Monday, January 25, 2021

"Irony" in Oedipus the King

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English 11


March 8,00


Victim of Fate


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The events in Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, show a relationship of mans free will existing within the cosmic order or fate. Man was free to choose and was ultimately held responsible for his own actions. Both the concept of fate and free will played an integral part in Oedipus destruction. Although he was a victim of fate, he was not controlled by it. Oedipus was destined from birth to someday marry his mother and to murder his father. This prophecy, as warned by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi was unconditional and would come to pass, no matter what he may have done to avoid it. His past actions were determined by fate, but what he did in Thebes, he did so of his own will.


When queen Jocasta found that she and king Laius were to have child, she went to consult an oracle for guidance. However, Teriresias had a devastating prophecy that their first-born son would kill the king his father, and marry his mother. In order to prevent the prophecy from being fulfilled, the king upon the birth of his son pierced the babys feet with an iron pin to prevent the baby from using his feet. The king ordered a shepherd to abandon the child in the mountains, to be left to die. The shepherd, in spite of his order from the king, gave the baby, instead, to one of his friends, a herdsman from Corinth. The herdsman gave the baby to his master, the king of Corinth. It was with this family that Oedipus grew up not knowing his real family or the fate that awaited him.


From the beginning of this tragedy, Oedipus took many actions leading to his own downfall. Oedipus could have waited for the plague to end, but out of compassion for his suffering people, he had Creon go to Delphi. When he learned of Apollos word, he could have calmly investigated the murder of the former King Laius, but in his hastiness, he passionately curses the murderer, and in so, unknowingly curses himself. "Upon the murderer I invoke this curse- whether he is one man and all unknown, or one of many- may he wear out his life in misery or doom! If with my knowledge he lives at my hearth, I pray that I myself may feel my curse." Oedipus unyielding desire to uncover the truth about Laius murder and the mystery surrounding his own birth, led him to the tragic realization of his horrific deeds. Teiresias, Jocasta and the herdsman tried to stop him from pursuing the truth. Take for example a part of the last conversation between Jocasta and Oedipus. After realizing that the prophecy had came true, Jacasta begs him to just let the mystery go unsolved for once. Oedipus replies, I will not be persuaded to let chance of finding out the whole thing clearly. He is unable to stop his quest for the truth, even under his wifes pleading. For it is in his own vain that he must solve the final riddle, the riddle of his own life.


Upon discovery of the truth of his birth from the herdsman, Oedipus cries, I who first saw the light bred of a match accursed, and accursed in my living with them, cursed in my killing. Oedipus knew that his fate had indeed come to pass and feels cursed by it. At the end of this tragic story, when Oedipus gouges out his eyes, the chorus asks him what god urged him to blind himself. Oedipus replied, It was Apollo, friends, Apollo, that brought this bitter bitterness, my sorrows to completion. But was the hand that struck me was none but my own. He claimed full responsibility for his actions. Oedipus was guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother, but perhaps the true sin lay in his overzealous attempt to raise himself to the level of the gods by trying to escape his fate.


The fact that Oedpius motives for killing his father, Laius, and wedding his mother, Jocasta, it does not take away from the nature of the crimes. When he tears at his eyes with his Jocastas broach, Oedipus is accepting the full responsibilities for his acts and knew that he must be punished for his sins. The last act of destruction was caused by Oedipus free will, but his fate came about because of the nature of the cosmic order (that every sin must be punished) and role of the gods in human affairs.


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Pearl Harbor

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The road to war between the United States of America and Japan began on the surprise aerial attack on the United States Navy base in Pearl Harbor on December 7th 141. This was the first step that brought the might United States into the Second World War Relations between the two countries started to detireate in the early 10's when Japan started to become aggressive in Asia, mainly in Manchuria in 11 and tried to start conquering the rest of China into 17. Japan in 140 decided to allied it self with the "Axis" with countries like Germany.


Japan, a vastly resource free country needed supplies such as oil from countries like the United States. With their aggression in Asia the United States decided to put an embargo on Japan and halt valuable resources such as oil which the Japanese empire need greatly to expand their mighty war machine . Japan had only enough oil reserves to fight a war for about six more months, something that they couldn't stand to bear with and the only solution to counter this problem was to move further down south into the vast and oil rich areas of South East Asia. With their aggression already in China, Japan wasn't a very favored country in the United States, already banning immigrations from Japan and angering them even further they drew out plans to counter this problem and the only solution left was to destroy the United States Pacific fleet that had recently been shifted to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by the United States President Roosevelt.


The United States of Americas Navy Pacific fleet was established way back in the late 1800's but established their Head quarters on February 1st 141 only 10 months before the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. Pearl Harbor was seen as "impregnable" by the United States. Having this massive United States Navy a stone throw away from Japan was of a large concern. If Japan was to take further aggressive action down south, the United States would be sure to come to the defense of their allies and stop the Japanese. The only option left was to eliminate the United States Pacific Fleet so they would have superiority over the entire Pacific waters and further their interest down south with little resistance if at all from the United States.


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For months the Japanese Navy has been practicing simulations on the attack of Pearl Harbor, if the diplomatic talks in Washington DC had failed they were prepared to go to war at all costs . On the 6th of November, the Japanese set sail of a Navy task force of six heavy aircraft carriers, the Shokaku, Zuikaku, Kaga, Akagi, Hiryu and Soryu and accompanying these aircraft carriers were two battle ships sailing to Pearl Harbor spearheaded this task force was Admiral Chuchi Nagumo . The plan to attack Pearl Harbor was devised by Admiral Yamamoto, he wanted the United States Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor to be neutralized so he could purse Japans goals in achieving domination.


The task force set sail and was to avoid detection by the United States Navy at all costs. If detected they were to set sail back home to Japan immediately. Admiral Chuchi Nagumo later learned that the United States Navy most prized possessions, their aircraft carriers were not in port but some carriers were doing training excises while other carriers were stationed else where and others delivering planes to remote Pacific islands . This was certainly a major downfall in the usefulness of the attack in the Pacific fleet but the attack was to go ahead, December 8th Japanese time which is December 7th the local date in Hawaii. Chatter was created on the radios in Japan to make the United States think that the aircraft carriers were at bay but this didn't work.


The conditions were in favor of Japan, apart from the aircraft carriers belong to the United States navy not in port, the weather with the heavy fogged helped provide good coverage over the carriers from overheard reconossinace planes that were out looking for the missing Japanese carriers. All Japanese ships were to remain on radio blackout. Visibility over Pearl Harbor was clear, and this information was given over the local radio station in Oahu. In the early morning at 0600 hours the first launch of 18 aircraft, bombers laden with torpedoes and bombs, flanked by fighter aircraft escorting them they made their 1.5 hours journey to Pearl Harbor.


The attack on Pearl Harbor came at a great cost to the US but then again this is very debatable. During the two waves of strikes by the Japanese, only lost a total of twenty nine aircraft . This is a very small price to pay for the huge losses the United States Navy occurred, on that day, December 7th, 40 people were recorded as dead, a further 1178 were injured, four battle ships were sunk, the Oklahoma, West Virginia, California and the Nevada. The Tennessee, Pennsylvania and Maryland were damaged but the Maryland was put back into service in February 14. Aircraft lost by the United States were massive as well, with aircraft parked tightly to avoid any sabotage; this made it easier for Japanese bombers. Out of the 4 planes based, 165 were damaged and only some still able to fly.


This attack on Pearl Harbor seemed like a success on the day for the Japanese and my view is that it seemed like this from both sides. The United States suffers a huge loss compared to the minimal loss suffered on the Japanese side. Japan now has put a major dent into the United States Pacific fleet and is able to further their goals down south but my personal view is that the attack created more problems for Japan the solving.


No aircraft carrier was in dock at all, the power of the Pacific fleet is with the might aircraft carriers. It did not sink, damaged or even find any of the aircraft carriers. All of the battle ships that were sunk in Pearl Harbor were raised except the Arizona were repaired and put back into service thus making the United States Navy rely more on their carriers. The air raid on Pearl Harbor didn't even attempt to destroy any of the logistics, logistics such as the vast supply of oil that was in dock, without this oil the United States Navy would not have been able to repair and return to service the battle ships that were damaged at such a quick rate.


From the Japanese point of view, it can only be seen as a success that they were able to sink many battle ships, destroy many aircraft and end the lives of many soldiers at such a small physical price. It is hard to determine whether this attack on this day was one of the biggest mistakes ever made by the Japanese empire, had they sent a third wave to destroy more of the logistics or if the aircraft carriers had been in port it may have changed the outcome of the war.


Please note that this sample paper on Pearl Harbor is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pearl Harbor, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Pearl Harbor will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Friday, January 22, 2021

Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling

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Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling


"Improperly Trained Inspectors & Remediation Companies


May Be Placing Building Occupants at Risk"


Al Tibbs, CIAQT, CIAQM, CIAQI


Are improperly or untrained home inspectors placing consumers in harms way? This


article will look at some of the possibilities surrounding indoor biological contaminants, sampling


personnel and methods and how consumers may be unknowingly misled when it comes to these


issues. In the home inspection profession today, one does not have to go far to become a socalled


"mold expert". National inspector publications offer mold classes on every other page and


companies looking to turn "mold to gold" have sprung up faster than the mold itself. There is also


no shortage of companies that are willing to come and turn your home into a chemical testing


ground to help alleviate you of your mold and your money. In this article I will take a look at some


of the methods being practiced to test and clean mold and take a better look at those performing


these procedures.


First, lets look at home inspectors that are selling mold testing as an add-on service to


their home inspection business. The companies I have looked at offer to perform either tape lift or


swab samples of mold for anywhere from $50-$100 per sample. The inspector has no idea what it


is that these samples will tell him, but he sees it as an easy $100. There are just a few problems


here. First, let's say his client is purchasing a home and has children with respiratory ailments.


The inspector takes a tape lift sample of a spot which is thought to be mold in the basement.


What will this tape lift tell him about the condition of the air in the building? Will the microbial


contamination, if present, affect the children with respiratory ailments? Is the microbial


contamination becoming airborne? If it is becoming airborne, how is it doing so? How about the


mother-in-law that is coming to visit after her bout with chemotherapy, will any of this affect her?


I am from the school of thought that if you see mold on a wall, sampling it will provide little


useful information. Yes, it is mold. We already knew that by visual indication. Remove it. But most


importantly, correct the conditions that led to the microbial contamination in the first place. If the


reservoir is large, 10+sf have it evaluated by an indoor air quality professional. An experienced


investigator will ask the right questions, take into consideration all of the building parameters


(temperature, humidity levels, surface temperatures, dew-points, air movement, building and


room pressures, etc.) Take information during an occupant interview asking questions about


health factors, etc. and from the information compiled make a determination if sampling would


answer any unanswered questions. If it is determined that sampling is required to gather further


information, an indoor air quality professional will know how to create a meaningful sampling


strategy that can create some meaningful results.


It is not possible to collect all bio-organisms using a single sampling method. The


methods used to collect, culture and analyze samples vary greatly. Sampling equipment is sizespecific,


for example, settle plates will collect mainly large spores, and centrifugal samplers will


miss the larger spores. Microbials may be culturable, non-culturable, and non-viable. Fungal and


bacterial fragments can be allergenic. Different agars will support the growth of different fungal


species, depending on the agar formulation and moisture availability. Incubation time and


temperature also favor selective organisms (1)


A home inspector performing one or two tape lift samples may be missing critical


information in the above scenario. Are pathogenic fungi present? How about bacteria? Is the


contamination airborne? If the contaminants are airborne are they making their way to the


breathing zone on the main floor? If they are making their way to the main floor, what is the


pathway? Is the reservoir sampled active at this time? How should the problem be addressed?


Does the microbial contamination warrant a full remediation including respirators, negative air, air


scrubbers, and dehumidification or drying equipment? Are there building defects present which


require attention to prevent amplification sites from reappearing after remediation?


Studies have shown that bacteria can also be present in water damaged building, yet we


rarely see any samples for bacteria in water damaged homes. Bacteria, much the same as fungi


can produce toxic substances for a competitive edge. The toxic substances in one study were not


only found to be toxic to fungi, but also to mammalian cells as well.


In the studies, microorganisms from indoor materials and dusts settled in the respiration


zone of water damaged buildings were investigated for the occurrence of bacteria producing


substances antagonistic to fungi and toxic towards mammalian cells. Strains of Bacillus cereus


and of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were isolated by a "reverse Alexander Fleming technique" from


microbially damaged buildings. Most of the isolates produced agents toxic not only to fungi with


which the bacteria compete for space and nutrients in the building, but also to mitochondria of


mammalian cells. ()


These issues must be addressed when building occupants have diagnosed symptoms


which could be bioaerosol related. Taking one or two tape lift surface samples would not address


any of the noted scenarios. At issue is not only a misdiagnosis of the problem, but most likely an


improper or unsuccessful attempt at remediation.


Another issue which deserves attention is the remediation of existing microbial


contaminants in the indoor environment. There are several companies in my area market which


remediate by fogging and spraying chemicals, biocides and sealants. The MSDS for these


products are very unclear about the ingredients of the products (claim of trade secrets) and


therefore have the potential of being irritants themselves. The use of biocides is not


recommended in the remediation of microbial contamination. Let's see what is said concerning


biocides by respected industry authorities


AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association)


Are biocides required or useful in remediation projects?


Biocides are disinfectant chemicals used to kill germs in order to prevent infections resulting from


contact with these materials. In most mold remediations, biocides are not a substitute for


thorough cleaning. Biocides are of limited use in remediation of indoor mold contamination for


two main reasons


1) The adverse effects caused by mold (other than infection) are due to metabolites present in


their spores and secreted into the materials upon which molds have grown. The application


of biocides may kill mold spores but it does not necessarily eliminate these metabolites. The


only sure way to do this requires the physical elimination of mold and moldy materials by


thorough cleaning or removal of the affected materials.


) Most commonly used biocides do not kill molds effectively. Active fungal growth on a surface


may produce a spore density of one million spores per square inch. Treating an active mold


growth site with a spore density of one million spores per square inch with a biocide with an


effectiveness of .% would then leave an estimated 10 viable spores per square inch.


As such, if the underlying moisture problem is not resolved, mold growth may re-occur.


The only situation where biocidal treatments are indicated is where the contaminant is one of the


few fungi that are known to cause human infection. This is particularly important in health care


facilities or other places with occupants who have impaired immune systems or who may be more


susceptible than the general population to infection ()


US EPA


Mold Remediation/Cleanup and Biocides


The purpose of mold remediation is to remove the mold to prevent human exposure and damage


to building materials and furnishings. It is necessary to clean up mold contamination, not just to


kill the mold. Dead mold is still allergenic, and some dead molds are potentially toxic. The use of


a biocide, such as chlorine bleach, is not recommended as a routine practice during mold


remediation, although there may be instances where professional judgment may indicate its use


(for example, when immune-compromised individuals are present). In most cases, it is not


possible or desirable to sterilize an area; a background level of mold spores will remain in the air


(roughly equivalent to or lower than the level in outside air). These spores will not grow if the


moisture problem in the building has been resolved.


If you choose to use disinfectants or biocides, always ventilate the area. Outdoor air may need to


be brought in with fans. When using fans, take care not to distribute mold spores throughout an


unaffected area. Biocides are toxic to humans, as well as to mold. You should also use


appropriate PPE and read and follow label precautions. Never mix chlorine bleach solution with


cleaning solutions or detergents that contain ammonia; toxic fumes could be produced.


Some biocides are considered pesticides, and some States require that only registered pesticide


applicators apply these products in schools. Make sure anyone applying a biocide is properly


licensed, if necessary. Fungicides are commonly applied to outdoor plants, soil, and grains as a


dust or sprayexamples include hexachlorobenzene, organomercurials, pentachlorophenol,


phthalimides, and dithiocarbamates. Do not use fungicides developed for use outdoors for mold


remediation or for any other indoor situation (4).


NYC Department of Health


Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments


The use of gaseous, vapor-phase, or aerosolized biocides for remedial purposes is not


recommended. The use of biocides in this manner can pose health concerns for people in


occupied spaces of the building and for people returning to the treated space if used improperly.


Furthermore, the effectiveness of these treatments is unproven and does not address the


possible health concerns from the presence of the remaining non-viable mold. For additional


information on the use of biocides for remedial purposes, refer to the American Conference of


Governmental Industrial Hygienists' document, "Bioaerosols Assessment and Control." (5)


American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)


Bioaerosols Assessment and Control, 15.4 Biocide Use


Remediators must carefully consider the necessity and advisability of applying biocides when


cleaning microbially contaminated surfaces. The goal of remediation programs should be removal


of all microbial growth. This generally can be accomplished by physical removal of materials


supporting active growth and thorough cleaning of non-porous materials. Therefore, application of


a biocide would serve no purpose that could not be accomplished with a detergent or cleaning


agent. (6)


The companies using such practices are also selling additional products such as special


filters, UV lights and other items. Again, the products being sold and recommended may be


having an opposite effect of what is intended or expected. In many cases, special filters, placed


into the air handler are adding to overall static pressure on the system and may be affecting


proper operation and life expectancy of the system. Most residential systems are manufactured to


operate at .50" w.c. total static pressure. These filters alone may add that much static pressure to


the system, and therefore leave no room for ducts, etc. This not only will affect the system, but


could worsen the indoor air quality problems. I recently had opportunity to perform an assessment


on a home which already had a so-called assessment performed "free of charge" by a local


remediation company. The homeowner was given a proposal stating that the home was


thoroughly contaminated with mold, including the HVAC system and that an $8000.00


remediation using fogging and sealants would be needed. During my assessment, I performed


my usual assessment establishing ambient air and humidity readings, dew points and surface


temperatures, taking particulate counts throughout the building and outdoors, performing a visual


assessment of suspected areas, evaluating the HVAC system operation and hygiene and taking


moisture readings on basement walls using a moisture meter. Our on-site microscopist was given


tape samples from suspected areas and from the HVAC system return, before the filter and it was


determined that three spore trap samples would be taken from suspect and non-suspect areas.


The results were obvious to me before taking the samples, but we felt it was best to verify our


hypotheses with samples. The air inside the home was very similar to outdoor air and suspect


and non-suspect areas were also similar. I found no conditions in the building conducive to


microbial amplification and the minimal amount of mold visible was on small areas of framing and


sheathing and was most likely the result of moisture content at the time of construction.


The remainder of the home was very well maintained and the hygiene was very good.


The same was true of the HVAC system. The small amount of mold which was present was small


enough that following NYC Guidelines (5) the homeowner could clean the contamination himself.


The total savings on this project $7400.00 plus the risk that fogging would have contaminated the


building and HVAC system.


This paper shows that a free assessment performed by a remediation company may


save you the cost of a proper assessment, but could cost you big later. The above story makes


clear one fact. When choosing a company to perform any environmental assessment, the


company performing the assessment should not be a remediation company. It is important to


remember that assessment and remediation are two separate businesses and should be kept


that way to avoid conflicts of interest.


References


1) INTERPRETING MICROBIAL MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, T Nathanson Indoor Air


00 Proceedings of the th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1,


H Levin, ed., Indoor Air 00, Santa Cruz, California, 00, pp. 78-7.


) FUNGICIDIC AND MITOCHONDRIOTOXIC BACILLI FREQUENT IN WATER DAMAGED


BUILDINGS, M Andersson, R Mikkola, C Apetroaie, D Hoornstra, T Nieminen and M Salkinoja-


Salonen. - Indoor Air 00 Proceedings of the th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality


and Climate, Vol. 1, H Levin, ed., Indoor Air 00, Santa Cruz, California, 00, pp. 4-.


) AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association) web site faq


4) US EPA Mold Remediation/Cleanup and Biocides


5) NYC Department of Health - Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor


Environments


6) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Bioaerosols


Assessment and Control, 15.4 Biocide Use


Please note that this sample paper on Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Home Inspectors and Mold Sampling will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Wish You Were Here

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Wish You Were Here


I view the music industry as a machine in which the youth are sucked in and told exactly what to wear, what to look like, and who to be therefore counterfeiting their own individuality. The album "Wish You Were Here" by Pink Floyd conveys my views on this vampiric industry in which we so blindly follow perfectly.


The music industry is known for its habit of changing an artist's music and look to satisfy that of our public. The second song, "Welcome to the Machine" elaborates on this idea. The second verse goes


"Welcome my son, welcome to the machine


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What did you dream?


It's alright we told you what to dream


You dreamed of a big star, he played a mean guitar


He always ate at the steak bar


He loved to drive his Jaguar


So welcome to the machine"


These words to me say, that no matter what you have in mind for your music career, we (the music industry) will shape your dream into something that is fake, materialistic, and has totally nothing to do with your self-expression through music.


One thing that music industry does to musicians is present to them fake things such as money clothes, sex, and a fraudulent power. The fourth song, "Wish You Were Here", to me, is asking "Can you tell the difference between something that is real and something that is fake?" (With respect to the music industry). The first two verses go


"So, so you think you can tell heaven from hell, blue skies from pain


Can you tell a green field from a cold steel rail? A smile from a veil,


Do you think you can tell?


And did they get you to trade your heroes for ghosts? Hot ashes for tees?


Hot air for a cool breeze? Cold comfort for change?


And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead-role in a cage?'


One can see that the writer is asking someone if they can tell the difference between two things. I believe that these things symbolize real objects in the real world and fake things from the music industry. The line that stirs up the greatest emotions in me is the last line in the second verse. "…a walk on part in the war…" refers to a person's choice to remain independent of control and use that to make a difference. While the next part of the line is, "…for a lead role in the cage?" refers to the fact that you may become a big star but you have no control over your individuality.


I myself do not believe I will be I the music industry when Im older. But because of Pink Floyd's album "Wish You Were Here" I know the dangers and wrong doings of the music industry.


Please note that this sample paper on Wish You Were Here is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Wish You Were Here, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Wish You Were Here will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Thursday, January 21, 2021

Song 74 from Pamphilia to Amphilanthus

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Throughout the course, English 1, there have been many themes and ideas introduced through the texts which can be traced through most of the literary periods examined in the course. Some of these themes include religions for example in Beowulf, the notion of heroes which one can see in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, morality in Everyman and The Paradise Lost, Metaphysical Poetry in most of the works of John Donne, and finally Petrarchan Love. In the early 16th century many of the works written were Petrarchan Sonnets. These sonnets show the notion of one sided or unrequited love. In almost all of the works read in this course, for example, works by Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sidney, from Atrophil & Stella and Amoretti, and Shakespeare's sonnets, Petrarchan love was shown as a male speaker in love with a female object. The female is usually blond and blue eyed and beautiful, very pure looking. This love is platonic, as the woman shows no love for the male in return. The man is portrayed as in love and the woman is portrayed as cruel and senseless since she will always turn down the male. Mary Wroth was the first woman to have a collection of Petrarchan love poetry published which was Pamphilia to Amphilanthus in 161.


Mary Sidney Worth's life was a hardship filled with broken hearts, lost loves, and struggles. It is obvious in many of Mary's writings that she was using her own broken loves and life's experiences. In many of her pomes she uses issues taken from her own life. Pamphilia to Amphilantnus is about many stories of women disappointed in love because of being married off by their families to the wrong man, as she was to her husband. Worth's romances were mainly those of subjection, limitation and envy. She spent her life trying to overcome these obstacles and the men in her life. You can see some of these some struggles in her characters.


The Petrarchan poem centers on its fragile and self-obsessed I. Part of the power of Petrarchism had traditionally been that it encouraged its readers to acknowledge that the self that writes feels not harmony but continual dissatisfaction. Except under the most stringent ideological constraints the Petrarchan I is always under attack, always liable to be surprised by change, dislocated by the pull of impossible futures and indelible pasts. In Wroths case this painful discovery is all the more threatening because of the way the poems highlight the dilemmas of her gender assignment.


In the Petrarchan scheme the lover typically asserts that he becomes the victim of the power of the beloved. From such a systematization of the dynamics of desire, it seems that only two possible gender positions are possible, one of rapacious domination, the other of docile submission. Yet though the (male) lover may assert that he is trapped or paralyzed by the power of the (female) beloved, he is inevitably the active participant he pursues, is called to public duties as courtier or soldier; he speaks out, hunts, fights, complains. A man has the independence to move, to be restless, unfaithful, or simply assume the freedom to move through the world; a woman remains at home, constant, reassuring, mothering. Wroths emphasis on Pamphilias constancy never removes her from this male fantasy in which a man assumes he may move, travel, or choose, and a woman stays at home. The womans role is to be the focus for his self-division and his physical and emotional restlessness. Moreover, her absence or coldness, while a matter for complaint, and the cause of his insecurity, is often the necessary stimulus for his being able to feel that self-division and to write about it.


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Mary Wroths poems constitute a major document in tracing the ways both assigned and lived gender roles were under pressure in the early seventeenth century. Not only does the poem I chose relate to many of the class themes such as love and petrarchan poetry, reading her poetry was very inspiring because of the fact that she was the first woman to get petrarchan poetry published.


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Wednesday, January 20, 2021

Criticisms of Freud

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Sigmund Freud, a renowned psychologist, was the founder of many controversial theories used to analyze and explore human personality and development. Many of them, for example the Oedipus complex or repression, are questionable in their validity. Despite the many arguments and attempts to prove or disprove Freud's theories, there is no assured evidence as to whether or not his theories are true.


The Oedipus complex is a concept based on an ancient story of Oedipus Rex who killed his Father to marry his Mother. Freud divided this complex into three stages Love/Hate where the young boy wants sexual satisfaction from his Mother, but has realized his Father is an obstacle and wants him to die; fear and renunciation, where the boy sees his Father as a threat and fears him (Projection has led to him believing his Father hates him and wants to castrate him); Renunciation and final victory, where the boy renounces his feelings, identifies with his Father and wants to emulate him instead of envying him. (It is similar to the Electra complex in women).


A common criticism of the Oedipus complex is that it does not apply to all situations. Freud stated that the Oedipus complex is present in all environments despite the living situation, and everyone experiences it. However, for example, in a household where there is no father or paternal figure present, who does the boy envy? One belief is that the absence of the father creates an unhealthy situation where the desires are satiated and the boy has the attention craved from his mother. Incest is supposedly a result of this situation. With the absence of the mother or the inability to identify with the father, homosexuality is said to be the result. Another criticism is the effect of cultural differences on the individual. Cultures where the male holds the maternal relationship and the female is the disciplinary figure, there was no observed hatred or conflict between the son and father. Freud said that the father still should be the sexual villain, but this situation did not exemplify that theory.


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In my own analysis of the Oedipus complex, my views are not completely parallel with the neo-Freudians, however there are some similarities. In our common culture, divorce rates and single parent families have increased since Freud's time. If the Oedipus complex were in fact true, wouldn't there be a higher rate of incest? It is less likely during our generation that the circumstances favorable for a successful completion of the complex can be fulfilled now, due to the different family arrangements. As said by Glietman, (pg. 57) "The Oedipus conflict is not universal but depends upon cultural variations in the family constellation." I agree, and believe that the Oedipus complex varies with the situation and does not necessarily occur in every person. However, if it does occur, it does not always have to follow through the way Freud described, and yet a person can still become sexually and emotionally stable. I don't think it is an essential aspect in the psychosexual development. For example, homosexuality is not based on your living situation; a person living with both parents could be homosexual. Freud indirectly proposed that all of our thoughts are driven by repressed sexual urges, which is a quite farfetched idea. Not everything can be based on psychosexual development, therefore not every aspect of the Oedipus complex can be a direct reflection of our future lives. Perhaps the Oedipus complex would have been a valid explanation for behavior during Freud's time, but his reasoning in this era is now obsolete.


According to Freud, The state in which the ideas existed before being made conscious is called by us repression and we assert that the force which instituted the repression and maintains it is perceived as resistance during the work of analysis (Freud, 1/161). In other words, repression is the temporary "hiding" of painful information in the subconscious that can potentially be dangerous when dealt with in the conscious state. Repression often leads to anxiety and sometimes so hard to handle, leading a normal life becomes nearly impossible.


Neo-Freudians argue that repression may not always be a defense mechanism to prevent the mind from something bad, it is just often misplaced and takes certain triggers to bring them up again. Our constant unconscious conflict does not always use repression to store away the harmful memories, it can store away insignificant details such as the street you lived in that you have now forgotten. Revisiting where you lived can remind you of the street name you have forgotten. Neo-Freudians also say that instead of anxiety being a result of repression, repression occurs to prevent anxiety. But then how can one be sure that the thought is really associated with anxiety?


Although, like most of Freud's theories, there is no substantial evidence proving they exist, I agree with the theory of repression. When we touch a burning stove, it is our body's natural reaction to pull away. This is comparable to repression where our mind senses an unsafe situation and represses the memories in order to protect the individual. Perhaps the reason there is conflict about repression is because it was never clearly defined. "Forgetfulness" and "Repression" are two different things, but are often confused with each other. In my perspective, repression is the storing away of unbearable and harmful memories that are too much for the person to deal with, and is brought forth at catharsis. Forgetfulness is when the mind misplaces information, but easily can be brought up again without painful feelings. I believe that the mind and body work together to protect the human being from being hurt, using repression, reflexes or other mechanisms.


To conclude, Freud's theories in psychoanalysis is often debatable among neo-Freudians and Freudians, however, the reliability of his theories can only be determined by the time period and the specific instance that is given. There is no universal statement that can be said about the personality development of all individuals; it varies from person to person. Freud attempted to make a general analysis of people, but his ideas were often rejected because there was no proof. In order for the Oedipus complex to be proven true, there would have to be a complete study on the childhood personality and the adulthood development of each person living for it to be completely accurate. Likewise with repression, various studies must be done. Many neo-Freudians can argue about the lack of proof confirming Freud's theories, however there is still an almost equal lack of proof confirming whether his theories aren't true.


Please note that this sample paper on Criticisms of Freud is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Criticisms of Freud, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Criticisms of Freud will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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CORPORATE GREED

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CORPORATE GREED


To fully understand how the business culture has acquired the greed mindset, a look at what a corporation is and defining corporate behavior becomes the starting point. First a corporation is defined as "an association of individuals, created by law and having an existence apart from that of its members as well as distinct and inherent powers and liabilities (Webster Dictionary)." Although made up of people, being separate or apart from its members also equals unaccountability. The question of "who pays when a company goes under" is at the forefront of discussions today. Corporations are developed to serve society, meet a need or provide a service. Over the years, however, the good intentioned corporation has evolved into a greed machine that has lost site of the community that it serves and the people employed who ultimately perform the work. The steady parade of top executives confessing to engage in price gouging, tax dodges, accounting shams, employee rip-offs, and other shady unacceptable acts are coming to light daily. Unethical and illegal practices are documented from the RJR Nabisco scandals in 188 to today's Enron, WorldCom, Merrill Lynch, Arthur Anderson, Xerox, and endless other corporations. The world realizes now that corporate greed is not about one-bad company, but large companies in general that have adopted unacceptable guidelines for corporate behavior and an overall attitude that greed is acceptable.


The bottom line, insatiable need for growth, amoral corporate behavior, expendable and exploitation of employees, and the corporate culture of classes have all led to the current issues of corporate greed that is running rampant throughout companies today (Corporate Power, retrieved April 6, 00). The first rule of corporate behavior is the bottom line. Nothing else matters except the profit, it is above all else, the measure of whether or not the top executive is performing. Secondly, growth matters. Executive success is measured by how a company grows. Amoral corporate behavior is the third aspect of declining company culture. Employees are pitted against each other and compete in an atmosphere of "just get the job done we don't care how". Companies have reduced themselves to dehumanizing and exploiting the worker as they adopt the attitude that the employee is an expendable commodity in their big machine. Although the worker gets paid a wage, the owner gets the benefit of their labors, plus the surplus profit that has been produced (Corporate Power, retrieved April 6, 00). The last aspect of corporate behavior that has contributed to the corporate greed mindset is the hierarchy structure of the company. Corporate culture is divided into classes, the haves and the have-nots. The haves have all the power, the exceedingly obscene salaries, the balloon parachutes, while the have-nots do not reap any of those benefits and are subject to employee corporate downsizing whenever the numbers are at risk for a company. These behaviors have slowly deteriorated corporations and are present in those companies at the forefront of the news today. The underlying ethic of greed has surfaced to define corporate success, and is now the underlying catalyst for corporate failure.


The RJR Nabisco $4 billion takeover shocked the nation and illustrates a perfect example of corporate greed. Chief Executive Officer, Ross Johnson, was the model of a modern business hero and is a perfect example of unethical corporate behavior. Hope Lampert (True Greed, 10) exposes Johnson as "a charismatic leader and the embodiment of the new non-company man, who focused strictly on the bottom line without sentimental attachment to people, products, or places." His behavior focused totally on ensuring that he came out on top. Johnson already had a history of profitably selling companies. In 188 he proposed initially that RJR Nabisco sell for less than it was worth, all the while knowing that he stood to make $00 million on the deal (Lampert, 10). Six weeks after his proposal, Johnson, who had been considered one of the most talented executives in America, became the epitome of true greed. The buy-out of this huge corporation exposed many executives that also fit the "corporate greed" definition. Possibly this was one of the first instances where the public became totally aware of the excesses of corporations. The production of a movie based on the buyout aided in the universal awareness of CEO wheeling and dealing behind the scenes. Today, the public furor over corporate greed and irresponsibility is at an all time high. It seems that companies are being exposed daily. Enron and WorldCom are two additional companies that are under public scrutiny and have further exposed the unreliability of corporations.


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Pick up any paper or business magazine today and Enron will be mentioned somewhere. It is the best example of a culture built on greed and deception to date and it will take years for the courts to determine who and what are to blame for the collapse. According to an article in Business Week, the off-balance-sheet, the mark-to-market accounting practices, and the money losing-badly run businesses around the world all led to the ultimate demise of Enron (Zellner, 00). The unethical practices in these three areas of running a business all clearly point to corporate greed at its best. According to Zellner (00), the off-balance-sheet financially aided Chief Financial Officer, Andrew S. Fastow and his cohorts while hiding Enron's deteriorating financial state. Add to that the easily manipulated "mark-to-market accounting practices that let Enron book revenue upfront on a long-term deal instead of spreading it out over years and you have created a false stream of information that completely alters the state of the company (Zellner, 00). Falsely reporting activities of the company is not only misleading to the stockholder, the public, and the employees that invest in the company, but in this case, it led to corporate disaster. The evidence of Enron's corporate greed has left the employees who lost their life savings and investments made in a company that they were led to believe was healthy, asking, "Who will pay for this deception?" Clearly the top CEO's were aware of the trouble and went to great lengths to cover it up. Follow-up questions are directed toward the accounting firms that are responsible for auditing the corporation. The unethical accounting practices should have been caught and disclosed by the accounting firms reviewing the books. These firms, Pricewaterhouse to name one, are under the spot light as well. Inappropriate financial reporting should have been obvious. As a result, the avalanche of corporate greed is headed for the accounting firms as well. After all, Arthur Anderson audited Enron's books, and Pricewaterhouse Cooper audited Tyco's books (Byrnes, 00). How does a company as reputable as PwC fail to catch the looting of $600 million by Chief Executive Officer C. Dennis Kozlowski and others from its investors? Additionally, how will Arthur Anderson explain their document shredding and the accounting practices of Enron? Exactly where the auditing firms stand in these business malpractice issues is another part of corporate greed. The accounting firm that accurately reports unethical accounting practices is possibly cutting off the hand that is paying them. Enron's corporate greed has been documented in several books. However, Googins' analysis reported in Brian Cruver's book "Anatomy of Greed" clearly illustrates the position that the company finds itself in today. He quotes,


When the house of Enron came tumbling down, it exposed the worst of corporate greed, misbehavior and citizenship. Enron betrayed its employees, it betrayed its clients, and, by inflaming the public's widely perceived notion that corporations cannot be trusted to do anything other than serve their own ends and line their own pockets, Enron betrayed all of corporate America. (p. xii)


Truly, the total disregard of ethical behavior is apparent in the activities of Enron's top executives. Another book, "Power Failure" by Mimi Swartz, address the activities that led to the collapse of Enron. Sherron Watkins is reported to be the catalyst that started the corporate tap-dancing to cover up inappropriate accounting practices. She was a vice president for Enron who interacted with all of the major players and reported to them discrepancies that she felt needed to be corrected. From 1 to 00, Enron's stock prices rose and fell like a roller coaster ride. Beginning in 1 the price of one share was $1.50, and reached its highest price of $0 a share in 000, before ultimately claiming bankruptcy (Swartz, 00). At the heart of Enron's fall is Andy Fastow whose deal-making, trader-oriented culture ultimately changed Enron's finance department. Mimi reports "Fastow transformed Enron's finance department into a 'profit center,' creating a honeycomb of financial entities to bolster Enron's 'profits,' while diverting tens of millions of dollars into his own pockets" (Swartz, 00). This is the clearest example of corporate greed and meets the definition exactly. Greed exists when executives knowingly disclose erroneous information that defrauds ordinary shareholders. Enron is not alone. Another corporate example is WorldCom.


WorldCom was a true success story about a company that grew from a tiny business in Mississippi into a 0-million customer global telecom superpower. However, millions of people around the world wondered how a company where the stock value had skyrocketed 7,000 percent in the 10s could fall so hard and so fast (Jeter, 00, p. xxi). The answers were apparent as the accounting scandal became public. Top WorldCom executives were meeting behind doors, scrambling to justify improper journal entries that totaled nearly $4 billion. As the investigation progressed unsuspecting employees and investors in the company found out that the earnings in 001 had been artificially boosted to impress shareholders and Wall Street. WorldCom filed the world's largest bankruptcy claim in corporate history. The nation's second largest long-distance provider, the largest competitive provider of local telephone services, the largest carrier of international traffic, and the world's largest Internet carrier with operations in some 100 countries on six continents had spiraled to its financial death (Jeter, 00). Greed was at the forefront of the decision making with this company also. Crafty account reporting helped to make the books look better. It was disclosed that one of the practices by WorldCom to make revenue look good was to record revenue from an account even it had fallen in arrears. WorldCom continued to book the revenues as if the customer had paid the debt. "By 1, WorldCom had accumulated more than $600 million in uncollectible receivables on its books" (Jeter, 00, p. 15). Deliberate falsifying of income skews the books and deceives the shareholder and the public into believing that the company is in better financial condition then it is, which translates to corporate greed. Here again, we clearly see an example of corporate greed where executives knowingly disclose erroneous information that defrauds people.


Upton Sinclair hits the nail on the head so-to-speak in this quote, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on his not understanding it" (Berenson, 00). As the ongoing analysis of corporate America continues it is apparent that corporate greed is the common thread that connects companies like Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and numerous others. The facts are that publicly traded companies report sales and profits to their shareholders and the public on a quarterly basis. The pressure for that report to be profitable is key to company success. Top executives have lost site of what is right and it has caused devastating results across corporate America. Alex Berenson has put the last three years of accounting fraud and corporate greed in context as he describes how the past decades of lax standards and shady practices have contributed to our current economic troubles (Berenson, 00). Top chief executive officers that run these large companies are compensated well. As the quote at the beginning of the paragraph suggests, it is difficult to blow the whistle when your own pocketbook will be financially affected. An article retrieved from the Internet discloses that corporate executives in America were paid an average of $.5 million each in 181, and 1 years later, top CEO's are paid an average of $154 million ("Corporate America's", retrieved 00, April 0). It is hard to accept that the work done warrants 4% higher pay for the services of a chief executive officer. Clear examples of corporate greed become obvious when newspapers report that thousands of employees lose their jobs but the chief executive officer has a "golden parachute" that has compensated him in the millions regardless of the company's income statement. Enron's chief executive office, Kenneth Lay, hid more than a billion dollars in debt from investors without going to jail ("Corporate America's", retrieved 00, April 0). At WorldCom, 17,000 jobs were lost, profits were overstated by $.8 billion, and their accounting fraud cost shareholders some $150 billion (Sanders, retrieved April ,00). The question of what to do about corporate greed is at the forefront of discussions today. Most likely it will become a campaign issue for those running for President in our upcoming election. Greed is excessive desire, and drawing the line between legitimate compensation and excessive is clearly confusing. Corporate greed then is the means by which the compensation earned has been achieved. It is the behavior that should be measured that will define excessive. Corporate greed occurs when lies, cheating, and stealing are done in the name of company progress. Financial success alone does not equal corporate greed, but when millions are generated falsely by fraud, that is greed and someone should pay for it.


References


Byrnes, N. (00, October 14). Is the avalanche headed for Pricewaterhouse? Business Week, pp 45 46.


Corporate America's top chief executive officers of July 000". Retrieved April 0, 00 from


http//www.fdungan.com/stickhtm.


Corporate power. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6,00,from http//www.spiritone.com/gy5150/cpg.htm.


Cruver, B. (00). Anatomy of Greed. New York Carroll & Graf Publishers.


Jeter, L. (00). Disconnected deceit and betrayal at Worldcom. New Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Lampert, H. (10). True greed. New York New American Library.


Sanders, B.(n.d.). We must stop the culture of corporate greed. Retrieved from


http//bernie.house.gov/documents/opeds/00071118147.asp.


Scannell, K. (00, April 17). WorldCom ex-chief of finance faces new bank fraud charges.


The Wall Street Journal, p. 8.


Swartz, M., with Watkins, S. (00). Power Failure. New York Doubleday.


Zellner, W. (00, October). The deadly sins of Enron. Business Week, pp. 6 8.


Please note that this sample paper on CORPORATE GREED is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on CORPORATE GREED, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on CORPORATE GREED will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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