Nike and Exploitation

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The Nike sporting goods company has been accused of exploiting its workers in Asia. Over time critics have claimed Nike has used unfair and abusive labour practices in order to produce their product at a cheaper cost. While human rights organizations have stepped in to bring the world to the attention of these practices, Nike has continued to remain the number one seller of athletic shoes on the globe. This essay will discuss these claims and how Nike has responded and acted in order to keep their company number one, and why the megastar athletes Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods have remained silent to protect their endorser.

Nike sports shoes and clothing are easily identified by its company's distinctive logo, the "Swoosh" and its slogan "Just Do It." (Atkinson, 16, p7) Now one of the most worn sports brands globally, the company, which grew from one mans idea to produce shoes to compete with other brands, has become a one of the most well known global enterprises in the world.

Nike was named after the Greek goddess of victory and began in 164 when American athlete turned businessman, Phillip Knight, hit on the idea of importing running shoes from Japan to compete with the German brands, Adidas and Puma, which were then dominating the US market. (Atkinson, 16, p7) The advantage that Knight recognised was that Japanese shoes were much cheaper to produce due to the cheaper labour in Asian countries, thus increasing total company profits.

During the 170s, the company grew as Knight spotted many openings in the market and started targeting not only professional runners, but also the non-professional market, as the shoes were seen to be not just a running shoe but a fashion statement as well. By the end of that decade, Nike had gained half the market in the US and a turnover of US$14 million. (Atkinson, 16, p 7) In the mid 180s however the company's position was hit when it failed to recognise the emerging market for women's aerobic shoes and was overtaken by Reebok. (Atkinson, 16, p 7) But this was short lived, as by 10 it had regained it's lead due to the introduction of the "Air Jordan" trainer, endorsed and promoted by basketball star, Michael Jordan.

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Today Nike continues to retain its position as the market leader in sports shoes, and a major player in sports wear and accessories. In 14, Nike sales were reported to be at the highest at a US$70 million making the company profit $ million. (Atkinson, 16, p7)

But despite the success of Nike, throughout this time, the company and its founder have always had a reputation for being aggressive and unconventional, the "bad boys" of the shoe industry, built on an "irrelevance for the sporting establishment and for any authority which might cramp the individual's style." (Atkinson, 16, p 7)

Much of this reputation has been owed to the labour practices of the company. Virtually all of the company's footwear is produced by contract suppliers operating throughout Asia. The development of the athletic footwear industry has driven the movement of production from Japan to South Korea and Taiwan, and then to lower wage regions in Indonesia, the People's Republic of China, and Vietnam. (Goldman, 18, p 6) Whereas South Korea and Taiwan accounted for a combined 76 per cent of Nike shoe wear production in 187, by 17 78 per cent of Nikes shoes came from Indonesia and China while the shared produced by South Korea and Taiwan had shrunk to 7 per cent. (Goldman, 18, p 7) The following graph demonstrates this and shows the change of contract suppliers in Asian countries from the period of 18 until 17.

For Nike, production of shoes in these is countries is a major benefit for the company, but overtime there has been much criticism of the labour practices used in these Asian factories. Whilst Nike is not the only company who uses such practices, they have been targeted again and again by community welfare groups who are continually trying to push the company to change their production processes. In these Asian factories where such production is taking place, research has indicated major problems in a number of areas that gives reason for community groups to take action.

Workers in these countries in recent years have began to talk more openly about their treatment, but in doing so have taken significant risks. Workers are risking personal safety and their job through revealing the inside workings of factories, but community groups have encouraged them to do so in an attempt to improve factory operations. While Nike has conducted its own individual studies, it has been argued these cannot be taken as the most accurate and many other individual studies have been done.

These studies have found major problems in a number of key areas that provide scope to claim exploitation is occurring in Nike factories.

Working hours is the first of these areas. Nike's code of conduct requires that each factory "on a regularly scheduled basis, provides one day off in seven, and requires no more than 60 hours of work per week, or complies with local limits if they are lower." (Nike Code of Conduct, 17) Despite this, it was found this was not always the case.

Working hours vary according to seasonal fluctuations in orders and from factory to factory across different factory sections. According to a report released by Community Aid Abroad, Like Cutting Bamboo, workers were regularly working more than 60 hours a week and in some factories workweeks of 70 hours and above were common. Workers who refused overtime were subject to a range of punishments and in some factories were given a series of warning letters, which could result in their dismissal. (Community Aid Abroad, 00.)

This was in November 001, and now much of this has changed, and working hours have been reduced, primarily due to a reduction in orders. The paradox is that with wages so low, most workers are desperate to work as many hours as they can. Workers in factories have continually emphasised how vital the overtime income was in order to meet basic needs.

In February 001, Nike released a report titled "Workers voices An Interim Report of Workers' Needs and Aspirations in Nine Nike Contract Factories in Indonesia." The research was funded by Nike, arranged by the Global Alliance for Workers and Communities, and conducted by the Center for Societal Development Studies at Atma Jaya Catholic University in Jakarta. It found that most workers in Nike contract factories were paid at or above the official regional minimum wage. It recognised however, that in most Indonesian provinces the minimum wage was below the government's own estimate of the minimum cost of living, based on the needs of a single, male, forcing workers to rely on income from overtime. (Community Aid Abroad, 00)

The situation is worse for workers with children. The inadequacy of their wages makes it very difficult for them to support their families. While in some factories workers are supplied with free dormitory accommodation, this is not an option available to workers with children. Approximately 8 per cent of workers in Nike contract factories in Indonesia are parents, 0 per cent of these indicated they have been forced to leave their children in their home village, as they cannot afford to be with them. (Community Aid Abroad, 00) Those who chose to stay with their children take on a huge financial burden. A worker interviewed for the purpose of the Cutting Bamboo Report, indicated that in order to cover the living expenses to take care of his 1-year-old son, he and is wife had to take out a loan while she cooked and took care of the baby. (Community Aid Abroad, 00)

While in January this year local governments in Indonesia raised minimum wages, according to workers, cuts in government subsidies meant wage increases were not keeping up with the pace of inflation.

These are just two problems evident within Nike factories, and the stories given by workers truly give an inside look to the extent of the situation. But there have also been concerns presented in other areas. Health and safety is one of these. Unless managed properly, the processes involved in shoe production can pose very serious risks to workers' health. While Nike's code of conduct says, "People deserve safe environments. Work shouldn't make a worker sick particularly if that work involves the promotion of health and fitness. Nike ensures its own facilities are safe and demands that subcontractors do the same" (Nike Code of Conduct, 17), evidence suggests otherwise.

In March 1, an inspection of the Tae Kwang Vina factory in Vietnam (a factory which had previously received negative media coverage for allowing workers to be exposed to toxic chemical vapours), found that although the factory had reduced worker exposures to toxic solvents and other chemicals, exposure levels to those chemicals still contravened Vietnamese government standards. (Community Aid Abroad, 00) A number of other health and safety concerns were also documented including excessive noise and heat, poor ergonomics, misuse of protective equipment and poor tracking of the causes of illness. These particular claims should give Nike the push to take action, but still little has been done to reduce such health issues.

Women also make a huge percentage of the workers in these factories and in regards to health often have in much harder. Under Indonesian law, women are entitled to take a certain amount of unpaid leave when they have their monthly period, but there a reports of women having to prove to doctors they are menstruating in order to take this time off work. There have also been other reports claiming that no matter how ill the worker is, they must still turn up for work, otherwise they risk losing their job. In a report titled, 'Women Workers in Nike factories in West Java,' conducted by Community Aid Abroad, it said that in a particular factory in Indonesia this was particularly evident. "At Feng Tay if women are sick they must report to work, no matter how serious their illness. If they stay at home and rest, even with a doctors certificate, they are instantly dismissed upon returning to work."(Hancock, 17, p.1)

Verbal abuse is another problem particularly evident within these Asian factories. The Like Cutting Bamboo Report found that verbal abuse was common and that supervisors routinely shouted at workers if they worked to slowly or made mistakes. The February 001 Nike-funded Global Alliance report discussed the above and found that 0. percent of workers in nine Nike contract factories in Indonesia had personally experienced verbal abuse and 56.8 per cent had observed the problem. (Community Aid Abroad, 00.) This was again another finding with women workers in particular as the following story indicates. "A Sundanese man who had worked for Feng Tay as a supervisor, reported being trained in systematic abuse if women by the use of such phases as 'Fuck you' and 'move, hurry up you stupid bitch.' He resigned as he could not in all conscience do the things asked of him. He felt that such abuse insulted both his culture and the religion." (Atkinson, 16, p4) This type of evidence presents another clear case of exploitation within Asian factories. Workers in other countries don't have to tolerate such behaviour in their work places, yet here it appears to be happening on a regular basis, thus supporting community groups' actions in trying to change factory production processes.

In Indonesia there is also a long history of soldiers being employed by factory owners during periods of industrial unrest to keep workers on the job and prevent them from striking and in addition to this just being employed as factory security guards. Abuse has also been evident from this route, not just verbally, physical abuse as well.

It is very difficult to compete in today's athletic footwear industry without engaging in the outsourcing of labour to relatively unskilled labourers in these countries. Companies in the athletic footwear industry depend on these poor Asian nations where there is a ready labour force in need of work even if those wages are below the poverty line. (Goldman, 18, p.) Nike too knows that in order to produce their product, these factories are the cheapest and most efficient way. But they also know that problems lie within this production process. While community groups continue to fight against Nike, they say they are trying to improve the issues which exist and provide some justification for their actions.

Last year Nike released its first Corporate Responsibility report and dedicated a large amount of it to their labour practices around the world. According to Director of the Corporate Responsibility Compliance, Todd McKean, no one really knows enough about these practices and more work needs to be done. "How much do we really know about issues in all of these factories? Not enough. Every time we look closer, we find another thing wrong. Too much overtime. Wage errors. Too much heat. Involuntary pregnancy testing. An abusive supervisor. Among the most difficult dilemmas is worker rights." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p )

So what is Nike doing and to what extent do they agree with the left-wing comments made about their company? Starting with the company's factory monitoring process. "Monitoring involves the use of internal and external resources to judge a factory's compliance with Nike's Code of Conduct." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p 8) Nike Agrees that presently their monitoring process is not good enough and that it needs to be under constant revision. In Cambodia in 000, the British Broadcasting Corporation said it had proof that a Nike contractor was using child labour. It said so on air and showed footage of children claiming they were under the age of 15. While later it was found otherwise, Nike still ceased work in this factory because of the number of compliance issues it raised. (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p8) To Nike these types of examples are constant reminders that their process is not good enough and a constant review of their system is needed in order to do things differently.

While age has been a constant argument used against Nike, they say their standards are the highest in the world 18 for footwear manufacturing and 16 for apparel and equipment, or local standards whenever they are higher. Nikes argument back is that in some countries, these standards are next to impossible to verify, as records of birth do not exist or can be easily forged, which can leave their company being seen to use child labour. They say, "We put teeth behind the policy with oversight and follow-up. A Nike contractor found employing any worker under our standards must (a) remove that child from the workplace, (b) continue to pay that worker's basic weekly wage, (c) place that worker in an accredited local school and pay fees to keep them there, and (d) agree to rehire that worker when reaching the Kike minimum age. Factories that refuse to do so we lose our business." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p0) Nike say they are trying to continually trying to monitor this process and with this in mind can others to continue to claim Nike are doing wrong. Nike surely recognise what others are saying and are trying to change their processes. Phil Knight said in 18, " Adults should work. Children should study and play. We do everything we can to ensure this happens. Setting the highest age standards in the industry, and requiring independent certification that factories meet those standards, is our best practice to make it so"

Finally, in response to wage. Nike the say, they pay the wage that is due. They pay what is needed, making the comparison between wages and expenditures and make adjustments in these if necessary. For example, in Indonesia where the 18- financial crisis it was clear that inflation was outstripping workers' ability to survive. Nike footwear factories voluntarily raised their minimum wages four times above the nominal minimum wage. (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p.) They say although the wages are low, people want these jobs, often because the alternative is far worse.

While these problems are lying in the background, Nike continues to maintain its position as the leading seller of athletic shoes in the world. Much of this is owed to the megastar sports people, like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods who endorse their products, despite the accusations against their sponsor.

Michael Jordan signed with Nike in 184 to a $.5 million contract over five years. At that time, the company was in a period of financial difficulty their earnings had declined by 65 per cent and in December of that year, 400 employees were laid off, yet Jordan took a gamble and so did the company that both would succeed. (Goldman, 18, p47.) To increase Jordan's incentive to promote Nike, they created a brand of shoes carrying his name, the Air Jordan. The Air Jordan line sold over $100 million in its first year, increasing Jordan's sign value, making him a major symbol of Nike. Jordan later commented that, "What Phil and Nike have done is turn me into a dream." (Goldman, 18, p48.)

With Jordan being such a huge part of Nike's public image, he too was a major part of the problems that the company had to deal with over time. The media continually placed attacks on Nike, something that endorsers like Jordan had no way of escaping. In the early 10s, a group named The Made in the USA Foundation began a one million dollar advertising attack on Nike and other firms who produced products overseas. The Foundation mentioned poorly paid, child, or prison labour was occurring in Nike factories abroad. Its ads told readers to send their, "old, dirty, smelly, worn-out Nikes" to Knight so the company would cease overseas manufacturing. (Walter, 1, p15)

Nike hit back, noting it did no directly hire and pay Asian workers, and instead worked through contractors, who it declared, had to pay the company's minimum wage. But clearly the Foundation's accusations stung the company. By 14, Nike television ads began showing Michael Jordan talking seriously to students and adults about the need to support local youth and sports programs. (Walter, 1, p16)

As arguments were hurled back and forth, Jordan continued to be silent about labour and wage issues, with the repeated response, "he was looking into it" and to this day has continued to do so. (Walter, 1, p154) Despite his silence, these issues are something he cannot escape, and will have to deal with as long as he continues to be associated with Nike, as this quote indicates. "He appeared more frequently at his Chicago restaurant to chat up customers, and even moved around area country clubs in a self-proclaimed mission to become immortal gin rummy player. But he could escape neither the continued frustrations of baseball nor the growing allegations against Nike."(Walter, 1, p16.)

More recently Nike has signed golf superstar Tiger Woods as a major endorser of their products, and has chosen to foreground race as a category. (Goldman, 18, p11.) Over the past few years Woods has rapidly emerged as a sports legend in the media. He has already been named Sportsman of the year in Sports Illustrated, with media representations of Woods focusing on "his athletic ability, his personality and his ethnicity." An Advertising Age article observes that "...as he is only 0, and part African-American, part Native-American, part Chinese and part Thai, Mr. Woods will be used to reach demographic segments most golf marketers don't actively pursue." (Goldman, 18, p114)

Woods is a minority spokesperson compared to Jordan, but his campaigns draw on a different audience. While Nike labour practices continually get criticized, Nike try's to portray that they do have concerns for minority groups, and primarily use Woods for this image. Nike uses Woods' multiracial background to present Woods as a signifier of universality. "While Jordan signified physical transcendence, the ability to fly, to do what no man has done before, the ultimate in physical achievement, Woods emerges as a signifier of Humanity itself." (Goldman, 18, p114 - 115)

Although Woods' image of symbolizing humanity is evident, he too has remained silent about the Asian sweatshops along with the many other Nike endorsers.

Looking at both sides of the issue, we have seen the problem in Asia is complex and to find what is morally right is difficult. What is evident though is that for developing companies to enhance their economic well being and living standards, and in order for their population to survive, they need companies such as Nike. While the major Nike endorsers have remained silent about these labour issues to this day, there is evidently a problem lying in the practices of Nike and more needs to be done to ensure continual improvements. As chairman and CEO Phil Knight said, "We made mistakes, more than most, on our way to becoming the world's biggest sports and fitness company. We missed some opportunities, deliberated when we should have acted, and visa versa. As a citizen of the world, Nike must do Do the Right Thing try to be transparent about what they are doing right, and what they are doing wrong; embrace diversity; drive sustainability." (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 001, p1)

Bibliography

Atkinson, Jeff. (16) Sweating for Nike labour conditions in the sports shoe industry, Community Aid Abroad, Victoria.

Community Aid Abroad (00) We are not machines Nike and Adidas Workers in Indonesia, Available [online] www.caa.org.au/campaigns/nike/reports/machines.html

Goldman, Robert (18) Nike Culture the sign of the swoosh, Sage, London

Hancock, Peter. (17) Women workers in Nike factories in West Java, Community Aid Abroad, Victoria.

Nike, (001) Nike Corporate Responsibility Report Labour Practices, Available [online] www.nikebiz.com

Nike, (17) Nike Code of Conduct, Available [online] www.nikebiz.com/labor/code.shtml

Walter, LaFeber (1) Michael Jordan and the new global capitalism, W.W. Norton, New York.

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Consider Yourself Privilaged

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A privilege is defined as a special advantage held as a prerogative of status or rank and exercised to the exclusion or detriment of others. This definition makes it obvious that a college education is undoubtedly a privilege rather than a right that everyone has. Everyone has the right to apply for college, but not everyone is accepted. Even if you are accepted to college you may not be financially able to attain a college education. After you get accepted and are able to pay you still don't have the right to a college education, but rather it takes a lot of hard work and dedication.

Sure everyone has the right to apply to college, yet those who get accepted are the privileged ones. Almost every school has a set number of students that they plan to admit each year and most of the time the number admitted is nearly half of the number who applied. "Colleges compete to improve their rankingsparticularly U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Colleges"by using wait lists, early-decision programs and mass mailings to make them look as selective as possible and to increase their "yield rate" the percentage of students who accept offers of admission"(Mathews par) Getting accepted is not all in the number though; there are certain criteria that each student must meet to be accepted into college. Most colleges require a minimal SAT; ACT score at which they will accept students. Other colleges require placement tests and essays in the admittance process. In some instances one person is admitted over another person based solely on athletic ability. Nobody is ever guaranteed into college, you may even be turned away because of the mere fact that the number of students for that year has already been filled. "In 000, according to data on the U.S. News & World Report Web site, Columbia's wait list had more names on it than its admit list of 1,74 and, like most other schools, it didn't disclose this in its letter to wait-listed applicants."(Mathews par1)

Even if you are accepted into college you must be financially able to obtain a college education. To most that means money out of their own pockets, but there are other options. Some people are academically privileged enough to get scholarships to help pay for school and others are eligible for state and federal grants that will help cut the costs of college. Although assistance is available for those who cannot afford to pay for all of college tuition there are still some people who can't go to school because they merely are not financially able. For example a student whose family makes just enough to be ineligible for state grants and receives no scholarships probably would be unable to attend college. Also different schools charge different tuition fees so you may be able to financially afford a community college where as you are not financially privileged enough to attend a four year university. Not only is actual college tuition a factor, but also is the required test to get in. Most states charge a fee to take the ACT; SAT, yet almost every college requires one of the two test scores to be admitted.

Even if you are accepted to a college and are financially able to pay for it you still don't have the right to a college education. It may sound obvious to say that you must attend classes to receive your college degree, but that is one thing that makes it a privilege. A college education is not something that is just handed to you for barely getting by, but rather takes a lot of hard work and dedication. You cannot receive a college degree by merely being enrolled in college classes. You must attend classes, take the required classes and complete the required work well and on time. Some people are even dedicated enough to have the privilege of graduating with honors or high honors. With a college education you gain status among the employment world.

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In conclusion, everyone has the right to be apply for college, but not everyone is accepted. Even if you are accepted to college you may not be financially able to attain a college education. After you get accepted and are able to pay you still don't have the right to a college education, but rather it takes a lot of hard work and dedication. Obtaining a college education provided the recipient with a new status not given to others without a college education, thus the perfect definition of a privilege. So for all of those college students out there wishing they were doing anything other than homework, consider yourself privileged.

Bibliography

Mathews, Jay. "Some Tricks to Beware Of" Newsweek Fall 00

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Hamlets Predicaments

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The main players of the play arrive in Act2 Scene2. They are announced by a flourish of trumpets, which is the usual occurrence upon the arrival of actors. Yet, this is the second time in the scene we have heard such a grand entrance the first being that of the King and Queen at the start of the scene and therefore it imparts a similar feeling of importance for the players immediately. Hamlet himself welcomes them with great warmth and "entertainment." He has great admiration for these people and their lifestyle, which has the freedom from duties and of expression that Hamlet lacks.

Already in Act2 scene2, we see that Hamlet is conceiving plans and deception, as he warns of his contrived madness:

"I am but mad north-north-west. When the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw", and so we see that he is already taking on some of the tricks of a player in order to conceal his true ideas, posing as a madman. Yet, Hamlet plays director to the players, and so they become his pawns to manipulate the reactions of the audience within the play, but most specifically to "catch the conscience of the King." However we have already seen how Hamlet holds little belief in outward expressions and "trappings", believing that they do not show what's real and honest, "that within which passes show" in his role as a rebel idealist and great supporter of truth so different from Claudius. It is interesting, therefore, that Hamlet should give the players so much praise, not that he does this without criticism seeing it as monstrous that they should be able to evoke such grief, thus appearing as "dull" dreamer.

He even compares actors with prostitutes, implying that they are selling their souls, their emotions to the public, "like a whore [who can] unpack heart with words." Indeed, the imagery of "the stage with tears" reflects back to Hamlets disgust at Gertrude´s weeping and dejected humour of the visage in the first act. Hamlet has realised that as an idealist, he can never be fulfilled, he too "must like a whore" to deceive and in the soliloquy of act2 scene2, he is clearly working himself up, attempting to take actor qualities in his almost pantomimic choice of words and rhythms: "…treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! … ,what an ass am I?" The play is a striking reflection of the disorder within Elsinore. It is a play about kings and queens, and with it Hamlet intends to provoke Claudius into some confession or evidence of his guilt. Yet the play also questions Hamlet himself, and so the speech of the player's king should to some extent catch the conscience of the prince. Yet Hamlet is too caught up in the purpose, he needs passion, like that of the players in order to avenge. Instead he is waiting for the "ripe fruit" to fall with fall being a sign that the time is ripe or right.

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Please note that this sample paper on Hamlets Predicaments is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hamlets Predicaments, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Hamlets Predicaments will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Feminist criticism

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I am choosing to compare Holy Sonnet XIV by John Donne and Sonnet 10 by William Shakespeare

John Donne and William Shakespeare both wrote a variety of poems that are both similar within the structure of a Sonnet but with very different content. This essay will compare two of their sonnets Sonnet 10 by William Shakespeare and the Holy Sonnet by John Donne.

John Donne's poem is a personal sonnet in which John Donne questions his faith in God. It becomes clear from the sonnet that John Donne feels that he has been tempted to sinful behavior by the Devil, Gods enemy. John Donne is asking God to restore his faith to an unquestioning level, either by force or proving his power to him so that his faith can be reinforced.

The Shakespearean sonnet shows Shakespeare poking fun at the courtly conventions of the time. The sonnet is in the form of a love Sonnet. Although it mocks the conventional blazon it does not undermine the beauty of his mistress. Shakespeare tells us that he would love her even if her breast were dun….

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John Donne's sonnet is quite personal as he is writing about his own beliefs but expressing publicly his views. Shakespeare's sonnet is written for a wider audience as he is trying to get people to see his point of view. This is that the conventional blazon of the love sonnet is inaccurate and either ridiculous or impossible.

The language used for each sonnet is both different and surprising. In Shakespeare's sonnet the language is interesting because in a love sonnet the reader does not expect language like black wires grow on her head' or her breasts are dun. Shakespeare uses this language to ridicule the descriptions in other love sonnets. For example, he makes us think how unnatural it would be to have lips the colour of coral. By using harsh descriptions Shakespeare also manages to show his love for his mistress just as effectively as if he had written a conventional love sonnet. He tells us that even if his mistresses' breath did reek he would love her anyway.

The language John Donne uses is also surprising although it is slightly less obvious than the Shakespearean sonnet. Even though he appears to address God, Donne uses violent, aggressive language. For example, he opens the poem with the words Batter my heart. One normally connects peace, not war, with God. The first line is written as an imperative, which is interesting, as it is usually accepted that God gives the commands for man to obey. The violent language that is used by Donne to shows that he needs to be ruled by God. Even more surprising is that at the end of the sonnet Donne uses sexual language as he says, you ravish me. By using this language he is again saying that God must force himself on Donne in order to be able to be overwhelmed by him.

Both Shakespeare and Donne's sonnet are set around the same period. However the contents of each sonnet are very different. The period (1577-161) in which they are set affects each sonnet in different ways. Shakespeare is mocking the courtly conventions of the time. The time that Shakespeare's sonnet was written in heightens the originality of the sonnet as at that time it would have been almost unheard of to question the traditional love sonnet which was almost universally accepted. The main point of the sonnet was to go against the grain. When interpreting this sonnet we must remember that the language of the time is different that that which we use today. This influences our interpretation of the sonnet. For example, today we would use the word reeks as an uncomplimentary description of a bad smell. When Shakespeare uses the word reeks to describe his mistress's breath he is simply saying that her breath smells, not that it smells unpleasant.

It could be said that John Donne's sonnet is more personal than Shakespeare's sonnet as it is addressing a feeling that is probably felt only by him. Shakespeare is giving his views on love, a feeling that is known throughout the world. Although Shakespeare's views of the love sonnet are controversial many people would have been able to relate to them. Donne's sonnet would have been harder for the fifteenth century audience because few people had doubts about Gods existence. Donne's sonnet is more personal, so the period in which it was written affects it less. As John Donne is addressing God, the time it is written does help us to see that God would have been very important for John Donne. While he was alive, religion was very important in people's lives. The period it is set also helps explain why he is writing this poem. For example, by looking at the religion of the time we can see one reason why John Donne's faith may have been challenged, as people were swayed between the Protestant and Catholic faith. Donne was influenced by this and is now asking God to forgive him for being tempted away from him and help him reinforce his original belief.

Both Shakespeare's and Donne's personal lives could also have affected their sonnets. For example, around the time of Donnes sonnet his wife died. This would have contributed to his breach in faith. Shakespeare's personal life also affected the subject of his sonnet. As we know that sonnets one to 16 were concerned with Shakespeare's relationship to his patron and social superiors.

Sonnets 17 onwards were about a dark lady, possibly his mistress, sonnet 150 obviously fits in with this pattern.

Both the sonnets are written for different reasons. The Shakespearean sonnet is written to speak out about Shakespeare's point of view and also acts as an unusual love sonnet to his dark lady. Donne's sonnet is more personal, as an appeal for help. As both sonnets are written for different reasons their tone and language is obviously varied.

Donne's tone is angry and accusing and he uses forceful words such as break, blow, burn to get his point across whereas Shakespeare is calmer and more thoughtful. Donne is telling the reader, or God, what they should do. Shakespeare (up until the rhyming couplet) simply puts forward the facts and lets the reader make of them what they will. Both these sonnets are English, but they are in different styles. Shakespeare's sonnet keeps more or less to the structure of the Shakespearean sonnet, whilst Donne's sonnet, although still English, bends the structure slightly to fit the subject.

The Shakespearean sonnet is well suited to its form. In the first quatrain Shakespeare takes the compliments of the time and shows how unrealistic they are Coral is far more red than her lips are red there are four examples each taking up one line. The examples he uses in the first quatrains are all physical. There are four examples each taking up one line, My mistresses eyes are nothing like the sun. In the second quatrain Shakespeare is still showing how unrealistic the compliments of the time were, but this time he does not just concentrate on physical appearance but also on things such as her breath. The examples are also slightly more complicated each taking up two lines.

And in some perfumes is there more delight,

Then in the breath from which my mistress reeks

In the third quatrain the emphasis is no longer on physical appearance but on properties such as her voice and walk. In this quatrain Shakespeare's true love for his mistress really begins to show as he says,

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know

That music hath a far more pleasing sound

The rhyming couplet at the end sums up the sonnet and also gives us a new understanding of the sonnet. The rhyming couplet;

And yet by heaven, I think my love is rare

As any she belied by false compare.

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The calling

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Feelings inside of me shift when Im around you,you have given me a gift thats impossible to be true Being with you has been the calling i have long awaited, like the angels flying from above we were fated

My life is just dissonant and chaotic leaving my heart to paint me a picture of you being the one leaving it hypnotic My heart bleeds as you continue to cause me agonizing pain with your dishonerable words.These wasted tears once had meaning as i believed you to be my one true love.You leaving me with no tears drive me to believe that these tears were your deceptions that blinded my beating heart

Sometimes I feel as if you can hear my heart crying out to you as you push me down with your malicious ways. You leave me broken like a china doll, no matter how much you try to piece it together it never will be the same. Your games are tearing me apart

no matter how hard i try i cant seem to get rid of this feeling inside im broken without your touch feelin me inside im a fluerescent biatch brought up to live u know i love to love how i do do do do do love to love love love love love love muahahahaha

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The Scarlet Letter. One important influence on the story is

money. Hawthorne had never made much money as an author and the birth

of his first daughter added to the financial burden (Biographical

Note VII). He received a job at the Salem Custom House only to lose

it three years later and be forced to write again to support his

family (IX). Consequently, The Scarlet Letter was published a year

later (IX). It was only intended to be a long short story, but the

extra money a novel would bring in was needed (Introduction XVI).

Hawthorne then wrote an introduction section titled The Custom House

to extend the length of the book and The Scarlet Letter became a full

novel (XVI). In addition to financial worries, another influence on

the story is Hawthornes rejection of his ancestors. His forefathers

were strict Puritans, and John Hathorne, his great-great-grandfather,

was a judge presiding during the S! alem witch trials (Biographical

Note VII). Hawthorne did not condone their acts and actually spent a

great deal of his life renouncing the Puritans in general (VII).

Similarly, The Scarlet Letter was a literal soapbox for Hawthorne to

convey to the world that the majority of Puritans were strict and

unfeeling. For example, before Hester emerges from the prison she is

being scorned by a group of women who feel that she deserves a larger

punishment than she actually receives. Instead of only being made to

stand on the scaffold and wear the scarlet letter on her chest, they

suggest that she have it branded on her forehead or even be put to

death (Hawthorne 51). Perhaps the most important influence on the

story is the authors interest in

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Me

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pac

By El

"Only God can judge me/ Nobody else/ Nobody else/ All you other mutha censoredas/ get out of my business," said by Tupac Shakur at the beginning of his song, "Only God Can Judge Me." Tupac was a gangster rap artist who practiced what he preached. Because of his profanity and lyrics, people say he should be censored. He has the right to rap about whatever he wishes, because it's his way to expressing his feelings, it's not against the law, and it's the truth. Tupac uses a lot of profanity, and his lyrics are inappropriate for kids. The song "Hit em' Up" starts off with vulgar language and has negative content. First off, censored your bitch and the click you claim West Side when we ride comin equipped with game You claim to be a playa but I censoreded your wife We bust on Bad Boy niggas censoreded for life His music is for young adults, not for young kids who are easily influenced. Kids won't know what Tupac is really rappimg about anyway, but the more they hear it and grow up with it, the more it will become a apart of them. The lyrics to most of his songs are about death about life in the ghetto. Even though all of it is reality, kids should not be exposed at such a young age. Tupac expresses his feelings by letting it flow onto the paper and then into music just as a poet expresses his or her feelings through pencil and paper, thus creating art. His feelings towards life are depressing, but by letting it all out, he is not repressing himself. Tupac's art is rapping. Different people express their feelings in different ways; through paint, clay, music, etc. Tupac is great at expressing his feelings through his music. That's a talent that not many Ly people have. Here is a sample of how he expresses his views towards all the injustices in life. In his song "Changes", he raps about prejudice and all the sick aspects of the world. I see no changes all I see are racist faces Misplace hate make disgrace a racist… Cops give a damn about a Negro Pull the trigga kill the nigga He's a hero. His feelings towards life are what people don't like. He raps about suicide, because he can't handle the daily pressure of life, "It's gonna take a man of me, to conquer this insanity." Tupac went through a lot in his life; numerous gunshots, locked up in jail, and having people despise him. Going through so much in his life, he has a lot to talk about. He has so much going on in life he thinks about committing suicide. "I wake up in the morning and I ask myself, is life worth living, should I blast myself," from the song "Changes" he talks about his life and how he feels every morning. He has a lot of songs are about death, and how he thinks that dying is sometimes better than living through pain. If he kept all this pain inside with no way of expressing I, he would be a trapped man. This is just his way of releasing it all. Why should we take that away from his? Why should we cover the world's eyes from his feelings and the reality that he has to face? Fuck the world because I'm cursed I'm having visions of leaving here in a hurst God can you feel me? Take me away from all the pressure and all the pain, show me some happiness again. Ly His feelings are strong and his style of expressing himself is a great way to let people know how he feels. His style of art should not be censored. No one is forcing anyone to listen to Tupac, it's his or her choice to listen to his music. The United States is the land of the free. It's a place where everyone has a choice. The first amendment allows Tupac the right of free speech; in other words, he can rap whatever he wants. It states, "Congress shall make no law respecting establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press…" Tupac has the right to talk about whatever he feels like. He has the right to rap about dying, killing, suffering, or how he sees the world. Although Tupac has broken many laws in his lifetime and he raps about them, no one has a right to censor it. Just because people listen top it, doesn't mean people are going to go out and do it. Tupac is breaking no laws in rapping about what he does. We watch the news everyday and we see stories of how this girl was raped or that boy was murdered. Why don't we censor that, what's the difference between Tupac rapping it to us and it being exposed to us on the news. It's not right and we have no right to censor Tupac's lyrics. Tupac's lyrics are reality; life is hard and society is corrupt. His lyrics are about first hand experiences that he had gone through in his life, "I suffered through the years and shed so many tears." In his song "Keep Yah head Up" Tupac raps about women, but as opposed to his other songs, which contain negative messages, this song sends out a positive one. Ya know what makes me unhappy When brothas make babies and leaves a young mother to be a pappy And since we all came from a woman Got our name from a woman And our game from a woman I wonder why we rape our women Do we hate our woman I think its time to kill for our woman Ly 4 Time to heal our women Be real to our women Many people would agree that women are neglected and that there are single mothers who are disrespected, but many choose to ignore the fact. All the upper class citizens tend to distant themselves from the harsh and cruel world of the working lower class. They try not to think about all the single and distressed mothers who don't have enough money or respect to survive on. He's saying that we should treat our women with more respect. The guys who neglect women should open their eyes and change. Here's what he says about those guys. That hate the ladies that make babies And since can't make one He has no right to tell a woman when where to create one In the same song he explains how society is corrupt. You know it's funny when it rains it pours They got money for wars but can't feed the poor Sad there ain't no hope for he youth and the truth is there ain't no hope for the future Reality scares people and people don't want to face the fact that there is poverty and war. Tupac is telling us that today's world has flaws and that we should try to fix it, but the people who can fix it, such as senators and governors, think that is wrong for him to be sending negative messages out and therefore, they ignore it. Why should we censor the truth? No matter how much one tries to cover it up, it's still going to be there, so we must face the facts and tackle the problems straight on. By censoring Tupac's lyrics, we are just trying to ignore the problems and someday, all those problems are going to blow up in our faces. Tupac is not assuming the world is a big flaw, "I ain't trying to gash up/ I call 'em on how I see 'em", he's just showing us another side of it. Ly 5 Tupac should be censored. His music should still carry on and have many people see his point of view on life. His way of expressing his feelings is unique and different. He isn't doing anything wrong by expressing himself through music. We should thank him for exposing us to the harsh realities in life. We can't censor Tupac just because some people don't like the profanity in his lyrics. There are many people who adore and can relate to his work. Tupac's style of art is educating people and letting the young adults know what's ahead in life. We can't spend the rest of our lives hiding from the truth and we can't censor everything bad, because it is out there. The injustices of life can't be kept a secret as they are depicted in Tupac's poem, "They could never understand/ What you set out to do/ Instead they choose to ridicule you/… This way you could not alter the course of ignorance that they have set to make my people forget."

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Terrorism

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Why do people resort to such violent acts as bombing, assassinations, and hi-jacking? How do individuals and organizations justify these acts of terror. These acts can be described as terrorist actions. Terrorism is an growing international problem. During the last twenty years, new terrorist groups have sprung up al lover the world. Governments have had little success in their attempts to resolve issues in which terrorism is used.

A major problem in discussing terrorism is establishing a generally accepted definition. Terrorism can be described as the unlawful use of fear or force to achieve certain political, economical, or social aims. Because it is so hard to define, organizations like the United Nations have had great difficulty drawing up policies against terrorism.

Terrorist actions may be committed by a single individual, a certain group, or even governments. Most terrorists, unlike criminals, claim to be dedicated to higher causes, and do not believe in personal gain. The methods used in terrorism include threats, bombings, the destruction of property, kidnapping, the taking of hostages, executions, and assassinations.

There are many reasons why political groups attempt to bring about radical change through terrorism. People are often frustrated with their position in society. They may in some way feel persecuted or oppressed because or their race, religion, or they feel exploited by a government. Any group that uses terrorist actions have very complex and powerful reasons to engage in those activities.

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The use of terror to achieve goals is not a new idea in history. One early terrorist group, the assassins, flourished in the 1th and 1th centuries. The assassins used murder to dispose of their enemies, and their name has come to be used for one who kills for political or religious reasons. Government terrorism dates at least from immediately after the French Revolution, in 178. During this period, known as the Reign of Terror, the French Revolutionary executed thousands of its citizens who were considered enemies of its rule.

Acts of terrorism have been committed by individuals, or groups who seek national independence. One such act was the assassination of the Arch Duke of France in 114. The assassination had sought to win Bosnia form Austrian rule, but failed and led to the outbreak of World War I.

Kings and government officials are often the targets of terrorism. Czar Alexander of Russia was assassinated in 1881 by members of a terrorist group that wanted to overthrow the government. Other famous people who were assassinated because of their beliefs were Martin Luther King Jr., and Pope John Paul II, who was shot, but survived.

While many groups have engaged in terrorism throughout history, the Anarchist political groups in the 1th century are most remembered. These groups were especially strong in Italy, France, Spain, and the United Sates, but their roots lie within the Russian peoples will movement. Anarchists believe that by nature people are good, and that in the right circumstances people can leave in peace. They oppose all centralized state and think it is an oppressive force that prevents people from cooperating with one another.

Modern Terrorism retains some elements of terrorism in the past. At the same time it differs because it has a wider extent in many of its methods. Today, terrorism poses a threat to innocent people, and is a serious threat to democratic forms of government.

One of the characteristics of modern terrorists is their practice of taking hostages in order to force their demands upon a particular government. If demands are not met, the hostages face the threat of death. Hi-jacking commercial airlines and holding their passengers and crews hostage has become a favored method among terrorist today.

Many people believe that terrorism became global in its extent in the late 160's. In 170 over 00 acts of terrorism were recorded worldwide. By 17the number of terrorist incidents for one year increased to ,700.

Politically unstable countries offer frequent opportunities for terrorism. Lebanon, which has been torn by years of Civil War, has been the sight of numerous terrorist attacks.

In addition to terrorist groups, governments today also engage in terrorism. Countries sometimes use terrorism as a substitute for traditional warfare by providing money, training, and weapons to terrorist groups whose activities serve their national aims. Governments may also plan and carry out terrorist actions themselves, although they usually deny responsibility for them.

It is unlikely that we will ever see and end to terrorism. Terrorists are not born, but created as todays issues of today develop into the conflicts of tomorrow.

Please note that this sample paper on Terrorism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Terrorism, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Terrorism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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