Criticisms of Freud

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Sigmund Freud, a renowned psychologist, was the founder of many controversial theories used to analyze and explore human personality and development. Many of them, for example the Oedipus complex or repression, are questionable in their validity. Despite the many arguments and attempts to prove or disprove Freud's theories, there is no assured evidence as to whether or not his theories are true.

The Oedipus complex is a concept based on an ancient story of Oedipus Rex who killed his Father to marry his Mother. Freud divided this complex into three stages Love/Hate where the young boy wants sexual satisfaction from his Mother, but has realized his Father is an obstacle and wants him to die; fear and renunciation, where the boy sees his Father as a threat and fears him (Projection has led to him believing his Father hates him and wants to castrate him); Renunciation and final victory, where the boy renounces his feelings, identifies with his Father and wants to emulate him instead of envying him. (It is similar to the Electra complex in women).

A common criticism of the Oedipus complex is that it does not apply to all situations. Freud stated that the Oedipus complex is present in all environments despite the living situation, and everyone experiences it. However, for example, in a household where there is no father or paternal figure present, who does the boy envy? One belief is that the absence of the father creates an unhealthy situation where the desires are satiated and the boy has the attention craved from his mother. Incest is supposedly a result of this situation. With the absence of the mother or the inability to identify with the father, homosexuality is said to be the result. Another criticism is the effect of cultural differences on the individual. Cultures where the male holds the maternal relationship and the female is the disciplinary figure, there was no observed hatred or conflict between the son and father. Freud said that the father still should be the sexual villain, but this situation did not exemplify that theory.

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In my own analysis of the Oedipus complex, my views are not completely parallel with the neo-Freudians, however there are some similarities. In our common culture, divorce rates and single parent families have increased since Freud's time. If the Oedipus complex were in fact true, wouldn't there be a higher rate of incest? It is less likely during our generation that the circumstances favorable for a successful completion of the complex can be fulfilled now, due to the different family arrangements. As said by Glietman, (pg. 57) "The Oedipus conflict is not universal but depends upon cultural variations in the family constellation." I agree, and believe that the Oedipus complex varies with the situation and does not necessarily occur in every person. However, if it does occur, it does not always have to follow through the way Freud described, and yet a person can still become sexually and emotionally stable. I don't think it is an essential aspect in the psychosexual development. For example, homosexuality is not based on your living situation; a person living with both parents could be homosexual. Freud indirectly proposed that all of our thoughts are driven by repressed sexual urges, which is a quite farfetched idea. Not everything can be based on psychosexual development, therefore not every aspect of the Oedipus complex can be a direct reflection of our future lives. Perhaps the Oedipus complex would have been a valid explanation for behavior during Freud's time, but his reasoning in this era is now obsolete.

According to Freud, The state in which the ideas existed before being made conscious is called by us repression and we assert that the force which instituted the repression and maintains it is perceived as resistance during the work of analysis (Freud, 1/161). In other words, repression is the temporary "hiding" of painful information in the subconscious that can potentially be dangerous when dealt with in the conscious state. Repression often leads to anxiety and sometimes so hard to handle, leading a normal life becomes nearly impossible.

Neo-Freudians argue that repression may not always be a defense mechanism to prevent the mind from something bad, it is just often misplaced and takes certain triggers to bring them up again. Our constant unconscious conflict does not always use repression to store away the harmful memories, it can store away insignificant details such as the street you lived in that you have now forgotten. Revisiting where you lived can remind you of the street name you have forgotten. Neo-Freudians also say that instead of anxiety being a result of repression, repression occurs to prevent anxiety. But then how can one be sure that the thought is really associated with anxiety?

Although, like most of Freud's theories, there is no substantial evidence proving they exist, I agree with the theory of repression. When we touch a burning stove, it is our body's natural reaction to pull away. This is comparable to repression where our mind senses an unsafe situation and represses the memories in order to protect the individual. Perhaps the reason there is conflict about repression is because it was never clearly defined. "Forgetfulness" and "Repression" are two different things, but are often confused with each other. In my perspective, repression is the storing away of unbearable and harmful memories that are too much for the person to deal with, and is brought forth at catharsis. Forgetfulness is when the mind misplaces information, but easily can be brought up again without painful feelings. I believe that the mind and body work together to protect the human being from being hurt, using repression, reflexes or other mechanisms.

To conclude, Freud's theories in psychoanalysis is often debatable among neo-Freudians and Freudians, however, the reliability of his theories can only be determined by the time period and the specific instance that is given. There is no universal statement that can be said about the personality development of all individuals; it varies from person to person. Freud attempted to make a general analysis of people, but his ideas were often rejected because there was no proof. In order for the Oedipus complex to be proven true, there would have to be a complete study on the childhood personality and the adulthood development of each person living for it to be completely accurate. Likewise with repression, various studies must be done. Many neo-Freudians can argue about the lack of proof confirming Freud's theories, however there is still an almost equal lack of proof confirming whether his theories aren't true.

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CORPORATE GREED

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CORPORATE GREED

To fully understand how the business culture has acquired the greed mindset, a look at what a corporation is and defining corporate behavior becomes the starting point. First a corporation is defined as "an association of individuals, created by law and having an existence apart from that of its members as well as distinct and inherent powers and liabilities (Webster Dictionary)." Although made up of people, being separate or apart from its members also equals unaccountability. The question of "who pays when a company goes under" is at the forefront of discussions today. Corporations are developed to serve society, meet a need or provide a service. Over the years, however, the good intentioned corporation has evolved into a greed machine that has lost site of the community that it serves and the people employed who ultimately perform the work. The steady parade of top executives confessing to engage in price gouging, tax dodges, accounting shams, employee rip-offs, and other shady unacceptable acts are coming to light daily. Unethical and illegal practices are documented from the RJR Nabisco scandals in 188 to today's Enron, WorldCom, Merrill Lynch, Arthur Anderson, Xerox, and endless other corporations. The world realizes now that corporate greed is not about one-bad company, but large companies in general that have adopted unacceptable guidelines for corporate behavior and an overall attitude that greed is acceptable.

The bottom line, insatiable need for growth, amoral corporate behavior, expendable and exploitation of employees, and the corporate culture of classes have all led to the current issues of corporate greed that is running rampant throughout companies today (Corporate Power, retrieved April 6, 00). The first rule of corporate behavior is the bottom line. Nothing else matters except the profit, it is above all else, the measure of whether or not the top executive is performing. Secondly, growth matters. Executive success is measured by how a company grows. Amoral corporate behavior is the third aspect of declining company culture. Employees are pitted against each other and compete in an atmosphere of "just get the job done we don't care how". Companies have reduced themselves to dehumanizing and exploiting the worker as they adopt the attitude that the employee is an expendable commodity in their big machine. Although the worker gets paid a wage, the owner gets the benefit of their labors, plus the surplus profit that has been produced (Corporate Power, retrieved April 6, 00). The last aspect of corporate behavior that has contributed to the corporate greed mindset is the hierarchy structure of the company. Corporate culture is divided into classes, the haves and the have-nots. The haves have all the power, the exceedingly obscene salaries, the balloon parachutes, while the have-nots do not reap any of those benefits and are subject to employee corporate downsizing whenever the numbers are at risk for a company. These behaviors have slowly deteriorated corporations and are present in those companies at the forefront of the news today. The underlying ethic of greed has surfaced to define corporate success, and is now the underlying catalyst for corporate failure.

The RJR Nabisco $4 billion takeover shocked the nation and illustrates a perfect example of corporate greed. Chief Executive Officer, Ross Johnson, was the model of a modern business hero and is a perfect example of unethical corporate behavior. Hope Lampert (True Greed, 10) exposes Johnson as "a charismatic leader and the embodiment of the new non-company man, who focused strictly on the bottom line without sentimental attachment to people, products, or places." His behavior focused totally on ensuring that he came out on top. Johnson already had a history of profitably selling companies. In 188 he proposed initially that RJR Nabisco sell for less than it was worth, all the while knowing that he stood to make $00 million on the deal (Lampert, 10). Six weeks after his proposal, Johnson, who had been considered one of the most talented executives in America, became the epitome of true greed. The buy-out of this huge corporation exposed many executives that also fit the "corporate greed" definition. Possibly this was one of the first instances where the public became totally aware of the excesses of corporations. The production of a movie based on the buyout aided in the universal awareness of CEO wheeling and dealing behind the scenes. Today, the public furor over corporate greed and irresponsibility is at an all time high. It seems that companies are being exposed daily. Enron and WorldCom are two additional companies that are under public scrutiny and have further exposed the unreliability of corporations.

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Pick up any paper or business magazine today and Enron will be mentioned somewhere. It is the best example of a culture built on greed and deception to date and it will take years for the courts to determine who and what are to blame for the collapse. According to an article in Business Week, the off-balance-sheet, the mark-to-market accounting practices, and the money losing-badly run businesses around the world all led to the ultimate demise of Enron (Zellner, 00). The unethical practices in these three areas of running a business all clearly point to corporate greed at its best. According to Zellner (00), the off-balance-sheet financially aided Chief Financial Officer, Andrew S. Fastow and his cohorts while hiding Enron's deteriorating financial state. Add to that the easily manipulated "mark-to-market accounting practices that let Enron book revenue upfront on a long-term deal instead of spreading it out over years and you have created a false stream of information that completely alters the state of the company (Zellner, 00). Falsely reporting activities of the company is not only misleading to the stockholder, the public, and the employees that invest in the company, but in this case, it led to corporate disaster. The evidence of Enron's corporate greed has left the employees who lost their life savings and investments made in a company that they were led to believe was healthy, asking, "Who will pay for this deception?" Clearly the top CEO's were aware of the trouble and went to great lengths to cover it up. Follow-up questions are directed toward the accounting firms that are responsible for auditing the corporation. The unethical accounting practices should have been caught and disclosed by the accounting firms reviewing the books. These firms, Pricewaterhouse to name one, are under the spot light as well. Inappropriate financial reporting should have been obvious. As a result, the avalanche of corporate greed is headed for the accounting firms as well. After all, Arthur Anderson audited Enron's books, and Pricewaterhouse Cooper audited Tyco's books (Byrnes, 00). How does a company as reputable as PwC fail to catch the looting of $600 million by Chief Executive Officer C. Dennis Kozlowski and others from its investors? Additionally, how will Arthur Anderson explain their document shredding and the accounting practices of Enron? Exactly where the auditing firms stand in these business malpractice issues is another part of corporate greed. The accounting firm that accurately reports unethical accounting practices is possibly cutting off the hand that is paying them. Enron's corporate greed has been documented in several books. However, Googins' analysis reported in Brian Cruver's book "Anatomy of Greed" clearly illustrates the position that the company finds itself in today. He quotes,

When the house of Enron came tumbling down, it exposed the worst of corporate greed, misbehavior and citizenship. Enron betrayed its employees, it betrayed its clients, and, by inflaming the public's widely perceived notion that corporations cannot be trusted to do anything other than serve their own ends and line their own pockets, Enron betrayed all of corporate America. (p. xii)

Truly, the total disregard of ethical behavior is apparent in the activities of Enron's top executives. Another book, "Power Failure" by Mimi Swartz, address the activities that led to the collapse of Enron. Sherron Watkins is reported to be the catalyst that started the corporate tap-dancing to cover up inappropriate accounting practices. She was a vice president for Enron who interacted with all of the major players and reported to them discrepancies that she felt needed to be corrected. From 1 to 00, Enron's stock prices rose and fell like a roller coaster ride. Beginning in 1 the price of one share was $1.50, and reached its highest price of $0 a share in 000, before ultimately claiming bankruptcy (Swartz, 00). At the heart of Enron's fall is Andy Fastow whose deal-making, trader-oriented culture ultimately changed Enron's finance department. Mimi reports "Fastow transformed Enron's finance department into a 'profit center,' creating a honeycomb of financial entities to bolster Enron's 'profits,' while diverting tens of millions of dollars into his own pockets" (Swartz, 00). This is the clearest example of corporate greed and meets the definition exactly. Greed exists when executives knowingly disclose erroneous information that defrauds ordinary shareholders. Enron is not alone. Another corporate example is WorldCom.

WorldCom was a true success story about a company that grew from a tiny business in Mississippi into a 0-million customer global telecom superpower. However, millions of people around the world wondered how a company where the stock value had skyrocketed 7,000 percent in the 10s could fall so hard and so fast (Jeter, 00, p. xxi). The answers were apparent as the accounting scandal became public. Top WorldCom executives were meeting behind doors, scrambling to justify improper journal entries that totaled nearly $4 billion. As the investigation progressed unsuspecting employees and investors in the company found out that the earnings in 001 had been artificially boosted to impress shareholders and Wall Street. WorldCom filed the world's largest bankruptcy claim in corporate history. The nation's second largest long-distance provider, the largest competitive provider of local telephone services, the largest carrier of international traffic, and the world's largest Internet carrier with operations in some 100 countries on six continents had spiraled to its financial death (Jeter, 00). Greed was at the forefront of the decision making with this company also. Crafty account reporting helped to make the books look better. It was disclosed that one of the practices by WorldCom to make revenue look good was to record revenue from an account even it had fallen in arrears. WorldCom continued to book the revenues as if the customer had paid the debt. "By 1, WorldCom had accumulated more than $600 million in uncollectible receivables on its books" (Jeter, 00, p. 15). Deliberate falsifying of income skews the books and deceives the shareholder and the public into believing that the company is in better financial condition then it is, which translates to corporate greed. Here again, we clearly see an example of corporate greed where executives knowingly disclose erroneous information that defrauds people.

Upton Sinclair hits the nail on the head so-to-speak in this quote, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on his not understanding it" (Berenson, 00). As the ongoing analysis of corporate America continues it is apparent that corporate greed is the common thread that connects companies like Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and numerous others. The facts are that publicly traded companies report sales and profits to their shareholders and the public on a quarterly basis. The pressure for that report to be profitable is key to company success. Top executives have lost site of what is right and it has caused devastating results across corporate America. Alex Berenson has put the last three years of accounting fraud and corporate greed in context as he describes how the past decades of lax standards and shady practices have contributed to our current economic troubles (Berenson, 00). Top chief executive officers that run these large companies are compensated well. As the quote at the beginning of the paragraph suggests, it is difficult to blow the whistle when your own pocketbook will be financially affected. An article retrieved from the Internet discloses that corporate executives in America were paid an average of $.5 million each in 181, and 1 years later, top CEO's are paid an average of $154 million ("Corporate America's", retrieved 00, April 0). It is hard to accept that the work done warrants 4% higher pay for the services of a chief executive officer. Clear examples of corporate greed become obvious when newspapers report that thousands of employees lose their jobs but the chief executive officer has a "golden parachute" that has compensated him in the millions regardless of the company's income statement. Enron's chief executive office, Kenneth Lay, hid more than a billion dollars in debt from investors without going to jail ("Corporate America's", retrieved 00, April 0). At WorldCom, 17,000 jobs were lost, profits were overstated by $.8 billion, and their accounting fraud cost shareholders some $150 billion (Sanders, retrieved April ,00). The question of what to do about corporate greed is at the forefront of discussions today. Most likely it will become a campaign issue for those running for President in our upcoming election. Greed is excessive desire, and drawing the line between legitimate compensation and excessive is clearly confusing. Corporate greed then is the means by which the compensation earned has been achieved. It is the behavior that should be measured that will define excessive. Corporate greed occurs when lies, cheating, and stealing are done in the name of company progress. Financial success alone does not equal corporate greed, but when millions are generated falsely by fraud, that is greed and someone should pay for it.

References

Byrnes, N. (00, October 14). Is the avalanche headed for Pricewaterhouse? Business Week, pp 45 46.

Corporate America's top chief executive officers of July 000". Retrieved April 0, 00 from

http//www.fdungan.com/stickhtm.

Corporate power. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6,00,from http//www.spiritone.com/gy5150/cpg.htm.

Cruver, B. (00). Anatomy of Greed. New York Carroll & Graf Publishers.

Jeter, L. (00). Disconnected deceit and betrayal at Worldcom. New Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lampert, H. (10). True greed. New York New American Library.

Sanders, B.(n.d.). We must stop the culture of corporate greed. Retrieved from

http//bernie.house.gov/documents/opeds/00071118147.asp.

Scannell, K. (00, April 17). WorldCom ex-chief of finance faces new bank fraud charges.

The Wall Street Journal, p. 8.

Swartz, M., with Watkins, S. (00). Power Failure. New York Doubleday.

Zellner, W. (00, October). The deadly sins of Enron. Business Week, pp. 6 8.

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Culture

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Culture. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Culture paper right on time.

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Culture is a really interesting an unique thing of each country. I will tell you about my culture.

I am from Vietnam. Our country has a long standing history and there are many precious values have been preserved. One of them is the respect for education.

In those days, all talented people were appreciated and trained. All teachers were respected. And until today, we often celebrate Teachers Day every year.

Nowsadays, when technology is more and more developed, education is even more important. The respect for education therefore will endure forever.

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Culture is a really interesting an unique thing of each country. I will tell you about my culture.

I am from Vietnam. Our country has a long standing history and there are many precious values have been preserved. One of them is the respect for education.

In those days, all talented people were appreciated and trained. All teachers were respected. And until today, we often celebrate Teachers Day every year.

Nowsadays, when technology is more and more developed, education is even more important. The respect for education therefore will endure forever.

Randle Patrick McMurphy is a free spirit. Hes loud, rough, rude and crude, and hes been confined to the halls of a mental institution for crimes hes committed. McMurphy finds himself quickly at odds with Nurse Ratchett who, as the head nurse of the institution, runs the wards with an iron hand loaded with cold, brutal efficiency. Before McMurphy arrives, the residents shuffle through their daily routines in varying stages of stupor. After the rebellious inmate arrives, Nurse Ratchetts web of control begins to slowly unravel.

What starts as good-natured fun turns into a grim struggle for control over the hearts and minds of the other patients. Narrated by Big Chief, an outwardly mute native American of gigantic size, McMurphys antics slowly begins to give back to his fellow patients the humanity stolen from them by institutionalization.

Vivid in its depiction of events and unrelenting in its message, One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest is a powerful and gritty read. Kesey drives home the point that, without freedom, man is reduced to something less than human and, as his heros campaign proceeds, the other inmates begin to enjoy the taste of rebellion and start to push their own limits. It becomes clear McMurphy and Nurse Ratchett will never live in harmony and there can be only one ultimate result.

Most people are familiar with the film, starring Jack Nicholson, but it is certainly worth taking the time to read the book on which the film was based.

Please note that this sample paper on Culture is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Culture, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Culture will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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School Start DateAn Economic Prospective

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Traditionally, Labor Day for Americans marked the end of summer and the beginning of the academic school year. This was true until April 18, when the National Commission on Education released a report titled "A Nation at Risk". The report raised concerns throughout the nation about the quality of education for our children compared to students in other industrialized nations who were outperforming American students. The report stated, "International comparisons of student achievement reveal that on nineteen academic tests American students were never first or second and, in comparison with other industrialized nations, were last seven times."

This report led to a movement for American schools to become more accountable for how much our students learn. As the states attempted to become more accountable, they had to look for ways to measure student achievement. Many of the schools decided to accomplish this by testing students before winter break. Schools discovered that having students take an achievement test before winter break resulted in better scores. However, this schedule forces an earlier start date in the fall for schools because schools want to give the achievement test halfway though the school year and there are not 0 days of school between Labor Day and Christmas. So, a trend toward moving up the start date began.

The dilemma that many states, including South Carolina, are running into is that the summer season is being cut short due to the earlier start. The issue currently in debate in South Carolina is whether or not to uniformly change the academic school start date to fall more in line with Labor Day.

Changing the school start date will not affect how many days students attend school. It will only change the school's calendar start and end dates. As school districts have started the school year earlier, it has not been done uniformly throughout the state. The state of South Carolina has a total of 86 school districts and each district decides when they will start the school year. Some schools start as early as August 6, while others start August 0 and end as early as May 17 to May 4.

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Early school start dates have shortened the summer tourist season from three months to two. South Carolina schools are currently starting two weeks before the end of the summer season, and ending two weeks before the summer season begins. This is impacting the South Carolina economy. Representative JoAnne Gilham, R-Hilton Head Island, tried to make that case. She said, "Losses are substantial to tourism, as well as state coffers." She recently looked at a unit in Litchfield where weekly rentals dropped from 1 weeks a year to eight over the past few years. "We've got to be cognizant of the dollars that we are losing tourism wise," Gilham stated to The Sun News April 18, 00.

Ashby Ward, president of the Myrtle Beach Area Chamber of Commerce stated, "Our economy goes down about $1 million a day, from 00,000 visitors to 100,000 in a sudden drop-off as school start in early August." (The Sun News June 1, 00)

The travel and tourism industry depends on the peak summer season to make up for lost revenues that have occurred during the rest of the year. During the off-season, capital sits idle raising little to no income. This puts a strain on the owners and the economy. In order to make up for the loss of income incurred during the off-season, the travel and tourism industries have to support their investment during the peak season. The effect of the summer season being condensed creates more crowding, higher prices, and a higher concentrated use of capital resources.

Another effect is that the summer seasonal establishments must rearrange their training schedules to suit the availability of employees, which causes less time to provide adequate training, produces more overtime, and generally creates less than ideal conditions.

In order for seasonal attractions to successfully operate in a shorter period of time and employ sufficient numbers of high school and college age employees, they must offer higher wages. This is necessary to attract quality employees away from other businesses. For example, quality employees are important in amusement parks, water parks and campgrounds, where safety is a key issue. By condensing the summer season, high school and college workers are constrained to work fewer hours during the year, causing a reduction of their over all total average wages.

Another effect of the shortened summer season is that the overall employment of high school and college students by the tourism industry is reduced. High school and college students must return to school. As a result, this leaves the industry short handed during the two weeks before the season has ended, and places a strain on the employees left behind to meet the public demand for service. When demand collapses for lodging, restaurants, and other retail establishment seasonal workers are no longer needed. The employment loss results in a reduction of personal income for those individuals.

"Travel and tourism is one of the largest industries and employers in South Carolina, generating 4.6 percent of gross state product and 11,700 jobs in 000. Tourism is also a major government revenue producer, accounting for nearly $600 million of taxes in 000." Source WTTC/WEFA Report South Carolina, The Impact of Travel and Tourism on Jobs and the Economy http//www.discoversouthcarolina.com/documentbin/pdf/wttc.pdf

"The Myrtle Beach area is about a third of the total tourism economy in the state, so that's about a $60 million loss a day statewide in tourism revenue," Ward stated to the Sun News Jun 1, 00.

Some of the industries that are heavily impacted by tourism include hotel, motels campgrounds, restaurants, night clubs, amusement parks, sporting attractions (including golf and tennis), air transportation, personal services, auto rental and leasing, apparel and accessory stores, other retail establishments, hospitals, business services, real estate, maintenance and repair. Source United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Overall, reducing the peak summer season from three months to two is significantly impacting one of the largest industries in the state, the travel and tourism industry, causing higher prices for consumers, and fewer revenues for business owners and the state. It is also providing less income to employees in that industry. To paraphrase Representative Mark Kelley, R-Myrtle Beach, what we need to do is to balance education with the economy.

Please note that this sample paper on School Start DateAn Economic Prospective is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on School Start DateAn Economic Prospective, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on School Start DateAn Economic Prospective will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The War On Drugs

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The War On Drugs. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The War On Drugs paper right on time.

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It is virtually impossible today to be unaware of the prevalence of illicit drugs in American society. Much has been said and done to decrease drug use, yet America's intractable drug problem continues to affect all levels of society, from high government officials to inner city dwellers. Although the government allocates billions of dollars every year to decrease drug use and stop drug trafficking, addiction and violent crime associated with the drug culture continue to plague America. One of the many tactics the American government has used in its attempts to deter drug production and use has been to use the United States military as law enforcement. The military has hardly been in the drug war for thirty years, but throughout time it's role has increased. The United States military has been used to collect intelligence data, transport civilian law enforcement personal, shoot at suspected smugglers' boats and ships, engage in hot pursuit of such smugglers, and has also been used as surveillance in order to destroy drug producing areas or labs (Mabry 75). However, such methods will cause problems and seem to be ineffective as well, as incarceration for drug related crimes has increased, which could mean drug use is increasing. Despite all of the hurdles that stand in the way, the United States continues to use it's military and billions of it's dollars to terminate drug trafficking and use.

Throughout this paper, I intend to show the various roles the United States military has undertaken in the war on drugs. The military has placed its hands into many responsibility's that were traditionally for civilian law enforcement. I plan to explain these various roles and give some specific citations. Although many of the operations the United States military has undertook were successful on the local level, on a national drug reduction and eradication level, they have little to no impact. We will also see how much money has been spent to send the

military on their expeditions against drugs, and how sending military into foreign governments has created tension and war like environments for these other countries. Of course these are not the only problems and issues that arise with inducting the military into civilian law enforcement duties such as drug problems. In the end, we will be able to draw the conclusion that using the military in the war on drugs is not the solution for illicit drug supply and demand.

To commence with, the war on drugs was officially declared by Richard Nixon in 168 during his presidential campaign ("Drug War Questions and Answers"). Nixon called drugs "the number one public enemy" (Gardner 1). Starting with Operation Intercept, an inspection program along the U.S./Mexican border in 16, the United States began to aggressively pursue a supply-side drug control strategy, meaning stopping drugs before they come into the U.S ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Approximately seventy percent of drug control funds have historically targeted supply side, and it was thought that by enlisting the military in supply side efforts would direct more resources and more energy at the source, thus reducing illicit drug supply ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Then in 170 "The Controlled Substance Act put marijuana, LSD, cocaine and other drugs on a schedule that significantly increased penalties for possession and trafficking, even for non-violent offenders" (Drug War Questions and Answers"). In 17 Nixon created a "superagency" to deal with all aspects of the drug problem, the DEA, or Drug Enforcement Agency (Gardner 1). "The U.S. federal anti-drug budget rose from $4 million in 171 to $1 million in 175" (Gardner ). During this time the military began to slowly and reluctantly increase its involvement in the campaign. As of 181 nothing was spent on military interdiction campaigns, but by 187 $8

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million was being poured into militarization against drugs ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). The early 180s were President Ronald Reagan's time of declaring war on drugs. No president spoke out more against drugs than President Reagan. No administration signed more anti-drug treaties or spent more money to stem the flow of drugs into this country. During the Reagan administration, mandatory minimum sentencing began ("Drug War Questions and Answers"). In the 180's restrictions were made to the Posse Comitatus Act, an act that prohibited the military from enforcing laws or acting as civilian police officers ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Congress eventually expanded the military's license to operate in drug control by voting to give the military the powers of search and seizure, and arrest outside the land area of the United States as long as military readiness was not affected (Mabry 6, 5). Missions of the military include

• Intelligence support provision of linguists for translations; conduct of intelligence analysis; analysis of data.

• Communications provision of equipment and support.

• Logistics provision of transport, helicopters and other aircraft; supply, maintenance, etc.

• Cargo and mail inspection at points of entry into the United States (which are generally not covered by Constitutional restrictions on search and seizure).

• Training of law enforcement personnel in military skills related to drug enforcement.

• Reconnaissance including aerial observation, sensors and ground surveillance.

(Miranda ). All this came at a good time as well, because by the late 180s the public was demanding the military to step in due to the raging crack epidemic. President Bush continued to promote militarization of drug efforts, stepping in where Nixon had left off. However, in the Clinton era, the military was ordered to scale back on their efforts in the war on drugs because

efforts to identify and track smugglers were not proving to be a cost effective way to keep drugs out of the United States ("Future Force"). Military

spending on counter narcotic activity decreased from about $1.14 billion in 1 to about $780 million projected in 17 ("Future Force").

The military has undertaken several operations throughout its history. One was in the late 170s; it was a U.S. supported aerial eradication campaign in Mexico, which was very successful in limiting the amount of marijuana imported into the United States ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). However, this success was one of short term. Another well-known campaign that the United States military was involved in was the 176 Operation Green Harvest, in Hawaii. Operation Green Harvest was highly secretive, and its purpose was to eradicate marijuana ("Secret Crackdown"). Green Harvest utilized manpower from the National Guard (as well as helicopters), the army, and the Coast Guard. Operation Green Harvest was and still is highly successful, despite the millions of dollars it requires to keep it going ("Secret Crackdown"). On the other hand, a 186 operation in Bolivia called Operation Blast Furnace was not so successful ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Blast Furnace employed 160 U.S. Army soldiers and six Blackhawk helicopters to help Bolivian security forces destroy cocaine-processing laboratories ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Operation Blast Furnace is said to be the largest U.S. military counter-drug operation in history; however, its efforts were short lived. Blast Furnace almost caused the downfall of the government due to a public protest. During the Bush Administration, an Andean campaign was started, with the unrealistic goals of after five years the complete elimination of

the coca problem in Latin America ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Obviously, if this campaign had been effective, America would not still have drug problems.

These are just a few of the military's expeditions against drugs, and they were not very effective on decreasing drug trafficking.

The military is being set up to fail. All available evidence indicates that interdiction efforts, whether by civilians or the military or both, are doomed to fail. The supply side of marijuana and cocaine is so large, and trafficking techniques so well organized and adaptable to changes in interdiction methods, that the success of the kind of measures proposed by Congress is doubtful (Mabry 70).

First of all the objectives given to the U.S. armed forces assisting in drug control efforts are a military strategist's nightmare ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Rather than clear goals measurable on a continual basis from the onset of operations to completion, goals for the U.S. militarys drug war are vague and imply never-ending engagement. As an example, the Andean strategy establishes the goal of inflicting significant damage on the trafficking organizations that predominate within the three countries [Colombia, Peru and Bolivia] ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). This goal can never reach an end point. Trafficking organizations will continue to adapt and rebound from whatever setbacks they may experience from drug control efforts. For example, in 174 "Operation Buccaneer" helped shift production of marijuana from Jamaica to Columbia, which in turn experienced tremendous growth in marijuana production and trafficking ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Thus, the military has been tasked to engage an enemy "ad infinitium", without hope of victory.

Secondly, if a member of the DEA is killed in Latin America or some foreign drug ridden territory, it is bad. However, if one or two U.S. soldiers are killed, it could be an act of war.

Thus, in turn "fighting" the drug war could become a real war. All citizens and government officials should be reluctant to send troops into an allied country, especially in peacetime. It is just asking for trouble. Many nations as well are unwilling to become involved in controversial law enforcement activities. Since drug traffickers take no notice of national borders, international law enforcement efforts against them would run into numerous political obstacles, including the issue of national sovereignty. The kidnapping of Alvarez Machain from Mexican soil in 10 and transfer to the United States for trial was one example of how U.S. efforts to bring suspected international drug criminals to justice could lead to highly publicized tensions in bilateral relations ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change").

Another danger of using the military in the drug war is concerned with the area of intelligence gathering. Intelligence data especially that concerned with smuggling and involving U.S. citizens is not easily segregated ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Since the destination of illicit drugs is primarily to U.S. criminal organizations, it seems inevitable that domestic intelligence data will be collected and shared with civilian law enforcement officials (Mabry, 76). In Columbia when law enforcement attempted to crackdown on organized crime or drug cartels, a dirty all out political war sparked, leaving many Columbian government officials dead, as well as many innocent citizens.

Many civilians worry that by bringing the military into anti-drug campaigns civilian government will be threatened. No one wants the military to enforce laws over police, and allowing military to assist in the war on drugs is the first step. The framers of the Constitution

even knew that allowing military into domestic affairs was a bad idea. No one wants a military dictatorship, and while that thought is quite drastic, it is a possibility when one seeks to give the military seemingly unchecked authority.

One other concern with U.S. military involvement is that it threatens it democratizes other governments, and could take away human rights of other countries as well. When the U.S. military is training militaries of other countries to fight the war on drugs, many civilians of those countries worry about that a crackdown from their military will give too power and cause their military to abuse their power. It has also been shown (take Columbia for example) that many members of the military become corrupt, and allow certain drug activities to occur.

Even with all these problems, one must look to see if using the military has been effective. The answer to this is no. Lawrence Korb, who headed military counter narcotics efforts at the Defense Department early in the Reagan administration, says "I used to see figures on what we seized. And we would seize and seize and the price would still go down on the street. It's not a supply problem, it's a demand problem." Even in the 10s, the U.S. Bureau of International Narcotics Matters noted that despite stepped up programs, hundreds of tons of cocaine and heroin continue to flow to the United States ("U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change"). Drug seizures have merely become part of the business for international traffickers. What would the next step be, to have military seal all U.S. borders? While this is a suggestion, it is impractical and too costly. Realistically, there cannot be a final end point to drug control efforts. Coca, opium, and marijuana production can never be completely eliminated. With this in mind, the United States should seek other approaches to curving drug trafficking and use. The fact that centuries of law enforcement have not eliminated criminal

behavior is not a justification to stop fighting crime, and the same reasoning should be applied to drug control. This reasoning should also be applied to the suggestion of legalizing drugs; if we cannot stop crime we do not just make all crimes legal. While United States drug supply-side efforts cannot be abandoned, it should be reduced and redirected at the demand-side drug problems. Perhaps one day in the future, the war on drugs will be looked upon as prohibition is today, as a joke.

Works Cited

Mabry, Donald. "The U.S. Military and the War on Drugs in Latin America." Journal of

Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. Vol . Number 4. Winter 187-188.

"Drug War Questions and Answers from Washington NORML." 7 Oct. 00

http//www.justicepassage.org/jp/drugwar.htm

"U.S. Drug Control in the Americas Time for a Change" U.S.-Mexico Commission for

Educational and Cultural Exchange. 1.

Gardner, Dan. "Richard Nixon Called Drugs the No. 1 Public Enemy." The Ottawa Citizen Online 05 Sept. 000. 07 Nov. 00 http//www.ottawacitizen.com

Miranda, Joseph. "War on Drugs Military Prospective and Problems." 8 Oct. 00 http//www. drcnet.org/military/

"Future Force." Navy Times 45.4 (15) 8

"Secret Crackdown" Honolulu Advertiser Online 0, April 000 http//www.honoluluadvertiser.com/specials/pot/pot.html

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Once Upon a Mattress

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Once Upon a Mattress is a hilarious musical comedy about a town in Medieval Times that is forbidden to marry unless the Prince of the town marries first. The Queen is not anxious to let her little prince fall into the arms of someone else, and the King has no say in the matter anyway because he's a mute! The prince finally meets this girl that he's interested in but there are many points to the equation. For one thing the girl that the prince is interested in is a tom boy who is strong enough to beat up a knight (constantly), and the twist is that the prince is the exact opposite, a flaming, feminine, fragile young man. Since the Queen does not want to let her son go, she comes up with a test to see if the girl is 'gdelicate' enough to marry the prince. The test is that the Queen would put a single pea underneath the mattress that the girl sleeps on. If the girl cannot sleep during the night because she is uncomfortable of the little pea, than she is worthy to marry the prince. But, of course, we all know that nobody is that delicate enough to feel a single pea under the entire mattress; this was the Queen's 'gfull proof plan' to keep her boy from marrying. The town knew about this absurd test and decided to take the fate of the town's marriage policy into they're one hands. The town cheats and places all these chains and boulders and ridiculous objects under the mattress so that it would be impossible for the girl to fall asleep, hence, making her 'gdelicate' enough. In the end, the tom boy girl ends up marrying the feminine prince and they live happily ever after; and so do the town folk.

I thought this play was once of the best plays I've seen, in terms of being entertaining and really catering to people who want to laugh. I've seen this play one other time with my cousin in the play, and I felt that both productions did a great job.

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As for the actors and actresses performances I thought they all did a wonderful job. Danielle and Jim from our class did a great job as well and I'm sure you're proud of them too.

In conclusion, I think that my favorite kind of genre for plays is musical comedies and I think this play is a good example of what I really enjoy. Of course I'm not completely closed minded to only those kind of shows, I enjoy all different types of plays. I just think that comedic musicals are a plus for me.

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Sport Admin

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For over nine months now I have had an internship with the Colorado University Athletic Department, specifically the Marketing and Development department. I am the head football intern, which means I am in charge of making sure that everything during football games flow fine. It is a job I have thoroughly enjoyed, and am looking at the sports administration field for future employment. College Athletics is a billion dollar industry, which is constantly under ethical scrutiny. There are many cases through out college football that ethical questions arise but the one I am going to look at is the firing of University of Washington's head football coach Rick Neuheisel. Rick Neuheisel is one of the more successful coaches in college football but the one thing that has always tainted Rick's resume is scandals.

College football is a highly competitive business with rules and regulations that make even more difficult to keep up with the competition. Throughout Neuheisel's career, he has consistently been in trouble for bending or baking the rules, just to try to have a leg up on competition. In June 1, Rick had off-campus visits reduced for making improper visits to five recruits. In February of '0, Neuheisel was reprimanded by the Pac-10, for making comments about other schools recruiting tactics. In October of 0', the NCAA completed an investigation into Neuheisels tenure at Colorado and prohibited him from off-campus recruiting through May 1, 00, as a penalty for his part in more than 50 minor violations at Colorado. In February of 0', after rumors that he interviewed with the San Francisco 4ers for their head coaching position the previous day, Neuheisel releases a statement denying he ever talked to the 4ers. The next day, Neuheisel acknowledges that he did in fact interview with the 4ers, saying that his initial reactions were just instinct. Then the final straw came in June of 0' when, Neuheisel was caught gambling in a NCAA Basketball Tournament pool.

The NCAA has rules that strictly prohibits gambling on college sports by athletes or athletic department staff. Rick insisted he didn't know he had broken NCAA rules because it was an informal off-campus pool. Rick had gotten together with a few neighborhood buddies in the pool. He reportedly put in $5,000 and won about $0,000 in 00. That sounds a lot to the normal Joe, but Rick was making 1. million at the time, so it's not much to him. So what's the big deal he bet on a sport that wasn't even the one he is affiliated with, and it was an informal bet not associated with a bookie. That is the ethical dilemma that the University of Washington's director of Athletics, Barbara Hedges had to deal with.

There is no question that Rick broke the rules, but what he did, was it enough to be fired. Many people thought that it was not a big deal, and that he should have been fined. But how much and how many times can you fine or reprimand someone in such a high up position. Barbra Hedges did what she thought had to be done, fire Head Coach Rick Neuheisel. Barbra fired a coach not just because of one incident, but because his unethical ways of doing business.

One might think that it was easy for her to fire Rick; after all he had been fined and restricted so many times in his past. But you have to remember, Rick was 16 all time at Washington and was making 1. million a year. Barbra could have easily just fined and suspended him, but how would that look on the university. Barbra did the right thing in firing Rick Nueheisel, she showed the rest of the country that the University of Washington will not stand for unethical actions.

It seems like there are cases just like this everyday in the business of college athletics. It is what each athletic director does to prevent the unethical behavior. I remember last March I received an email from the Athletic Department saying it was illegal to participate in March Madness pools, and I'm just an intern. It is steps like these that help remind people of the rules. In Rick Neuheisel's case it's hard to believe that he did not know the rules about gambling or recruiting. He chose to try to bend or ignore the rules to gain the competitive edge. In this case Rick Nueheisel was a coach who used unethical practices, and Barbra Hedges was an athletic director who used business and ethical reasoning to solve the problem.

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