Report Of The Preference Of LBAM For Different Tree Species

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Introduction

What kinds of trees does the light brown apple moth prefer? Is there a real difference between the numbers of apple moths we got associated with different tree species? Does the pheromone affect the behaviors of LBAM actually?

Light brown apple moth adults are variable in color and may be confused with other leaf roller moths. Typical males have a forewing length of 6-10 mm with a light brown area at the base distinguishable from a much darker, red brown area at the tip. The latter may be absent, the moth appearing uniformly light brown, as in the females, with only slightly darker oblique markings distinguishing the area at the tip of the wing. Females have a forewing length of 7-1 mm. Color varies from a uniform light brown, with almost no distinguishing markings. Caterpillars are not easily distinguished from the larvae of other leaf rollers, the green-headed leaf roller and the brown-headed leaf roller, when occurring together in the same habitat.The first caterpillars instar has a dark brown head; all other instars have a light fawn head and prothoracic plate. Over wintering caterpillars are darker. First instar caterpillars are approximately 1.6 mm long, and final instar caterpillars range from 10 to 18 mm in length. The body of a mature larva is medium green with a darker green central stripe and two side stripes.

Pupae are at first green, but become medium brown after rapidly hardening.

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The larvae cause damage to foliage and fruit. Early instars feed on tissue beneath the upper epidermis (surface layer) of leaves, while protected under self-constructed silken webs on the undersurface of leaves. Larger larvae migrate from these positions to construct feeding niches between adjacent leaves, between a leaf and a fruit, in the developing bud, or on a single leaf, where the topical leaf roll develops. The late stage larvae feed on all leaf tissue except main veins.

Superficial fruit damage is common in apple varieties, which form compact fruit clusters. Leaves are webbed to the fruit and feeding injury takes place under the protection of the leaf; or larvae spin up between fruits of a cluster. Internal damage to apple, pear, and citrus fruits is less common, but a young larva may enter the interior of an apple or pear fruit through the calyx or beneath the stem of a citrus fruit.

Aim

Find the preference of light brown apple moth for different tree species.

Hypothesis

The different kinds of tree do not affect the behaviors of the apple moths. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the numbers of apple moths associated with different tree species.

Materials & Methods

I used both the pheromone traps and the non-pheromone traps in each kind of trees (the shape of the trap is shown in figure ), which were ash tree, plum tree, apple tree and cherry tree. The bottom of this trap was very sticky. Thus we could catch the apple moths easily when they landed on.

After setup the trap, I went to check the number of apple moths I got every day, and also recorded the weather of each day (data collection).

Finally, the data I got is shown as the following table

Tree Trap Tue Wed Thu Fri Total

Ash Pheromone 16 10 1 0 8

Non-pheromone 0 0 0

Plum Pheromone 4 6 0 0 10

Non-pheromone 0 0 0

Apple Pheromone 4 0 8

Non-pheromone 0 0 0 0 0

Cherry Pheromone 8 0 0 10

Non-pheromone 0 0 0 0 0

Results

Use chi-square test for determining if the apple moth shows significant preference for any of the four species of trees.

Category O E O - E (O - E)⊃ (O - E)⊃/ E

Ash Tree 40 17.5 .5 506.5 8.

Plum Tree 1 17.5 -5.5 0.5 1.7

Apple Tree 8 17.5 -.5 0.5 5.157

Cherry Tree 10 17.5 -7.5 56.5 .14

¦²=70 ¦²=.0

X⊃ =¦²(O - E)⊃/ E = .0 ¡Ö .0

Degree of freedom = 4 ¨C 1=

According to the X⊃ table, state the probability value corresponding to the X⊃ value the probability of X⊃ is much less than 0.1%. Consequently, reject Ho; the data are strongly in favor of HA. There is a real difference between numbers of apple moths associated with different tree species, i.e. the light brown apple moths show significant preference for the ash tree.

At the same the time, there is another interesting tendency as follow

Use chi-square test again for determining if the apple moth shows significant preference for pheromone.

Category O E O - E (O - E)⊃ (O - E)⊃/ E

Pheromone 66 5 1 61 7.457

Non-pheromone 4 5 -1 61 7.457

¦²=70 ¦²=54.14

X⊃ =¦²(O - E)⊃/ E = 54.14 ¡Ö 54.

Degree of freedom = ¨C 1= 1

According to the X⊃ table, state the probability value corresponding to the X⊃ value the probability of X⊃ is much less than 0.1%. Consequently, reject Ho; the data are strongly in favor of HA. There is a real difference between numbers of apple moths associated with pheromone or not, i.e. the light brown apple moths are attracted by pheromone apparently.

Conclusion

Taking factors into consideration, we may safely come to the conclusion that accepts HA (alternative hypothesis), which means there is a real difference between numbers of apple moths associated with different tree species, and the light brown apple moths show significant preference for the ash tree.

Discussion

We can obviously from Figure that there is a dramatically drop on Day 4, and the numbers of apple moths we got from each tree are all equal to 0. Depend on the weather record, a short but heavy rain occurred on day 4, and wind of that day was stronger than days before. Because of this weather situation, the temperature also decreased slightly. The unsuccessful collection on Day 4 is likely to be affected by the change of environment. There can be real different behaviors of apple moths associated with temperature, light and humidity.

The movement of apple moth towards the pheromone can be stated as positive chemo-taxis. (Taxis is a directional movement of a organism in response to an external stimulus). Pheromones are chemicals secreted by an organism into the outside environment that induce a behavioral or physiological response in other individuals of the same species. In insects, they consist of highly specific perfumes, generally derivatives of natural fatty acids closely related to the aromas of fruit. The very specific nature of sex pheromone means that sex pheromone trap can be a very useful tool in insect management.

Reference

Muggleston, S.J. 188. Light brown apple moth, education kit. N.Z. DSIR Entomology Division, Auckland.

http//www.biocontrol.com.au

http//www.hortnet.co.nz

http//www.agric.nsw.gov.au

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