eight minutes of a strenuous workout, may include, coughing, wheezing, limited endurance, etc. No one is certain why exercise triggers asthma. In the end, if there is no exercise there will be no exercise induced asthma, but there will be none of the benefits of exercise (Mezei, 18).

In healthy individuals exercise programs and lifestyle initiatives have major benefit in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. There is no reason to believe that this should not occur in patients with respiratory diseases, such as asthma. Many people with asthma of different severity have sufficient ventilatory reserve to allow tolerance of

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training routines. Improvements in fitness ranging from 10% to % have been reported (A.C.E., 16).

Most studies failed to identify any significant changes in the degree of bronchial responsiveness with various aerobic conditioning programs, the potential benefits are valuable and include 1) improved fitness, ) decreased frequency and severity of acute attacks, ) decreased medication usage, 4) decreased school absenteeism, 5) improved self image. Recommendations for evaluation of level of physical activity 1) Educate the patients about exercise induced asthma, the prophylactic use of drugs, the overall value of exercise, ) Prescribe drugs to prevent E.I.A. and monitor their effectiveness, ) Question the patient concerning his/her level of activity and capacity to keep up with peers, 4) Make repeated efforts to determine that there really are no limitations of physical activity, 5) If limitations in capacity to exercise are reported by the patient, consider testing, 6) Design rehabilitation program based on the results of the physical fitness (Mezei, 18).

While physical activities are good for children with asthma, as they bring them into contact with other children and improve their physical fitness, there are contradicting evidence of the specific effects on asthma. Not to denigrate the value of exercise, but rather to ensure the persons involved are aware that it is something to be enjoyed rather than as part of medical treatment (Dennis, 185).

Many questions need to be answered when dealing with an asthmatic person in a fitness setting. They are, 1) Can persons with asthma exercise normally? ) Are they fit as other people with similar exercise habits? ) What sort of exercise is needed to

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make the patient fitter? 4) What effect might regular exercise have on their disease as opposed to their fitness (Mezei, 18)?

When a disease is in remission and a person have been treated to prevent E.I.A., exercise can proceed normally. There is now enormous amounts of evidence than many asthmatic persons have reduced cardio-respiratory fitness, compared to a control with a similar pattern of physical activity. In other words, the study showed that asthma persons can exercise to a similar intensity as other people, but their overall fitness is reduced. The type of activity an asthmatic performs is not a critical factor but the exercise preferably should be conducted indoors in conditions of warmth and controlled humidity with appropriate warm up and cool down components to reduce likelihood of breakthrough exercise induced asthma. Supervision of exercise prescription is critical, such as in the aspects of progressive increments of intensity and the capacity (A.C.E., 16).

Some groups have used progressive incremental exercise around the anaerobic threshold but without routine a more empirical trial and error approach may be effective. This consists of evaluating the tolerability of submaximal exercise at the intensity that will be required during training which expressed in terms of the target heart rate. The persons either will achieve the target heart rate and tolerate steady state exercise during one of these stages or alternatively will show an inability to continue at the required work intensity owing to the breathlessness. If symptoms have remained stable with mild but tolerable breathlessness, the persons may be expected to participate in

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aerobic exercise program with the achievement of improved cardiovascular fitness (Mezei, 18).

For persons who cannot sustain exercise of sufficient intensity to improve aerobic fitness because of breathlessness, they require techniques to condition peripheral muscles with the objective of improving mobility and stamina. Persons with moderate to severe chronic airflow limitation can undertake low intensity isotonic training of individual muscle groups to improve the strength and endurance of these muscles and increase overall exercise tolerance. Additional components of this second approach include calisthenics, breathing retraining exercises and walking at the maximum tolerable rate. One can also take a person pulse as a simple method of identifying the few patients who have arterial oxygen desaturation during exercise. Everyone should be supervised, and the exercise prescription should be reviewed periodically (Mezei, 18).

Strong motivation is required because variations in the disease may interrupt an exercise program and so make the goal of increased fitness difficult to attain. It is important for exercise to be habitual, it should be easily accessible and without adverse sequel. Ideally it should also be dynamic, interesting, fun, and varied. Asthma to run or not to run (Dennis, 185)?

A widely accepted prescriptions of exercise intensity for healthy individuals to improve their fitness are exercise of 15-0 minutes, three times a week, to a level at which oxygen uptake (VO ) is about 70-80% of maximum heart rate. This exercise prescription is highly recommended for all asthmatic persons except those with moderate to severe chronic airflow limitation (Dennis, 185).

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In a studies done in the past, persons showed a significant increase in both VO and O after a 4-month exercise program, indicating an improvement in physical fitness. However, it did not provide any evidence that the exercise program alter indices of asthma severity. These results suggest that patients with asthma may underestimate their capacity and if the disease is well controlled, they can be encouraged to undertake vigorous exercise. There is no cost benefit study available on exercise programs (Mezei, 18).

Despite the fact that patients with asthma have often excluded themselves from normal activities of childhood, it has long been thought that activity was likely to benefit them. Like persons with cystic fibrosis, children with asthma can increase their work capacity. The 184, Olympic saw 67 of 57 athletes on the U. S. teams with E. I. A. The rewards of participation in competitive sports for the asthmatic can be tremendous. Building individual skills, working with others as a team, character enhancement, and improved fitness with less respiratory distress can result from involvement in competitive athletics. The coach, teacher, and parents should share a common philosophy with the child, regarding competition. They should make the child aware that winning for an asthmatic does not necessarily mean coming in first place or having more points than the opposition. For an asthmatic, winning is wheeze-free participation (Dennis, 185).

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Works Cited

Asthma & Food Know the facts. (18, May). Executive Healths Good Health, 4, 8, .

Asthma deaths rising, but asthmatics dont have to give up exercise. (1XX). Aerobics for Asthmatics, Inc.

Dennis, Warren. (185). What Every Physical Educator should know about Asthma. American Lung Association.

Excess pounds may lead to asthma. (18, Jun). Tufts University Health & Nutritional Letter, 16, .

Exercise and Asthma. (16). A.C.E. Fitness Matters,

Mezei, Gyorgyi. (18). Physiotherapy of Asthma. Acta Microbiological et Immunological Hungarica, 45, 157-166.

Research shows exercise program benefits children with asthma. (18, June 11). The New York Amsterdam News, 14.

William, Renard Jr. (16). Asthma. Nutrition Health Review, 78, 10.

Asthma

Please note that this sample paper on asthma is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on asthma, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on asthma will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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