Animal Experimentation

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Animal Experimentation

The United States government should come up with alternatives to animal experimentation. The use of animals in research, testing, and education is an issue of increasing concern to the American public. An increasing number of adults and teenagers are concerned about the welfare of laboratory animals.

Animal testing, or vivisection, is the testing of cosmetics, drugs, household products and many other everyday items on animals. Vivisection literally means "cutting alive". And that is exactly what happens. Every second, of every day, of every year, an animal dies in research labs in the United States. That means that while you have been reading this, about 0 defenseless animals have died in a laboratory (Harris).

It is impossible to know the exact number of animals that have died in the name of science. This is due partly to the fact that some scientists refuse to disclose the details of their experiments. However, using the facts that are available, it is estimated that academic researchers in America alone use between 17 and million animals per year. The cosmetics industry uses about a million more animals (Coleman).

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Animal experimentation is said to be necessary for the welfare and health of humans. This is simply not true. Animal experiments mislead doctors and the general public. Diseases such as cancer, which are artificially induced in laboratory animals, have no relationship to the diseases that affect humans, because these diseases are largely caused by lifestyle and pollution (Vivisection).

Many people that are not familiar with the issue of animal experimentation are concerned that if we don't experiment on animals we will be forced to experiment on humans. Isn't this already the case? When we take a new drug, we are part of an experiment, because we differ from the animals on which the drug was tested. Drugs, which have minor or no side effects on animals, have caused horrendous reactions in humans.

Phenformin, which was used to treat diabetes, caused about 1,000 deaths annually until removed from the market place. E Ferol, a vitamin, killed premature babies. Accutane, which was used to treat acne, was proven to cause birth defects. Clioquinol was used as a treatment for diarrhea until it was linked to cases of blindness, paralysis, and even death. All of these drugs were classified as "safe" after being tested on laboratory animals (Some Tested Drugs).

There are many alternative techniques to the use of animals. The main method is clinical study, or learning from the humans who have the disease. The following is a list of further methods that do not involve testing on animals provided by Animal Liberation NSW (Vivisection)

· Human tissues, cells and organs in containers (cultures) with the proposed drug, to study how it will act in the human body

· Chromatography and mass spectrometry to separate drugs at their smallest (molecular) level to identify their properties

· Quantum pharmacology using quantum mechanics to understand the molecular structure of chemicals

· Mechanical models and simulators to teach and test. Simulators already exists for the heart, circulatory, lungs and respiratory systems, and funding should be encouraged for the design of simulators for the rest of the human body

· Surveys of diseases of other cultures, life styles, diets human case studies, autopsy reports and statistical analyses of effects of various factors on the incidence of disease

· Discarded human placentas may be used for mocrovascular surgery practice and can provide accurate data for sensitivity to chemicals

· Human volunteers can be paid to participate in controlled studies of diets, vitamins and conditions that effect the rate of disease

· Audio visual aids can be used for teaching medical students

· Centralization of existing data to provide easier access to results of research

The Animal Welfare Act and the Health Research Extension Act (HERA) are laws meant to "provide for the humane care and use of animals in laboratories, to minimize pain and distress, and to assure that alternatives to painful procedures have been considered." The Animal Welfare Act of 166, for example, spells out requirements for veterinary care, food and water, protection from extreme temperatures, sanitation, record keeping, and staff training (Overview).

The facts speak for themselves. Animal testing is cruel and unnecessary. There are several alternatives to vivisection that should be strongly considered by researchers and the government alike. We should respect our animals in the same way that we respect other humans. Consider the following quote by Gandhi (Quotations)

Animal experimentation is the blackest of all the black crimes that a man is at present committing...

I abhor experimentation with my whole soul. All the scientific discoveries stained with innocent blood I count as of no consequence...

The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.

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Land of daiseys

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one day long long ago deep into the dark and gloomy forest lived a house with the door mat bearing the words the land and yeah and then one time at band camp we ate socks and trhrew themin the ocean and eat meat... one time we also barbecued frog legs.. yummmy yummy yo ho yo ho.. a pirates life for me... and then when we were at cheer camp we learned how to make up this cool cheer. it goes the elephants are back and better than before weve gotg the power to be the best and we.. wont.. stop... were striving for perfection were climbing to the top.. and we... cant... be stopped. we just cheer we dont drink beer were so hot we dont smoke pot we are drug free, lets hear it, we are drug free, last time, we are drug free !! hah yheah thats the cheer isnt it dandy just kidding we never learned that i just made it up becausemy name is sue ellen.. and my borther is bobbay and we like to eat sausageyea go sausage its ur birthday. MY story goe slike this day long long ago deep into the dark and gloomy forest lived a house with the door mat bearing the words the land and yeah and then one time at band camp we ate socks and trhrew themin the ocean and eat meat... one time we also barbecued frog legs.. yummmy yummy yo ho yo ho.. a pirates life for me... and then when we were at cheer camp we learned how to make up this cool cheer. it goes the elephants are back and better than before weve gotg the power to be the best and we.. wont.. stop... were striving for perfection were climbing to the top.. and we... cant... be stopped. we just cheer we dont drink beer were so hot we dont smoke pot we are drug free, lets hear it, we are drug free, last time, we are drug free !! hah yheah thats the cheer isnt it dandy just kidding we never learned that i just made it up becausemy name is sue ellen.. and my borther is bobbay and we like to eat sausageyea go sausage its ur birthdayda da da

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Controversy and our nation

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The wise and religious philosopher Buddha once said, "In a controversy, the instant we feel anger, we have already ceased striving for the truth, and have begun striving for ourselves." In this quotation, the author makes the point that a controversy in one's life can create anger and hostility in their life. Ultimately, this anger can build up inside someone. An especially significant event occurring in one's life can encourage them to defend an issue that they believe to be important. An occurrence can spark something inside a person that causes them to angrily defend an important issue or to take actions to change things for the better. Buddha believes that when a man feels anger, he is at the point where he will rally for what he believes to be true. By examining five articles about specific events in our nation's history, we can see that the appearance of controversy can influence people to stand up for what they believe to be most true or to take actions to make advancements for the future. We will examine five articles, "When Congress Tried to Rule" by Milton Lomask, "Who Was Wyatt Earp?" by Allen Barra, "Remember the Maine" by Tom Miller, "Bonnet, Book, and Hatchet" by Stewart H. Holbrook, and "Maiden Voyage" by Walter Lord, to prove this point.

In 1868, Navy Secretary Welles called it, "a conspiracy to overthrow the government." In the spring of 1868, President of the United States Andrew Johnson was declared "not guilty" of the high crimes and misdemeanors charged against him. In Milton Lomask's article, "When Congress Tried to Rule", the controversy began when the debate on whether to remove President Johnson became the issue. President Johnson was impeached because of his defiance of the Tenure of Office Act or 1867, which forbade the President to remove a Cabinet member without the consent of the Senate. The leaders of the Republican majority in Congress went to great lengths to dispose the President. However, despite Congress' efforts to remove Johnson from his position, the President had several men stand behind him and support him and what they believed to be true. He was not standing alone in his thinking. Although both houses of Congress had enough strength to override any vetoes Johnson chose to hand down, their efforts to impeach and remove him resulted in failure. In this controversy, Johnson had many men who stood behind him. Standing beside him were Washington, Madison, Franklin, Randolph, and all of the other devoutly remembered architects of our federal system of government. (Lomask 6) Lomask says, "The failure to remove the President set a precedent that future generations would hesitate to challenge." The controversy and results changed the path that future generations would take.

Josephine Marcus spent her life devotedly following her partner Wyatt Earp despite his eventful and dangerous life. In Barra's, "Who Was Wyatt Earp?", the story of Earp's life is traced. Josephine met Earp and they stayed together for forty-seven years up until his death in 1 without having ever being married. Josephine stayed with Earp despite the controversy that surrounded his life. Josephine endured Earp's dangerous life in law enforcement. Josephine outlived Earp by fifteen years. Even into her seventies, she fought to become the guardian of his legend. When movie offers and projects were being presented, she fought to prevent and halt them. She relented on some films but still thought they put too much emphasis on the few violent moments of Earp's life. (Barra ) Earp's life went on to be the basis of many major productions. Some of these productions were major motion pictures, such as Tombstone, made in 1, and Wyatt Earp, made in 14. Josephine also defended Earp when the 160 publication of the book The Earp Brothers of Tombstone started an Anti-Earp action. Throughout the violence and controversy of Wyatt Earp's life, Josephine stayed with him and fought to keep his legend alive to better future generations. His legend lives on to tell to those of generations to follow.

There are times when an event can happen to an entire country. This event can encourage a change in the attitudes of the people as a whole. On February 15, 188, the USS Maine in Havana Harbor exploded. In all, 66 of the 50 men aboard the Maine were killed. (Miller ) Americans believed the exploding of the Maine was a deliberate act by Spain. Immediately afterward, pro-war sentiment sparked throughout the nation. The families of sailors killed on the battleship urged the President to jump into war. Throughout America, eager teenage boys asked where they could enlist. Newspapers fed the fever and congressmen were deluged with letters calling for revenge on Spain. (Miller 6) The controversy had begun when Spain did not take full responsibility for the attack on the Maine. Because of the direct hit to the United States, Americans developed anger within themselves and in no time stood up for what they believed to be right. This same situation had carried on into future generations. In 141, when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, Americans were stunned. They instantly developed anger towards the country of Japan and did not hesitate to rally to go to war. We are now facing the same situation in the present. Since the terrorist attacks on New York City in 001, Americans often express their hatred to terrorists and the people living in the Middle East. It is easy to see how the situation with Americans and the destruction of the battleship the USS Maine continued throughout the years up until today. The feelings of anger and resentment towards other countries have been a trend that has happened repeatedly.

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Carry Nation is best remembered by the symbol that she made her own the ax. Ax in hand, she traveled from city to city, from saloon to saloon, preaching the evils of the "poison" called alcohol. With an ax in her hand she caused destruction to saloons that promoted the behavior that she believed to be sinful and wrong. Nation campaigned to save men from a drunken fate. (Holbrook 1) Being president of the Barber County, Kansas chapter of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Nation strongly believed that the sins of alcohol and tobacco would poison the country and the people in it. Temperance had become quite the issue at the time and those who opposed prohibition and those who supported it divided the United States. Nation was strongly supported prohibition and dedicated her life to enforcing it. Unfortunately, the excitement she created gradually died in the United States. (Holbrook 4) Although despite her efforts, prohibition eventually failed. But Nation is not long forgotten. Her dedication to stand up and try to better the people of her country will remain a part of the United States' history forever.

When Titanic set off on her maiden voyage she was deemed "unsinkable". At the time, to name a human development "unsinkable" seemed to be defying God and seemed to be like a miracle. "She was a beautiful, wonderful ship", reflects one of the last Titanic crewmembers Charles Burgess. (Lord 1) The maiden voyage of this break-taking ship proved irresistible. (Lord ) It seemed almost impossible at the time to name a man-made development "unsinkable". However, on April 1, 114, the Titanic traveled across the Atlantic and sped through an ice field and struck an iceberg, ripping a 00-foot gash in her hull, which opened six watertight compartments. (Lord 11) Titanic was only made to handle two compartments full of water. Water was spilling into six compartments and instantly doomed the "unsinkable" ship. The sinking of the Titanic was a tragedy, and it also made Americans realize how vulnerable they could be. Developing a ship that was deemed "unsinkable" was a great advance for the times, but it obviously still had some flaws. The sinking of the Titanic can be said to be beneficial to the United States because despite all the controversy, Americans were able to move on and learn from their mistakes, improving developments throughout the future generations.

It is safe to say that there has been a good share of controversy throughout the history of the United States. By examining these past articles, one can see five specific occasions of controversy that the United States has dealt with and learned from. To many people, this much controversy seems like a bad thing. It actually does not have to be that way. As the wise philosopher Buddha said When there's a presence of controversy, there will be a presence of anger as well. And as soon as one feels the anger, they have begun striving not for the truth, whatever it may be, but for themselves. These articles have shown people standing up and striving for what they believe to be right and true. Controversy may bring problems, but what's most important to realize is that it can also influence people to defend subjects they are passionate about. And when it results in the people learning from mistakes or experiences, that is when controversy can be truly beneficial. Facing and confronting controversy is what helps the United States of America grow to be a stronger and wiser country every day.

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The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines.

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In the discussion which way is the best to get to understand the character of a society, many opinions have emerged. One of them is that to understand the characters of the heores or heroines the society has choosen as the elites is the best method. In my opinion, to judge the true inner characters of a certain society, the comprehensive consideration of all aspects is required. That is, heroes can not be taken as the criterion to judge the attribution of a society in that the characters of heroes and heroines are insufficient to determine the character of a society.

First, it is absolutely the case that heroes and herones do to a large extent stand for some of the characters of a society. society chooses them as the elites because what they do have greatly qualify the moral standard of its people. Thus the choosen celetrities actually show the preferences of society and the qulities to be adored by its people. To understand the characters of a society, the positive aspect of the society should be taken as an important criterion. After all, the propensity of a society can actually reflect the likes and dislikes of its people, who contributed mostly to the establishment of social value. Thus, it is undoubtly sound to get to understand the characters of heroes and herones as the way to explore the character of a society.

In fact, through the research of the personality of the celetrities of many countries, many achievements have been gained in the understanding of the certain society. The independent character of Americans can be reflected on the hero of the nation, George Washington, and the unambitious qualities of Chinese people can be discovered from the activities of heroes in China.

However, to explore the character of a society only by understanding the positive aspect is insufficient. The so-called discoveries which are merely procured in the research of the elites are not so convincing in that they lack in the comprehensive observation. The defect can be overcomed by thorough investigation of the common likes and dislikes of ordinary people. The reactions of ordinary people toward the social events can reflect the negative aspects of social character, which is, what the society dislikes or disdains. The two opposite aspects considered comprehensively, the understanding of society could be convincing and reasonabel. Not only can we gain the information about what the society dislikes by the investigation of ordinary people, but also the propensities of the society as the research over heroes can offer. To conclude with, the best way to understand the

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character of a society is to get to know what the members of the society actually like and dislike, not the emphasis over social elites.

Additional, it is not contrary that both the understanding of heroes and the observations over ordinary social members are taken as the methods to understand the characters of the society. Once established the primary position of the investigation of common members, researchers also need additional ways to gain complementary information. Even the comprehensive understanding of the society is achieved, the understanding of the characters of heroes can serve as the ancillary source of information to

make the moral standard of the society more clear.

To conclude with, the comprehensive consideration of all aspects should be taken to understand the character of a society, which determines the sole exploration of social elites is insufficient. Primarily should researchers place their concentration over the ordinary moral standard of ordinary people. The understanding of social character can be accomplished greatly and take the research over heroes and heroines can eventually make the work perfect.

Please note that this sample paper on The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sept. 11

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September 11th

If there is a single event that has left the deepest effect on me recently it is undoubtedly the events of September 11th. The day the towers came crumbling down because of the inhumane acts of terrorists was the day I was overcome by a deep sense of anger and anxiety. Until this day I could not believe the utter extent of human beings sacrificed for reasons that I have not yet come to understand fully. Terrorism, in my opinion, is the most immoral act that humans can perpetrate. There is nothing more evil than killing innocent men, women and children.

The events of September 11th, has embedded a deep sense of confusion and concern. Firstly, being an American of Islamic faith, I was concerned that this tragic event would foster an ill feeling against Arabs and Muslims throughout the world. This has unfortunately been the case to a large extent. Islam has taught me, and many others like me, the virtues of tolerance, respect for the others, and to sustain love and peace throughout my life. It is quite unfortunate that a few radical terrorists could induce such a negative perception towards a religion whose literate translation from Arabic means "Peace."there is a single event that has left the deepest effect on me recently it is undoubtedly the events of September 11th. The day the towers came crumbling down because of the inhumane acts of terrorists was the day I was overcome by a deep sense of anger and anxiety. Until this day I could not believe the utter extent of human beings sacrificed for reasons that I have not yet come to understand fully. Terrorism, in my opinion, is the most immoral act that humans can perpetrate. There is nothing more evil than killing innocent men, women and children.

The events of September 11th, has embedded a deep sense of confusion and concern. Firstly, being an American of Islamic faith, I was concerned that this tragic event would foster an ill feeling against Arabs and Muslims throughout the world. This has unfortunately been the case to a large extent. Islam has taught me, and many others like me, the virtues of tolerance, respect for the others, and to sustain love and peace throughout my life. It is quite unfortunate that a few radical terrorists could induce such a negative perception towards a religion whose literate translation from Arabic means "Peace."

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there is a single event that has left the deepest effect on me recently it is undoubtedly the events of September 11th. The day the towers came crumbling down because of the inhumane acts of terrorists was the day I was overcome by a deep sense of anger and anxiety. Until this day I could not believe the utter extent of human beings sacrificed for reasons that I have not yet come to understand fully. Terrorism, in my opinion, is the most immoral act that humans can perpetrate. There is nothing more evil than killing innocent men, women and children.

The events of September 11th, has embedded a deep sense of confusion and concern. Firstly, being an American of Islamic faith, I was concerned that this tragic event would foster an ill feeling against Arabs and Muslims throughout the world. This has unfortunately been the case to a large extent. Islam has taught me, and many others like me, the virtues of tolerance, respect for the others, and to sustain love and peace throughout my life. It is quite unfortunate that a few radical terrorists could induce such a negative perception towards a religion whose literate translation from Arabic means "Peace."

Please note that this sample paper on Sept. 11 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sept. 11, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Sept. 11 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Withered arm

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Hardy creates a strong, vivid story in the 'The Withered Arm.' He starts of writing about a farm. The story ends up on the farm again with everything back to normal. In between the story is a very carefully, dramatic story. It starts up with four main characters Rhoda Brook, Rhoda Brook's son, Gertrude and Farmer Lodge.

The setting is very intense. It doesn't let us move much from initial places such as the farm in the beginning and end. After the dream, the story of the book suddenly became more interesting when Gertrude tries to find how she got the withered arm. The setting changes to the village, and then changes again the goes back to village and so on.

Thomas Hardy puts the story in one chapter, 6 years later. He wants everyone to know that everyone has moved on except Gertrude because her arm is irritating her and she has not chance on finding a cure. Rhoda and her son left the village because Rhoda has been found out and she is scared of having people interrogating her and asking her whether she bewitched Gertrude. This part of the story makes it intense when there are bad emotional feelings for Rhoda from her other friends.

Thomas Hardy keeps a very tight plot. Most of the story is twisted especially at the part where Rhoda accidentally kills Gertrude by giving her the withered arm. Thomas Hardy doesn't give us much information on the plot. He doesn't expand on it much. The story is very structured and short. It's a single strand story which goes round in a circle. It begins with and ends up with Rhoda still in the village doing her normal work and getting on with her life. In the beginning, she was described as a 'motionless beast' and she had a job as a milk maid beginning and end. 'Her monotonous milking at the dairy was resumed.' When she left the village, she left her home, job, friends, everything. When she comes back to the village, everything is back to normal and resumed.

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The story doesn't actually have a main plot. There are two main plots which are the dream and the scene at the end where Rhoda and Farmer Lodge are arguing and Rhoda throws Gertrude by the arm. This is the crucial moment which causes Gertrude to die. The main plot seems to following a path and ending up with a good and logical conclusion For example near the beginning of the story when Rhoda has a dream and hurts Gertrude's arm in the dream, this then happens for real at the end of the story when Rhoda kills Gertrude by grabbing her arm and throwing her against her husband's feet. This shows a logical progression from beginning to end.

Thomas Hardy keeps the story simple, first by just having four main characters. At different parts of the story, the characters seem to be very different. In the beginning of the story, Rhoda Brook was extremely jealous of Gertrude because she is married to her son's father, Farmer Lodge. She is also jealous because she's lonely and no-one really spoke to her when her son died. She tells her son to spy on her and go look at Gertrude. Her son would come home and his mother would interrogate him asking many questions about Gertrude's looks and everything. Rhoda was obsessed with Gertrude. The way she looked, walked, eyes, hair, etc. Things then change when Rhoda has the dream about giving Gertrude the withered arm. Rhoda leaves the story and isn't mentioned much after that. Gertrude is then focused on and ends up as the main character. Rhoda was the main character for the first three chapters and then leaves her own village. On the last chapter, Rhoda appears and when she swung Gertrude by the arm and killed her, Rhoda became the main character. In a way, we feel sorry for Gertrude since she didn't do anything wrong.

Rhoda seems to be a very jealous and lonely character who wants her ex-lover to pay attention to her and her son. She is jealous of Gertrude, especially in the dream "the figure thrust forward, its left hand mockingly, so as to make the wedding ring it wore glow in Rhoda's eyes." She looks up at other people and is unhappy she is alone. Thomas Hardy put a lot of things that make Rhoda mad and jealous about Farmer Lodge and Gertrude's marriage. This shows and creates a concentrated sense of the characters interaction. The kind of interaction between Rhoda to Gertrude is jealousy. The kind of interaction between the two women and Farmer Lodge is love. Rhoda still has feelings for her ex-lover.

Rhoda's loneliness and emotional feelings only aid to her son. Hardy hasn't really given her son a name. He is described as 'Rhoda's son' or 'poor boy.' This could make readers feel even sadder for him. Thomas Hardy has made the readers feel very sorry for the son. He hasn't done anything wrong and he isn't mentioned much. He feels extremely lonely mainly because his mother treats him like a slave for example when she makes him spy at Gertrude. As soon as the boy came back, she would ask 'Is she ladylike?' 'Is she young?' Rhoda would ask her son about Gertrude and not about how her own son did well in school or anything. The boy was so depressed and just answered 'yes mother' or 'no mother.' He is also feeling lonely because his father has abandoned him and never talks to him. He takes no notice of him at all. He probably doesn't know what he looks like or if he even exists. When Gertrude saw Rhoda's son popping out the window, she asked Farmer Lodge where he lived. 'He is one of the villages, I suppose? His father would then reply 'One of the neighbourhoods. I think he lives with his mother a mile or two off.' This tells us that the father of the son didn't know ANYTHING about his son, as if he abandoned Rhoda without knowing she was pregnant. His mother and father have rejected him. This makes the son sad and lonely and also rejected. His father and mother don't realize how frustrated the boy is inside. The novel ends with the death of the boy. As the author portrays the boy's innocence, there was no-one to stand up for him. The boy dies a lonely death.

Another important character in the story is Gertrude. She conveys loneliness. Her arrival to Holmstoke in the beginning of the story seems to be normal. Her relationship with her husband is going well, she looks nice and beautiful like Rhoda's son says and she is with someone. Farmer Lodge is extremely proud of his wife 'my pretty Gertrude.' When she has the withered arm, the whole life turns around. Her husband has not much interest in her anymore which infects their marriage 'Mr and Mrs Lodge's married experience sank into prosiness, and worse.'

Since she has the withered arm, her husband loses interest of her because he only wanted her because of her looks and that having no child makes him feel guilty. After the three chapters, Rhoda and her son leave the story and Gertrude becomes the main character. She never finds a cure to her arm and dies lonely. This character, like the boy, dies emotionally alone, as her husband stands with her ex husband.

The last character is Farmer Lodge. He only becomes lonely in the last chapter where his wife dies and he has no-one. Hardy makes the character suffer at the end by a way of punishment mainly for ignoring his son, stopped loving his wife and not helping his ex wife. Like Gertrude, he seems very proud at the beginning. His relationship with his wife then starts to go down. Farmer Lodge loses everything at the end and dies alone about or 4 years later. 'He took steps towards giving up the farms in Holmstoke.' He leaves the reader to discover he has left his property to a reformatory for boys. This then shows that he must have had thoughts and feelings for his son when he died. He went from life in luxury to death in Port-Bredy. 'He went away to Port-Bredy, at the other end of the country, living there in solitary lodgings till his death two years later of a painless decline.'

Hardys choice of words also makes a big impact on the atmosphere that the story creates. It he doesn't describe the scenes well, readers don't get interested. They need to imagine themselves as the characters. He uses adjectives and alliteration a lot. Good examples of adjectives are when he described Gertrude as 'Soft and evanescent, like the light under a heap of rose petals, etc.' A good example of alliteration is when he says fiend and friend. His language is very dense. The words 'fiend' and 'friend' are completely opposite. He uses 'fiend' because it is like friend but with nor 'r' which is pretty clever.

Hardy uses contrast a lot. Rhoda and Gertrude seem to be very different characters. Rhoda is described as a witch and an old maid, poor unlike Gertrude is described as young, beautiful and this creates a sense of intense characterisation because the characters are totally opposite. Why does Gertrude have everything and Rhoda has nothing? Rhoda has a son to support but the father of the child is with a more beautiful woman. This causes jealousy for Rhoda. Farmer Lodge is a character who likes his work and is very rich and wants a beautiful wife and that's why he left Rhoda and went to Gertrude. Rhoda or her son doesn't speak to Farmer Lodge much, nor is he mentioned enough in the story. Rhoda's s son has not much connection with any of the characters. He is very lonely and dies half way through the story. We feel sorry for Gertrude and Rhoda's son. They did nothing wrong.

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Chapter 4

Categories of trends which effect the personal training service

Demographical trend

It is known the demographical condition changes from time to time. Nowadays the important changes in the family structure and the aging effect help us to find out opportunities for our services.

People who are under the aging effect difficulty go to gyms and want a private personal training instructor who will focus on their specific needs. It is also important to pay attention on the rapid changing in the family structure.

In the past all the money were spent for covering the basic family needs such as food, clothing, health and education. Gym was considered to be a luxury, few could afford. Nowadays in every neighborhood there is at least one gym. Due to the modern way of living, people need to gum in order not only to improve their physical appearance but more important to prevent health problems. The lack of time makes personal training the best solution.

Social-cultural trend

We are going to examine the influence of individual and family structure values. All these act as tools in order to change the consumer taste and behavior. Practically societies are accepting easier personal training services because nowadays the non existence of free time has developed a demand minimization on the gyms. Also parking problems have made personal training a trendy habit because give the opportunity to gym in the customers residence which mean in a stress-free environment at the time the consumer wants

Economical trend

In the past personal training was a service only for rich persons, all the others were covering more basic needs which are specified in the lower parts of the Maslow pyramid such as food, a place to stay, cloths. Right now the economical development which we have seen in the previous years helped as out to spare income in more advanced needs .

This has created the market gap for us in order to develop our service.. Economy wants more and more hours of productivity in work. People can afford to give money to a gym but are not able to spent time in order to go there .What a gym consumer avoids, is more stress in his life so the ability of been gymed in his place is going to be the most valuable one.

Political and legal trend

Another very important issue is the political and legal environment .In order to go in business we must have the legal approval for this service so our employees must have degrees recognized by the state in order to have the permition to go on as trainers. Also our firm must follow the government law and pay taxes .Our office must has the authorization to work in order of not having law problems and we must pay money in the security unions for our workers.

Technological trend

We all know technology changes in an extremely fast way so it affects our business. The huge development of telecommunications help us to create and maintain a close relationship with our customers .The advertisement is easier because more and more customer use the world-wide web so we can establish an internet site presenting our personal training services.

As we all have seen telemarketing provides gym machinery which can not sale only because the customers need someone to show them exactly how the exercise must be done and how many times. People who used this machinery without the assistance of a personal training have faced health problems created by this inappropriate usage.

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