Explain why there were such different reactions in the USA to the country's involvement in the conflict in Vietnam in the 1960s.

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It cannot be denied that the Vietnam War split the American nation like no other war before it. Eventually it polarized everyone into two rival camps the hawks (pro-war), and the doves (anti-war). By 168 the nation had been separated into these two factions.

This happened partly due to the relatively new invention of television. Direct reports into living rooms across the country meant that the government could not control public opinion as other governments had done in the past, using propaganda and censorship. The honour of the armed forces was greatly affected by television coverage of atrocities in Vietnam, such as the My Lai massacre of March 168. The people of America were increasingly critical of events in Vietnam as the war wore on.

However, public opinion showed a different point of view at the beginning of the war. In the 150s America had come to view itself as the leader of the non-communist world, and in this position had become very concerned about the situation in South East Asia following the establishment of communism in China in 14. It feared that if one more country in the area, such as Vietnam, fell to communism, the rest (Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, and India), that were unsteadily balanced between communism and capitalism, would follow, and later form an immensely dangerous ally to the USSR. This was widely known as the domino effect, and led to America involving itself in South Vietnam where communists from the North were threatening invasion.

When the war began American politicians and the media created a huge belief, almost a state of hysteria among the American people, that the USA had to make a stand against communism in any part of the world. Communism was portrayed as evil and against freedom and democracy but for tyranny and terrorism. Papers were packed with shocking stories about deaths of US military and innocent civilians in Vietnam. People in the United States were made to believe that South Vietnam was a democratic nation that was under siege from the communist North and crying out for help. This led eighty-five percent of people to approve of Johnson's war policy in 164.

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There were other reasons for this initial public support for the war in Vietnam. Vietnam itself was thought to have excellent potential for economic growth, as it was rich in resources like coal and other mineral deposits, was a valuable site for exports, and might well benefit from the modern technology that nearby Japan was generating. Patriotism amongst Americans increased as some thought back to American involvement in Europe in the 10s, and others looked up to the powerful figures who supported the USA's presence in Vietnam. Finally, America was supported in its war effort at the beginning of the war because almost everyone was confident of rapid success against the relatively primitive communist forces that were the opposition.

Protests against the war were at first mostly confined to universities, mainly because students felt that they stood a good chance of dying for something they felt was materialistic, aggressive and leading towards full scale nuclear warfare with the USSR. Often open resistance was expressed to conscription using leaflets, posters and badges. There was even a "Stop the Draft Week" in the October of 167. Draft card burnings were common and thousands of draft evaders left the country to places like Canada or Sweden. An anti-war movement developed which started out among clergymen, pacifists, and civil-rights groups, but eventually spread to include every segment of American society. Disillusionment with the events in Vietnam continued as people realised that America's ally in this war was a corrupt and brutal dictatorship, and that the guerilla army of the Viet Cong always seemed to be holding the initiative.

The My Lai massacre of March 168 and other similar atrocities involving the indiscriminate murder of innocent civilians, led Martin Luther King, an immensely powerful figure of the time, to brand America "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today". This and other speeches helped to convince people that America's involvement in the Far East should come to a halt.

By 165, only 57% of Americans supported Johnson's actions in Vietnam, and a growing number of civil-rights leaders claimed that money spent on the war would be much better spent on relieving poverty and racial tension in the USA. Others, such as Dr. King, pointed out that while 10% of people in America were black, they made up almost 0% of the US forces in Vietnam. Tax increases inflicted on Americans provoked yet further outcry. Arguments against interfering in the politics of other countries increased. The media had become a barrage of shocking images and terrible stories.

By 170 most senior politicians thought that America's military intervention in Vietnam had been a mistake. However, whereas the majority of the American people shared this viewpoint, they also believed that the USA should stay in the war and defeat the communists, perhaps finding it difficult to accept that a comparatively small guerilla army had overwhelmed the US forces.

An opinion poll taken in 171 reported that 71% of Americans believed that the USA should not have sent troops to Vietnam, and 58% thought that the war was immoral and should be halted. America's economy had been severely weakened. Negotiations began and troops were slowly withdrawn.

The United States took a long time to recover from the Vietnam War. The USSR had been allowed to reach near equality with its superpower rival, and the USA's self-declared moral superiority over the Soviet Union was put heavily in doubt. Several of America's allies were critical of how the USA had "dealt" with the situation in South East Asia. The cost of the war had been one hundred and forty-six billion dollars and Johnson's plans of a Great Society in America had been dashed

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