H.G. Wells

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The father of modern science fiction, Herbert George Wells, lives a life of poverty and wealth, writing stories (or Bildungsromans) like Tono-Bungay, and relates life questions and experiences to various themes and motifs throughout most of his works. Born into a working class family, Wells struggles to alleviate his family through difficult times after the collapse of his father's business ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 1, 418). Wells' first breakthrough came from a conjunction between himself and his mentor; T. H. Huxley based on the theory of evolution. As Wells' developed as an esteemed writer, he published which is now regarded as one of his most insightful works, Tono-Bungay, a novel which served as a relation between his character and expository fiction ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 5). Throughout Wells' substantial array of fiction and non-fiction works, the themes and ideas he considers and explores range from life on other planets to man playing God. Wells acquires an interest in literature at the age of seven, after becoming bedridden with a broken leg ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 5).

Born in Bromley, a suburb of London, England on September 1, 1866 Herbert George Wells came into the home of Joseph and Sarah Wells as their third son. Wells' father, Joseph Wells, owned a china shop while his mother worked as a lady's maid (Bloom, ed., 167). The first struggle Wells encountered occurred between his two older brothers, Frank and Fred, "My childish relations with my brothers varied between vindictive resentment and…aggression,...I made a terrific fuss if my toys or games were touched…I bit and scratched my brothers and I kicked their shins, because I was a sturdy little boy who had to defend himself." the grown-up Wells recalls (Nardo, 8). While Wells grew, his parents as well as his siblings all ingrained in him British customs, ideas, and values of the Victorian Era, such as the class structure of British society which determined people's worth as humans by how much money they have, job classification, and family lineage (Nardo, 11). This idea explained his family's poverty, yet Wells wondered why his family accepted this concept of social structure, despite their poverty. Wells found it strange that his parents never desired a better way of life as he did. At the age of fourteen, Wells left school to attend to family financial troubles, and for two years held a job as an apprentice to a draper. ("H. G. Wells Background", 1). Though Wells acquired little education, at seventeen, he became an assistant teacher at the Midhurst Grammar School. A year later, Wells gained a scholarship to learn biology at the Normal School of Science in South Kensington London, England, where he found a mentor, T. H. Huxley, who brought Wells' attention to the theory of evolution. (Bloom, ed., 167). Wells graduated in 180 with a B. Sc. ("H. G. Wells Background", 1-). Some years later, Wells marries his cousin, Isabel Mary Wells, but that marriage soon turned sour. Distraught, Wells elopes with a former pupil, Amy Catherine Robbins in 185 (Bloom, ed., 167). The presentation of the ideas of evolution to Wells by Huxley leads Wells to develop works based on a subject very controversial in the Victorian Era.

Wells' introduction to Huxley had a profound effect on his induction to the literary field, "I believed then he was the greatest man I was ever likely to meet,... And I believe that all the more firmly today. The year I spent in Huxley's class was, beyond all question, the most educational year of my life." (Nardo, 1-0). Wells' first novels were motivated by Huxley's ideas of evolution. Since evolution occurs through thousands upon millions of years, Wells ponders what the future could hold for the human race. Wells envisions humans as having huge brains and shrunken bodies, floating in tubs of liquid nutrients under a great crystal dome, and even people adapting to absorb chemicals and sunlight as plants do. With these new and strange ideas running through Wells' mind, he wrote The Man of the Year Million. The minor success of Wells' first story let him know that he had a knack for storytelling. Wells took this as a sign of good fortune and a way to escape his distressing childhood (Nardo, 1). In the midst of the 180's, Wells wrote one of his most successful fiction works called, The Time Machine. Incorporating the ideas of how man might evolve, Wells creates a satire of the English class structure with the Elois, representing the lower class, and the Morlocks, representing upper, mentally and physically superior class ("H. G. Wells", 1). The Morlocks symbolize the evolution of the impoverished, uneducated industrial workers of Great Britain, while the Elois signify the descendants of the rich, well-educated upper classes. (Nardo, ). This social structure in The Time Machine concerns the evolution of man, assists in Wells' criticizing life and society for its intricate difficulties (Magill, ed., 80). Though Wells forte seemed to encompass the science fiction genre, his most insightful novel, Tono-Bungay, demonstrates to the literary society that he can write something more akin to Charles Dickens.

In 10 Wells publishes Tono-Bungay, a novel that holds many parallels with Wells' own life. The plot revolves around a young man named George Ponderevo who ascends from the lower classes of Britain and discovers a healthier life (Nardo, 58). The novel begins by describing George's life, coming from an impoverished family, to obtaining a scholarship to London University. George leaves school in order to assist his uncle, Edward Ponderevo, a chemist. Edward and George develop a medicine which they patent called Tono-Bungay. Edward becomes rich and soon after gets into financial troubles. Edward then goes to trial for fraud and forgery, but before anything can escalate further, George hurries Edward off in a hot air balloon to Southern France, where, before long, he dies. George then goes to back to school where he creates a substantial reputation for himself. The novel ends with George working as an engineer for a shipbuilding company, overseeing the construction of destroyers ("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 540-1). The themes presented in this novel are typical of both Wells and the Victorian style.

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Like many of Wells' other novels, the theme of Tono-Bungay revolves around an individual (George Ponderevo) who battles to establish himself in a world more comfortable for the unquestioning, unadventurous, follower rather than the rebel ("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 546). George battles poverty through his discovery of Tono-Bungay, a medicine that makes him rich beyond his dreams. Since the novel plays out Wells' life, the characters experience the same things Wells experienced. Bernard Bergonzi states

Wells suggests further that the author has no emotional

or logical right to objectivity. Certainly he has no moral

right. For Wells, the author's personal involvement in his

novel is a moral obligation. Once he identifies within the

events of his own life the sources of the social, moral, or

political problems he is to treat, he must realize that they

also exist in his readers. Logically, if the characters, episodes, themes are drawn from life, they must be fixed in structures

which resemble life as closely as it is possible for the written

word to do so. To do otherwise is not to confer life on the work,

but death. Life is loose, formless, unpatterned, filled with irrelevancies, discursive, and lacking completeness.

("H. G. Wells", Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 6, 546).

Bergonzi writes that Wells can not object to these happenings (that take place

In the story) and that for a story to become successful it must reflect reality (unpredictability) to identify with the reader. Another theme depicted in the novel stems from Wells' anthology of science fiction works that concern the advancement of medicine, as seen through "Tono-Bungay", the mysterious, bogus herb that heals the sick. As with The Time Machine, Wells criticizes English society with the financial rise and fall of Edward Ponderevo, as shown with George Ponderevo's amazement with how society allows his uncle, Edward, to wield so much power because of his vast riches ("Tono-Bungay", 1). Like with many authors, Wells' themes venture deep into the human psyche.

The many themes and motifs throughout the works of H. G. Wells emerge from many of life's age old questions, while others transpire from Wells' imagination and with warnings of things to come. An example of life's age-old questions materializes in The War of the Worlds, which bears the question Are there other life forms besides men in the universe? The answer is, yes. Martians, as Wells calls them, come from Mars and intend on conquering Earth. Just as the Martians finish reducing the human race to but a few, the Martians reveal a vulnerability, bacteria. The common cold seems to kill the remaining Martians left on Earth and humanity triumphs ("Herbert George Wells", Twentieth- Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 1, 4-4). In The Invisible Man, Wells explores the dangers of scientific experimentation. Dr. Griffin makes himself invisible and goes insane, killing anyone he wants. Wells shows the reader what could go incredibility wrong with a risky scientific experiment ("H. G. Wells Programme Outline", ). Another theme deals with man playing God in, The Island of Dr. Moreau. A scientist, Dr. Moreau sets about creating the ultimate human- creature hybrid. Once again, Wells begs a question Is it ok for man to play God? This question serves as a warning to man not to play with nature. Another theme circulated in the novel deals with respect. Dr. Moreau forces respect from the human- creature hybrids through fear, while Kate, the leader of the human- creature hybrids earns her respect through admiration and love for the her fellow creatures. Another example of respect becomes apparent from the beginning of the novel, the lack of respect for life. Dr. Moreau experiments on innocent animals without regard for pain he causes, which leads to his eventual downfall ("Discussion The Island of Dr. Moreau", ). Herbert George Wells leads a revolution toward writing, not only in terms of content, but in the use of his creativity.

In short, Herbert George Wells experienced a life of poverty and wealth, published the critically acclaimed book, Tono-Bungay, and journeyed deep within himself and pose questions about life on other planets and man playing God. Even as a young lad, Wells worked hard to sustain his family as well as himself. His works like The Man of the Year Million and The Time Machine make him a pioneer for the Victorian Era and make the reader use their imagination to think about the future. Tono-Bungay, shows Wells' boldness in his satirical portrayal of societies ills with his past as the plot. Through many of his books, such as War of the Worlds and The Island of Dr. Moreau, Wells invites the reader to ask questions about the direction of society, to tell the reader more about themselves, and imposes that the future lays in the hands of the people. All in all, Herbert George Wells captivates the mind with his futuristic ideas of science and makes the reader What if?

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19Th Century Social Issues

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The social issues of the renaissance to romantic era are directly reflected to, and directly influence the social issues of the nineteenth century. This is evident by studying past works of English literature from important time periods.

In early renaissance times, the social issues dealt with power struggle, and class difference influenced many plays, and poems written by Shakespeare. By expressing these social issues through his plays, he was able to communicate to the public in a passive, assertive manner without outright conveying his views. Class difference and power struggle between societies unmistakably found themselves in the nineteenth century as well. This instance, however; government parties, such as the Whigs, and the Tories struggled to achieve a commanding grasp on a political standpoint. Class difference in the nineteenth century had ruled out the classic feudal system, and was progressing towards three main social classes.

During the restoration period, works written by Pope, such as a modest proposal, dealt with the poverty stricken lower class Irish families, and a simple, but drastic solution. Although Alexander Pope provides a great example of a solution moving towards a more 'classless' society, his means of doing so were fairly obscene. Using children as a source of food, and a way for the public to earn a source of income wasn't exactly a realistic solution. Nonetheless, something had to be done, and as mentioned earlier, the nineteenth century was gradually making progress. Almost ruling out the dominant boundaries of either extremely wealthy or extremely underprivileged, the middle class emerged.

Driven mainly by factory jobs, middle class citizens worked, long hard hours in dangerous environments. The middle class had now officially become the affluent class of the modern Victorian times.

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William Wordsworth's views, expressed in his poem, "The World is Too Much with Us" explained how man has become out of touch with nature, and how society puts great emphasis on technology and materialism. This was another great social issue which greatly effected the romantic time period as well as the Victorian era. Once again, reflecting on the now dominant middle class, and the beginning of the industrial revolution, came the beginning of consumerism/materialism. With the ability to afford various products, a hunger was born unlike no other that has carried on to present day. An addiction would be the idealistic way to describe it. The more 'toys' the public acquired, the more they longed for excess. This social issue was answered, but not solved by numerous authors, and poets. The human race had begun to fall away from the beauty and simplicity of nature, and began to rely on sophisticated, material objects to satisfy our entertainment needs.

The question still remains today. Will we look towards our past and realize the world has so much more to offer, other than synthetic products?

Or will we simply progress further into our addiction of greed? It's the age of a technological revolution. Heading into the future presents it own social issues. Just as quickly as class system had changed, we find more and more unemployed families raising children in poverty. Our government desperately attempts to help these people by providing welfare, but this on its own is a social issue. The unemployed are immediately ruled out of the rest of society. As time moves on I expect to see social issues dealing with how the earth is being governed. A group that continues to burn 'dirty' fossil fuels, and a new breed. A society which protests the use of petroleum will bring a new issue to play. Perhaps it has already started with the beginning of the hybrid automobile, and the hydrogen fuel cell. Only time will tell.

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France

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FRANCE

France is the largest western European country, with an area of 0,668 square miles. The population is 60

million and the official language is French. France is very diverse in its ethnicity with groups such as Celtics,

Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese and Basque minorities. 0% of the French are Roman

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Catholics. Paris is the capital city. Other cities are Marseille (Marsay), Lyon (Leeon), Toulouse

(Tooloose), Strasbourg (Strasberg), Nice (Neece), Lille (Leel), and Bordeaux. The terrain is varied and the

temperature is like that of the Eastern United States. The main agricultural products are wheat, wines and spirits,

dairy products, sugarbeets, oilseeds, meats, poultry, fruits and vegetables.

Since prehistoric times, France has been a crossroads of trade, travel and invasion. French has been an

international language for centuries and is a common second language throughout the world. It is one of the five

official languages at the United Nations. Education is free in France. This is made possible by high sales taxes

going into the educational system.

The President of France is Jacques Chirac, who has been president since 15. Relations between the United

States and France are active and cordial. President Bush was just in France at an international economic summit.

France enjoys a free press and has more than 100 daily newspapers. Most newspapers are private and are not

linked to any poliltical party. France has produced some of the worlds most influential writers and artists. In the

last two centuries, it has given the art world Renoir (Renwa), Monet (Monay), Cezanne (Sayzan), Gaugin

(Gogan), and Picasso.

In August, Parisians traditionally leave for their annual holiday and put the city on a skeleton staff to serve

visitors. July has also become a popular vacation month, with many restaurateurs taking a holiday then. Paris is

known as the City of Lights. It has become the leading city in the world for vacation destinations, overtaking

New York City. There are 0 districts of Paris, each with its own character. There are more than 60 museums

in Paris, historical monuments, and countless restaurants, and galleries.

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Health Starts With Nutritional Foods

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Everyone hopes to have a good health, but not everyone understand the importance of nutritional foods to our health. Appropriate nutrition is a necessary condition to maintain a good health. In our daily life, the main source of nutrition comes from variety of foods we eat. Health starts with nutritional foods. It is the intention of this article to help you to have appropriate nutritional foods by introducing some basic knowledge of the relationships between nutrition and health, and nutrients foods.

Nutrients are necessary for human bodies to maintain energy to move, and generate chemical substances such as enzymes for metabolic activities. The nutrients that are essential to human bodies may be categorized into three types. The first category includes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They are the primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are the principal dietary source of energy. Fats supply energy and essential fatty acids, and they help absorb the fat-soluble vitamins. However, some kinds of fat, especially saturated fats, increase the risk for coronary heart disease by raising the blood cholesterol. ¡° Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are needed for synthesis of body proteins in muscle, organs, bone and skin, and for synthesis of enzymes, certain hormones, antibodies and a host of specialized products¡± (¡°Human amino acid requirements can the controversy be resolved¡±17). The second category includes various kinds of vitamins, such as A, B-1, B-6, C, D, E, biotin, choline, folate, and thiamin. They play a wide variety of roles in making our bodies work normally. For example, vitamin A is important to vision, vitamin C is important to the prevention of certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases, vitamin D is important to the absorption of calcium, vitamin E has antioxidant properties, etc. The third category includes various kinds of minerals, such as calcium, iron, magnesium, iodine, fluoride, sodium, and zinc. Appropriate amounts of minerals are very important to our health. For example, calcium is essential for healthy bones; iron is an essential nutrient that carries oxygen, fluoride is important to healthy teeth, etc.

Healthy foods are the best source of nutrients. All of the nutrients are available from foods. ¡° Carbohydrates are abundant in present in grains and potatoes. Unsaturated fats occur in vegetable oils, most nuts, olives, avocados, and fatty fish like salmon¡± (¡°Human amino acid requirements can the controversy be resolved¡±0). Proteins are available from most foods, among which meat, milk, eggs are considered to be excellent in both protein quantity and quality. Vitamins exist in vegetables, fruits, animal products, and fortified foods. For examples, vitamin C is abundant in citrus fruits, berries, melons, tomatoes, green peppers, and leafy green vegetable. Minerals are mostly available from meat, poultry and fish. For example, red meat is a rich source of iron that is well absorbed. Besides, there are other sources containing noticeable amounts of some nutrients. For example, fortified milk is often an excellent resource of vitamin D and calcium; tofu is probably the most preferred resource of protein and calcium for many people.

Although foods can provide the nutrients to our bodies, not all of them are healthy, and some are even harmful. In recent years, people have realized more and more the harmfulness of saturated fat, addictives, and some bad eating habits. Foods high in saturated fats tend to raise blood cholesterol. These foods include high-fat dairy products (like cheese, whole milk, cream, butter, and regular ice cream), fatty fresh and processed meats, the skin and fat of poultry, lard, palm oil, and coconut oil. Many drinks contain addictives. Many people like soda drinking, but they rarely know what additives added in the drinking. The artificial sweeteners (aspartame) are unsafe additives are used in many diet beverages. These additives are very harmful to our bodies. ¡°Some scientists also believe that aspartame can cause problems with brain function and behavior changes in people who consume it. Some people who have consumed aspartame have reported dizziness, headaches, and even seizures¡± (¡°The story on Food Additives¡±17). Bad eating habit is another enemy of health. For example, western cultures have sky-high rates of heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, etc. With today¡¯s fast lifestyle, people eat more fast food than ever before. There are many side effects related to this popular eating habit, most of which are damaging to our health and personal care. ¡°Eating fast food regularly may cause our bodies to be deficient in the vitamins and minerals we need maintain good health; also, eating fast food can be very addictive, and people accustomed to it rarely change their eating habits¡±(¡°The Negative Sides of Fast Food¡±18).

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In conclusion, understanding some basic knowledge of the relationships between nutrition and health, and nutritional foods is good for our healthy life. Otherwise, we may suffer various diseases such as cancer, tumor, headaches, and even seizures. ¡° Fortunately, people are more aware then ever of the dangerous of pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables, and of additives in our processed foods. There is intense pressure on the federal government to ban unsafe substances. But it is also our responsibility as consumers to learn how to eat safe and healthy food for long and healthy lives¡± (The Story on Food Additives¡± 17).

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Kayaking

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The History of Whitewater Kayaking

When it comes to extreme sports, nothing can fully describe the adrenaline rush of whitewater kayaking. In whitewater kayaking, one slices through the water at high speeds, battling waves sometimes twenty times the kayaker's size. It is a sport of balance, not just in a literal sense. One must have good balance to level the boat and prevent it from capsizing, but kayaking also requires a balance of strength and grace, a strength to push one's self through the currents and a grace to maneuver out of tight situations. One must also have a balance between intelligence and stupidity, with the need for enough intelligence to know how the raging currents will affect the boat, but enough stupidity to go out into the raging waters anyway. Many people take years to perfect their skills in this difficult and demanding sport. Although it has become quite popular in recent years, whitewater kayaking has had a long and illustrious history that has brought it to its present day popularity.

The exact time at which the kayak was invented is not known; however, archaeologists have found records of kayaks dating back 4,000 years. The first kayaks were invented by the native Alaskans, the Inuits. These early kayaks were made of a driftwood or whalebone frame covered with animal skins. The most common woods used were fir, pine, spruce, and willow, while the animal skins were either seal or walrus. These kayaks lacked many of the safety precautions now found on most kayaks, such as rudders, hatches, and bulkheads. The main use of these kayaks was to hunt animals that lived in rivers, lakes, or in the ocean, and they were designed to travel quickly over long distances and handle rough ocean water. Some Alaskan peoples, such as the Aleuts, even had the ability to do modern maneuvers, such as rolling over, in their kayaks. Most early kayakers wore waterproof animal skin jackets that closed tightly around the face and hands to prevent the icy water from leaking into their clothing. Although these arctic people did not use their kayaks in whitewater, they set the groundwork for the sport, inventing the boats and gear that would be used for centuries.

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Essay opposing genetic testing

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Since the discovery of the DNA molecule in 15, scientists have been working to understand how it works and which segments influence which parts or functions of the body. The Human Genome Project, begun in October 10, hopes to identify these segments. Once the "normal" genetic sequences are identified, scientists work to find mutations that result in genetic disorders. A number of these mutations have been found and tests are being developed to help identify individuals carrying these mutations. This new technology is bringing with it a host of new legal and ethical dilemmas. These issues include potential discrimination, rights to privacy, and issues involving the parent/child relationship. At present, most genetic testing will not improve the quality of life and may result in harm.

For now, genetic testing can be used to help diagnose certain diseases, like Huntington's disease and Cystic fibrosis, but in most cases there is no cure available and little that can be done to treat these diseases. Genetic testing is also used in criminal investigations. When it helps to identify a rapist or murderer, that is a benefit to society, but when testing is forced on a large group of innocent people to try to identify the criminal among them, it violates the right to privacy of the many innocent people in the group. When genetic testing can lead to a cure, or be used to identify the guilty without invading the privacy of the innocent, then it can be used effectively. Until then, genetic testing should only be used with utmost caution.

Genetic testing can lead to discrimination. Insurance companies hope to use the results of genetic tests to categorize people based on their risk of developing a disease. This would result in some people having to pay high premiums, or being denied coverage entirely, based on information that may never come to pass and supposed risk factors that they have no control over. In business, companies could use this information to deny employment and in fact has. The American Management Association conducted a survey in 17 that found that 6 to 10 percent of the 6,000 companies in their sample used genetic testing for employment purposes. There are also over 00 cases documented by the Council for Responsible Genetics where either insurance or jobs were denied to healthy people based on the outcome of genetic tests (National Commission).

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Besides discrimination, there are also privacy issues that relate to genetic testing. There is the issue of doctor/patient confidentiality. Is a doctor obligated to inform a patient's family if a serious genetic disorder is found, so that other at risk members can be tested? Or should he respect the patient's right to privacy and keep the information confidential? This is mainly an ethical question, but it also has legal ramifications since the doctor/patient relationship is regulated by a code of conduct (Foubister). Another issue of privacy is in law enforcement. Several states currently allow or even mandate genetic testing for all people arrested for crimes, including juvenile offenders, regardless of whether or not there is a conviction in the case. Often times the blood samples themselves are stored and not just the identifying information, which means that others have access to more than just the identifying factors. There are also state statutes that allow the samples to be used in other ways, without the individual's consent (National Commission). These privacy issues must be addressed.

Parenting issues arise out of some aspects of genetic testing. Prenatal testing is a growing trend that brings with it several difficult ethical situations. There is the dilemma of whether or not to bring a baby into the world that may have serious medical problems either from the start, or sometime down the road. For those who believe that life begins at conception, the decision to end a pregnancy is equal to murder, but there have been cases where health insurers have refused to cover the medical needs of such a child, if he or she is brought into the world. For example, there was a case where an HMO told a woman whose unborn child tested positive for cystic fibrosis, that it would pay for an abortion, but if the baby was born it would not be covered under the family's medical plan (Bereano). Whether or not to test an older child for certain genetic disorders is another sometimes difficult parenting decision. Requesting a child to be tested for adult onset diseases can have a variety of often-overlooked repercussions. Children are often unprepared to face or understand the results of such tests. They may not understand the difference between a risk and a certainty. Their self-esteem can be affected at a critical time in their emotional development. It may also alter the way the child is treated by other siblings or adults who see them as being more vulnerable or fragile. These are some serious things to consider before undergoing genetic testing (Points to Consider).

Overall, genetic testing poses some serious risks. There need to be laws put into place to hinder discrimination by insurance or in employment. The doctor/patient relationship needs some new guidelines that address the broader concerns of other family members at risk, yet preserves the patient's right to privacy. The issue of how and when genetic information can be collected for law enforcement and how it is to be stored must be addressed. Better counseling of parents that respects both the parent's beliefs and the child's needs is needed. Until these issues are addressed genetic testing poses too many risks to be useful for the majority of people.

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Managerial Accounting and Decision Making

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Introduction

Businesses need information for evaluating performance, for establishing goals, and for developing plans to meet goals (financial and managerial accounting). Managers need timely and detailed information for evaluating performance and implementing plans (primarily managerial accounting).

They need very timely and detailed information for day-to-day decisions to achieve company goals. The value of information and who exactly uses it will be discussed so as to try and realize that the effectiveness of strategic decision-making is all based on suitable information. In this paper, we will determine whether the result of the completion of a financial report is harmful to a business planning and direction, through making strategic decisions.

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There are two distinct types of information - valuable and valueless.

Obviously an accountant requires valuable information to construct the report. Valuable information is that which may cause a change in any planned course of action (Accounting for Management Decisions, page 1). The valuable information which can be represented on a balance sheet, such as profitability levels, will affect strategic decision-making. So of course, financial reports can help formulate decisions also. The purpose of the balance sheet is simply to set out the financial position of a business at a particular moment in time. So, from this, strategic decisions regarding future performance can be formulated. A financial report will always centre on accounting. This can be defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions, by users of the information (Accounting for Management Decisions, page 18). If we just put aside the fact that there are these contingent factors that cannot necessarily be represented on a financial report, we can still see that information is vital. Mangers determine whether the decision-making is ideally short or long-term. In the short-term, a manager is looking for a profit and a healthy balance sheet. His/her strategic vision of stability and growth would come in the longer-term. All companies have these objectives, which prove that management DOES think long-term when formulating plans for future economic developments. However, there is often a separation of departments within a company into the finance, marketing and production. These three departments all have differing corporate objectives, some of which are focused on in the short-term and others in the long-term. For example, the finance department will aim to just survive initially which could be seen as a short-term objective. They would then perhaps target a debt-free balance sheet, which is more long-term. The marketing department in the short-term may well focus on increasing market share! , but in the long-term may wish to overtake a competitor. These examples prove that management needs to achieve the short-term before they can even consider the long-term goals. They then have a firm structure on which to base their strategic decisions upon. If a firm just relies upon assessing financial reports to make decisions, what would the management be leaving out?

Well, according to Emmanuel and Otley (185) a firms ultimate survival is determined by the degree in which it adapts and accommodates itself to environmental contingencies (Accounting in a Business Context, page ). When referring to the environment, this does not necessarily mean the surrounding trees and woodlands per se, but more a focus on the competitive environment within the market being produced. The degree of competition a company faces will severely affect the firms strategic decision-making. If a rival company is selling goods at a lower price because they are producing more efficiently, the chances are the rival company will experience higher demand (this is assumed through use of the demand curve theory that as prices fall, demand rises.) This will affect the other companys sales, therefore cash and very likely, profitability will fall. It could be seen as a disadvantage to be a public limited company in one way, as they are required to publish a financial statement to the public, yearly. Sales, revenue and profitability have to be stated, as well as wage costs and any other business activity. A rival company can then assess their competitors performance and learn from that. In this way, publication of financial reports can adversely affect other firms strategic decision-making. A company that can learn how a rival is performing will be likely to altar their approach in response to what theyve seen. For example, if they can see the rival is producing more efficiently and are spending less on raw materials but producing the same amount of goods, they could alter their production methods and increase their efficiency. This may affect the company who has produced the statement by way of falling demand - unless they, in turn, alter their objectives and strategically change their plans. Competition levels cannot be stated on a financial report, but they can have a large impact on a companys future success or failure. The question of whether accounting fails to represent different resources such as the environment can be answered with a firm yes. There is a suggestion that financial reports are too focused on just the large numbers and not enough on other external influences. There are other contingent factors mentioned in the introduction which are difficult to represent on a financial report, yet are perhaps vital in determining the success of business performance.

The ABC (Activity Based Costing) method can help or influence management decisions. The method of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) was developed primarily for solving problems which emerged from traditional cost management systems. Troubleshooting in the management of companies throughout the late 70's and especially the early 80's held a constant presence. The problems generated were mainly from the traditional cost accounting systems' way of functioning which provided the management with inaccurate data. Where the old cost accounting systems failed badly was in supplying the company's management with inappropriate information in order for crucial decisions to be taken in the correct and true perspective of a given company's true position in its market territory. Since this currently accessible "itemized" information could not be provided to a company's decision making sector, the information provided had an impact which of course distorted the decision which would have otherwise been taken in the light of different and more accurate information. This misinformation had an adverse impact on a multitude of managerial decisions especially in the multi-product firm sector in respect of long-term, mid-term and short-term consequences such as investments in technology, quantity and specification of product production. The accuracy of data on which management decisions are based in order to maximize efficiency and establish one's company identity in a competing market through, besides quality, a selection of sound marketable prices applied in the proper time scale to all of a company's product range, is of paramount importance. In other words activity based costing pin-points problems by focusing on the activities associated with operating the business. If a manager were told that the cutting of cost was first on the list of priorities, he or she would cut headcount, understandably believing that it might possibly be the only largest cost contributor in the entire company. But today people are not the major cost contributors, it is, in fact, the cost of the activities that people are engaged in which contribute more to the firm's costs. Activity based costing allows managers to attribute costs to activities and products much more accurately than conventional accounting methods. This method is more than an accounting tool. These tools give you a view of what you have done financially and are fundamental to shareholding disclosure and the statutory reporting. But it is just as equally important to have the ability to be able to translate this cost information into the language of operational units and the business in which it is to be applied. With activity based costing management is in a position get a strong and comprehensive, internal view of the company products or services to customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing of the company products or services and customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing. Activity based costing identifies the activities that are responsible for costs. It is sometimes call Transaction costing and its major advantage over other methods is that it can greatly enhance the tractability of overhead costs. This can result in more accurate unit cost data for managers, if placed into the correct hands. The optimum accuracy in costing can be attained by recognizing four general levels of activities within a company, each of which can be further subdivided into specific cost activity centres. These four are as follows; Unit level activities. These arise as a result of the total volume of production going through a facility. An example could be the consumption of power as a result of the number if hours required by a machine to complete all units on a production line which could be thought of as a unit-level activity. Some companies recognize one unit-level activity centre but most companies recognize two; one related to machine activity and the second related to labor activity. Batch- level activities are things such as placement of purchase orders, shipments to customers. Costs at batch level are dependent on the number of the batches produced rather than on the number of units made, or sold. The actual cost of, say, placing an order would be the same for one item or 10,000 items, so the total cost generated by a batch-level activity would be the function of the times an order would be placed rather than on the total quantity of items ordered. Product level activity, are specific and are related to the support of the production of a particular product like for instance special test routines, machine maintenance inventories. Facility-level activities are these activities relate to the production as a whole and therefore are usually combined into a single activity centre. The purpose of activity based costing is to help operations do their job by making cost information available at a level that everyone can use for day to day decision making. The biggest obstacle to incorporating activity based costing as a way of life is employee resistance. Unit managers may be afraid that activity based costing is just a way for senior management to discover detailed information about a department or to reveal inefficient practices that had previously been hidden by the traditional accounting system. The corporate culture must be such that new information is not used against a business unit. Instead, all company employees should be encouraged to dig up problems and inefficiencies so that all of those practices can be changed and decisions can be made that will benefit the company as a whole.

Please note that this sample paper on Managerial Accounting and Decision Making is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Managerial Accounting and Decision Making, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Managerial Accounting and Decision Making will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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